高温高压下滑石的电导率实验研究

在10GPa和20GPa、400～860℃条件下测定了滑石的电导率.实验表明,增大压力,滑石的电导率增大,其导电机制为电子导电;在整个实验温度范围内电导率与T的关系都符合Arrhenius公式,滑石的脱水没有引起电导率的突然变化,表明并不是所有的含水矿物的脱水都会引起电导率的急剧上升.电导率的急剧增加还可能与矿物的含水量、脱水后自由水含量及连通度等因素有关.     

高温高压下上地幔岩石电导率实验研究

为了建立具有普遍适用性的上地幔电性结构,本文利用Kawai-1000t压机和Solartron IS-1260阻抗/增益-相位分析仪,在4.0~14.0 GPa、873~1673 K的条件下,采用交流阻抗谱法（频率范围10^-1~10⁶Hz）测量了不含水的地幔岩电导率.实验结果显示,岩石的电导率随温度升高而大幅度的增大;在较大的温度范围内岩石的导电机制发生了变化,中低温时为小极化子导电,此时激活焓为0.94 eV （±0.13） eV,激活体积为0.11（±0.92） cm³·mol^-1,高温时为和镁空穴相关的离子导电,此时激活焓为1.6~3.17 eV,激活体积为6.75（±7.43） cm³·mol^-1;本次测量的电导率比低压下岩石的电导率要高,比矿物的电导率也要高.用本次的实验结果回归计算得到Fennoscandian地区的上地幔的一维电导率剖面,发现200 km以上本次实验计算的结果和大地电磁测深的电导率剖面吻合的比较好,在200 km以下本次实验得到的要比野外测量的电导率稍稍高一点,可能是因为实验过程中没有完全避免水的影响.本次的实验结果比用有效均匀介质方法计算得到的pyrolite矿物模型的电导率要高出两个数量级,这样的结果显示只用一种矿物的电导率或是几种矿物理论计算的结果有一定的不合理性.     

高温高压下上地幔岩石电导率实验研究

为了建立具有普遍适用性的上地幔电性结构,本文利用Kawai-1000t压机和Solartron IS-1260阻抗/增益-相位分析仪,在4.0~14.0 GPa、873~1673 K的条件下,采用交流阻抗谱法（频率范围10^-1~10⁶Hz）测量了不含水的地幔岩电导率.实验结果显示,岩石的电导率随温度升高而大幅度的增大;在较大的温度范围内岩石的导电机制发生了变化,中低温时为小极化子导电,此时激活焓为0.94 eV（±0.13）eV,激活体积为0.11（±0.92）cm³·mol^-1,高温时为和镁空穴相关的离子导电,此时激活焓为1.6~3.17 eV,激活体积为6.75（±7.43）cm³·mol^-1;本次测量的电导率比低压下岩石的电导率要高,比矿物的电导率也要高.用本次的实验结果回归计算得到Fennoscandian地区的上地幔的一维电导率剖面,发现200 km以上本次实验计算的结果和大地电磁测深的电导率剖面吻合的比较好,在200 km以下本次实验得到的要比野外测量的电导率稍稍高一点,可能是因为实验过程中没有完全避免水的影响.本次的实验结果比用有效均匀介质方法计算得到的pyrolite矿物模型的电导率要高出两个数量级,这样的结果显示只用一种矿物的电导率或是几种矿物理论计算的结果有一定的不合理性.

     

西藏南部蛇绿岩套电导率研究

大地电磁(MT)资料显示,青藏高原地壳及地幔中普遍存在着高导层.作为大陆造山带中古洋盆岩石圈残片,蛇绿岩套的电导率测量可为了解古洋盆地区地壳及地幔的电性结构提供极其有用的信息.本研究中,我们在压力为1 GPa或3 GPa下,用交流阻抗谱法测量了采自西藏南部地区的蚀变辉长岩、玄武岩、角闪橄榄岩及方辉橄榄岩四个样品的阻抗谱,并进一步得出样品的电导率,不同样品电导率与温度之间的关系满足Arrhenius关系式.在实验温度范围内,蛇绿岩套电导率的对数logσ位于-6.0~-0.5 S/m之间,且随着温度的增高,不同样品电导率增大约4~5.5个量级.样品在未脱水的情况下,低温段的活化焓变化范围在0.4~0.6 eV之间,高温段的活化焓变化范围为1.7~2.6 eV之间.同时,我们研究了样品中结构水含量及铁含量对实验电导率的影响,验证了样品电导率与铁含量之间呈正比关系.当对样品结构水含量进行归一化后,相同温度下各样品的电导率随铁含量的增加而增大,而对样品铁含量归一化后,相同温度下各样品的电导率随样品中水含量的增加而增大.将实验电导率与藏南地区大地电磁结果进行了对比,发现本研究中各样品高温段实验电导率结果均落在大地电磁结果范围内.     

Electrical properties of some magmatic dike rocks at high temperatures

The electrical properties of magmatic rocks (diabase and granite porphyry) from the complex dike located in the Main Caucasian (Akhtychaisk) fault zone are examined at temperatures of 100?C1000°C. It is established that the increase in the electrical conductivity from granite porphyry to diabase is caused by the decreased quartz content, increased total content of iron oxides FeO and Fe₂O₃, as well as the fine-grained texture of diabases and their secondary alterations. The pattern of temperature dependence of specific electrical conductivity observed in granite porphyry and diabases reflects the polymorphic transformation of the monoclinic structure to the triclinic structure (the MT-transformation), which occurs in the feldspar component of the rock. Another factor responsible for the shape of the mentioned temperature dependence is that the formation of an extrinsic mechanism of conduction is dominated by the defects (associated into complexes) in the crystal lattices of the minerals. This allows determining the energy of formation and migration of lattice defects and the energy of association of the lattice defects into complexes, which play an important role in the natural metamorphic processes. The AC measurements for the granite porphyry revealed frequency dispersion of the electrical conductivity, which decreases with increasing temperature.     

高温高压下滑石的电导率实验研究

在10GPa和20GPa、400～860℃条件下测定了滑石的电导率.实验表明,增大压力,滑石的电导率增大,其导电机制为电子导电;在整个实验温度范围内电导率与T的关系都符合Arrhenius公式,滑石的脱水没有引起电导率的突然变化,表明并不是所有的含水矿物的脱水都会引起电导率的急剧上升.电导率的急剧增加还可能与矿物的含水量、脱水后自由水含量及连通度等因素有关.     

Adsorption of As on hydroxy-Fe-montmorillonite complexes

DOI: 10.1360/03yd0553 Arsenic, a toxic element, is ubiquitous in the earth’s crust and may lead to health risks for humans. This may come about as a result of oxidative weathering and dissolution of As-containing minerals, use of ar-senical pesticides, excess use of some fertilizers and from mine drainage, smelter wastes and agricultural drainage water from certain arid regions. The dis-solved inorganic arsenic is transported in surface or2156 Science in China Ser. D Earth Sciences groun…     

Electrical conductivity of a spinel lherzolite and a garnet peridotite to 1550°C: relevance to the effects of partial melting

Electrical conductivity σ of two ultramafic rocks (a spinel lherzolite and a garnet peridotite) has been investigated to melting temperature at 1 bar under known oxygen fugacity environment. The electrical conductivity of the two rocks is found to increase with degree of partial melting and an ～ 15% melt fraction is necessary for the electrical conductivity to increase by ～ 1 order of magnitude. For a given melt fraction electrical conductivity of a spinel lherzolite is lower than that of a garnet peridotite and may be attributed to the differences in the composition of the melts formed.     

基于中速-高速摩擦实验研究含碳断层带的电导率特征

野外地质调查结果显示,断层带常富集碳质.断层带中碳的分布结构是影响断层带电导率特征的一种重要参数.本文在室温、室内湿度和2 MPa正应力条件下,对不同石墨含量（3,5,6和7 wt%）的石英-石墨混合断层泥模拟样品开展了滑动速率介于500 μm·s^-1~1 m·s^-1的摩擦实验及相应的电导率测量,以期研究断层运动对碳分布结构的影响以及断层带电性特征对碳含量及分布的响应情况.结果显示,摩擦滑动能够显著地改变样品的电性特征（电导率大小及其各向异性）.在平行滑动面方向（径向）,样品电导率随着滑动位移的增加快速增加,在滑动约数十厘米之后,其电导率基本达到稳定状态;在垂直滑动面方向（轴向）,样品电导率基本不随摩擦滑动速率和滑动距离而变化.SEM显微结构观测显示,摩擦滑动所引起的电导率各向异性直接反映了石墨分布结构的变化.该研究结果深化了对地震断裂带浅部电性特征的认识,为野外断层带大地电磁测深资料的解释提供了约束,同时对于了解含碳断层的力学性质和弱矿物相在剪切变形中的分布特征及其演化过程等方面也具有重要意义.

     

Laboratory Electrical Conductivity Measurement of Mantle Minerals

Electrical conductivity structures of the Earth’s mantle estimated from the magnetotelluric and geomagnetic deep sounding methods generally show increase of conductivity from 10⁻⁴–10⁻² to 10⁰ S/m with increasing depth to the top of the lower mantle. Although conductivity does not vary significantly in the lower mantle, the possible existence of a highly conductive layer has been proposed at the base of the lower mantle from geophysical modeling. The electrical properties of mantle rocks are controlled by thermodynamic parameters such as pressure, temperature and chemistry of the main constituent minerals. Laboratory electrical conductivity measurements of mantle minerals have been conducted under high pressure and high temperature conditions using solid medium high-pressure apparatus. To distinguish several charge transport mechanisms in mantle minerals, it is necessary to measure the electrical conductivity in a wider temperature range. Although the correspondence of data has not been yet established between each laboratory, an outline tendency of electrical conductivity of the mantle minerals is almost the same. Most of mineral phases forming the Earth’s mantle exhibit semiconductive behavior. Dominant conduction mechanism is small polaron conduction (electron hole hopping between ferrous and ferric iron), if these minerals contain iron. The phase transition olivine to high-pressure phases enhances the conductivity due to structural changes. As a result, electrical conductivity increases in order of olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite along the adiabat geotherm. The phase transition to post-spinel at the 660 km discontinuity further can enhance the conductivity. In the lower mantle, the conductivity once might decrease in the middle of the lower mantle due to the iron spin transition and then abruptly increase at the condition of the D″ layer. The impurities in the mantle minerals strongly control the formation, number and mobility of charge carriers. Hydrogen in nominally anhydrous minerals such as olivine and high-pressure polymorphs can enhance the conductivity by the proton conduction. However, proton conduction has lower activation enthalpy compared with small polaron conduction, a contribution of proton conduction becomes smaller at high temperatures, corresponding to the mantle condition. Rather high iron content in mantle minerals largely enhances the conductivity of the mantle. This review focuses on a compilation of fairly new advances in experimental laboratory work together with their explanation.     

高压下华北北缘二辉麻粒岩电导率的研究

借助于YJ-3000t紧装式六面顶固体高压设备,在1.0~2.0 GPa、523~1173 K条件下,利用Agilent 34401A数字电表和Solartron IS-1260阻抗-增益/相位分析仪,同时使用三种方法:交流阻抗谱法(频率范围0.05~106 Hz)、单频交流法(0.1 Hz)和直流法测量了华北北缘二辉麻粒岩的电导率.结果表明:在实验的温度和压力范围内,二辉麻粒岩电导率的变化在2.66×10-5~0.056 S·m-1之间,电导率对压力没有很强的依赖性;随着温度的升高,电导率增大,遵循Arrenhius关系式,其指前因子为8.95~17.9 S·m-1,活化能为0.569~0.605 eV.对比三种方法获得的电导率数据,发现阻抗谱法测量结果大于单频法测量结果,直流法测得的结果最低,但是,三种方法获得的电导率差值除两个低温点外,绝大多数都很小(Δlgσ<0.20 lg(S/m)).结合现今华北克拉通地热学参数及地壳分层结构,依据实验获得的电导率温度关系建立了电导率-深度剖面.并将其与大地电磁测深获得的地壳电性结构进行了对比,结果表明二辉麻粒岩的电导率与华北北缘的中地壳底部和下地壳底部电导率值的区域相交,再结合高温高压下二辉麻粒岩的弹性波速度剖面与地震折射剖面的对比,认为二辉麻粒岩有可能是组成华北北缘下地壳的岩石之一.     

Electrical Properties of Crustal and Mantle Rocks – A Review of Laboratory Measurements and their Explanation

The electrical properties of rocks and minerals are controlled by thermodynamic parameters like pressure and temperature and by the chemistry of the medium in which the charge carriers move. Four different charge transport processes can be distinguished. Electrolytic conduction in fluid saturated porous rocks depends on petrophysical properties, such as porosity, permeability and connectivity of the pore system, and on chemical parameters of the pore fluid like ion species, its concentration in the pore fluid and temperature. Additionally, electrochemical interactions between water dipoles or ions and the negatively charged mineral surface must be considered. In special geological settings electronic conduction can increase rock conductivities by several orders of magnitude if the highly conducting phases (graphite or ores) form an interconnected network. Electronic and electrolytic conduction depend moderately on pressure and temperature changes, while semiconduction in mineral phases forming the Earth’s mantle strongly depends on temperature and responds less significantly to pressure changes. Olivine exhibits thermally induced semiconduction under upper mantle conditions; if pressure and temperature exceed ~ 14 GPa and 1400 °C, the phase transition olivine into spinel will further enhance the conductivity due to structural changes from orthorhombic into cubic symmetry. The thermodynamic parameters (temperature, pressure) and oxygen fugacity control the formation, number and mobility of charge carriers. The conductivity temperature relation follows an Arrhenius behaviour, while oxygen fugacity controls the oxidation state of iron and thus the number of electrons acting as additional charge carriers. In volcanic areas rock conductivities may be enhanced by the formation of partial melts under the restriction that the molten phase is interconnected. These four charge transport mechanisms must be considered for the interpretation of geophysical field and borehole data. Laboratory data provide a reproducible and reliable database of electrical properties of homogenous mineral phases and heterogenous rock samples. The outcome of geoelectric models can thus be enhanced significantly. This review focuses on a compilation of fairly new advances in experimental laboratory work together with their explanation.     

Oxygen isotope geothermometry and origin of smectites in the Atlantis II Deep,Red Sea

The sediments underlying the hot brine pool of the Atlantis II Deep, a localised area of geothermal activity in the Red Sea, comprise a diversity of facies characterised by combinations of one or more of five species assemblages, sulphide, sulphate, silicate, oxide and carbonate, each including several mineral phases. The silicate mineral assemblage is dominated by geothermal authigenic smectites. Previous studies of these smectites have reported iron-rich varieties only, nontronite in particular, and only one environment of formation. In three cores from the Southwest Basin of the Atlantis II Deep, of the present study, three smectites comprising two species have been distinguished [10,21] evidently from three different environments of formation. Two of these smectites are nontronites, one from sulphide/silicate/amorphous facies, the other from silicate/carbonate/oxide facies. The third is a montmorillonite/beidellite from sulphate/sulphide/silicate/oxide facies.The oxygen isotopic compositions of samples of the three smectites have been determined from which formation temperatures have been calculated. Six samples of the “anoxic” nontronite have formation temperatures in the range 90–140°C. A single sample of the “oxic” nontronite has a formation temperature of about 80°C. Four samples of the montmorillonite/beidellite have formation temperatures in the range 160–200°C.The formation temperature range of the two nontronites is intermediate between the temperature of the brine at or prior to discharge (up to 250°C [12]) and the temperature of the brine pool in the Deep (about 50–60°C [13,14]). The nontronite formation temperature range reflects genesis by combination of isotopically light silica supplied by the incoming brine and isotopically heavier iron oxyhydroxide settling from the upper layers of the brine pool. Evidently, the “anoxic” nontronite forms at greater depth (hotter) in the brine pool than the “oxic” nontronite resulting in a relatively greater contribution from silica but diminished contribution from iron oxyhydroxide in the former compared to the latter. The wide range of the formation temperatures for the “anoxic” nontronite is related to the different actual locations of the samples in the sulphide/silicate/amorphous facies.The formation temperature range of the montmorillonite/beidellite is approaching the estimated temperature of the brine at or prior to discharge. The montmorillonite/beidellite formation temperature range reflects genesis by combination of isotopically light silica and aluminium, both supplied by the incoming brine, at the site of an active discharge vent. The wide range of the formation temperatures for the montmorillonite/beidellite may in part reflect a possible thermal event at the brine source, likely to have occurred during deposition of the sulphate/sulphide/silicate/oxide facies and which, it appears, has contributed to the formation of this facies [10,20].     

含碳结构对龙门山断层带电导率影响的实验探索

碳是影响岩石电导率大小的一个重要因素,可能是造成龙门山断层带电导率异常的重要原因之一.为了研究不同的碳含量、矿物颗粒粒径与碳晶体结构对断层带电导率的影响,在干燥、常温、0.2~300 MPa的压力条件下实验研究了人工模拟断层泥样品（石英粉末与含碳粉末混合的样品,简称模拟样品）和采自映秀-北川断层八角庙剖面的天然断层岩样品（简称天然样品）的电导率.实验结果显示,当模拟样品中的含碳粉末连通时,电导率与碳体积率的关系符合逾渗理论模型;而含碳粉末未连通时,电导率随总孔隙度降低而指数性升高.同时模拟样品的电导率也随石英颗粒粒径的变化而发生改变.相比于模拟样品中的含碳粉末主要分布于石英颗粒支撑的孔隙中,天然样品中的碳则主要以碳膜的形式赋存在颗粒边缘,导致碳体积率相同的条件下,模拟样品的电导率小于天然样品.此外,天然样品的电导率（ < 9×10^-4 S·m^-1）也要小于野外大地电磁探测的结果（0.03~0.1 S·m^-1）.在今后的实验中还需要考虑在动态摩擦条件下对含有完整含碳结构的天然样品进行电导率的实验研究.

     

On the Causes of Electrical Conductivity Anomalies in Tectonically Stable Lithosphere

Magnetotelluric (MT) data can image the electrical resistivity of the entire lithospheric column and are therefore one of the most important data sources for understanding the structure, composition and evolution of the lithosphere. However, interpretations of MT data from stable lithosphere are often ambiguous. Recent results from mineral physics studies show that, from the mid-crust to the base of the lithosphere, temperature and the hydrogen content of nominally anhydrous minerals are the two most important controls on electrical conductivity. Graphite films on mineral grain boundaries also enhance conductivity but are stable only to the uppermost mantle. The thermal profile of most stable lithosphere can be well constrained, so the two important unknowns that can affect the conductivity of a lithospheric section are hydrogen content and graphite films. The presence of both of these factors is controlled by the geological history of the lithosphere. Hydrogen in nominally anhydrous minerals behaves as an incompatible element and is preferentially removed during melting or high-temperature tectonothermal events. Grain-boundary graphite films are only stable to ~900 °C so they are also destroyed by high-temperature events. Conversely, tectonic events that enrich the lithosphere in incompatible elements, such as interaction with fluids from a subducting slab or a plume, can introduce both hydrogen and carbon into the lithosphere and therefore increase its electrical conductivity. Case studies of MT results from central Australia and the Slave Craton in Canada suggest that electrical conductivity can act as a proxy for the level of enrichment in incompatible elements of the lithosphere.     

高温高压下斜长角闪岩电导率研究及其地球物理启示

中下地壳和俯冲带区域的高电导率异常（0.01~1 S·m^-1）可能与地球内部的特定物质及其变化有关.斜长角闪岩是中下地壳以及俯冲带区域的重要组成之一,高温高压下斜长角闪岩的电导率研究对认识电导率异常具有重要意义.本研究采用交流阻抗谱法,在0.5,1.0,1.5 GPa和473~1073 K条件下测量了天然斜长角闪岩样品的复阻抗,实验结果表明压力对斜长角闪岩的电导率影响非常小,而温度对于电导率影响非常显著,其电导率在1073 K可以达到10^-0.5 S·m^-1;实验获得的活化能值为52.21 kJ·mol^-1,推断其导电机制可能为小极化子传导（Fe²⁺的氧化）主导.结合本实验获得的结果与大陆岩石圈和俯冲带的温度结构,我们计算得到相应的电性结构剖面,并与三种不同构造背景下的大陆岩石圈（克拉通、大陆裂谷和活动造山带）和俯冲带区域的电磁剖面结构进行了对比研究,结果发现斜长角闪岩可以解释大陆裂谷和活动造山带构造背景下的莫霍面附近的高电导率异常现象,同时可能是导致较热的俯冲带区域（例如卡斯卡迪地区）高电导率异常现象的原因.     

斜长石、辉石混合模型的电导率有限元数值计算研究

以岩石实验中矿物的几何形态及空间分布为建模依据,以实验条件及单矿物电导率的测量结果为约束条件,用有限元数值方法模拟了不同微观结构的斜长石、辉石混合物在施加电压后电势及电流的分布情况,并计算了混合模型在不同温度条件下的电导率.研究结果显示,数值模型网格数及矿物颗粒数的选取对电导率计算结果的精度有较大影响,在体导电情况下,模型电导率因矿物比例含量和排列结构而异.当斜长石及辉石随机分布时,随着辉石含量的增加,混合模型电导率在不同温度下均有所增加,且温度越高,增加幅度越大,电导率的有限元模拟计算结果接近于有效介质渗透理论模型,且位于并、串联模型之间以及HS模型的上、下边界范围内;在斜长石及辉石含量一定的情况下,各矿物的排列分布对电导率计算结果也有一定的影响,当矿物颗粒大小接近且分布均匀时,模型中电势沿电流传导方向变化较为均匀,模拟计算得出的电导率相对较高,当矿物颗粒大小差别较大及分布不均匀时,电势分布受到一定的扰动,电导率计算结果也较低.将混合模型电导率有限元计算结果与辉长岩、辉绿岩及玄武岩实验测量结果进行比较,显示这3种岩石样品电导率与温度变化关系的斜率均与混合模型计算结果的斜率相接近,表明这些岩石在所选温度段导电机制与斜长石、辉石混合模型相似,用斜长石、辉石混合模型的电导率研究玄武岩、辉长岩及辉绿岩的导电性具有适用性.将混合模型有限元计算结果与玄武岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩覆盖区地壳大地电磁实测结果对比,发现大地电磁电导率结果位于混合模型计算结果范围内,用斜长石、辉石混合模型模拟玄武岩、辉长岩等岩石地壳具有一定的可行性.

     

Electrical conductivity measurements on synthetic olivines and on olivine,enstatite and diopside from Dreiser Weiher,Eifel (Germany) under defined thermodynamic activities as a function of temperature and pressure

Results of electrical conductivity measurments on synthetic olivines of the system Mg₂SiO₄Fe₂SiO₄ and on minerals of Dreiser Weiher peridotite nodule Ib-8 (Eifel, Germany) are discussed in relation to the measuring procedure and to the variation of thermodynamic parameters.The measurements were performed in solid state high-pressure vessels between 340 and 1100°C and at a pressure of 10 kbar. It is shown that for ternary olivines and for pyroxenes, the control of two further variables, like the chemical activities of the components, is needed besides temperature and pressure control. The experimental set-up for the control of chemical activities and oxygen partial pressure is shown. From the slopes of the lines of log σ against 1/T the activation energies were calculated. Though in most cases the same oxygen fugacity ?_O2 is applied, the results reveal different values for synthetic and natural samples since the chemical activities of SiO₂ are different.     

Temperature correction of electrical conductivity values

For a number of applications in geoscience, electrical conductivity of water is often used as a collective measure of the concentration of dissolved solids. A method for temperature correction of electrical conductivity data based on regression analysis of the actual temperature/conductivity relationship of a number of water samples from natural streams is presented. It is shown that the generally used formulae for temperature correction give corrected results that deviate considerably from the values determined by actual measurements. The error increases with decreasing water temperature and may result in data that deviate by as much as 20 per cent from the true values. The implications are thus especially important for measurements of solute loads and concentrations during periods of low stream water tetaperatures e.g. during snowmelt.     

Investigating plant root effects on soil electrical conductivity: An integrated field monitoring and statistical modelling approach

Plants have been shown to affect soil water content and temperature. Previous studies were conducted mainly in forestry and agricultural soils, where conditions of soil and vegetation are different from those in an urban landscape. In an urban landscape, the influence of plant roots on electrical conductivity, soil water content and temperature is still not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of soil water content and temperature on electrical conductivity in vegetated soils through an integrated field monitoring and computational modelling approach. A new relationship between soil electrical conductivity and water content as well as temperature is proposed. Field monitoring was conducted in both vegetated (tree species) and bare soils. The monitoring included measurements of soil water content, soil temperature and soil electrical conductivity. This was followed by response surface regression modelling. Measured results show that soil temperature at shallow depths was lower in vegetated soil than that in the bare soil. This observation was also consistent with the higher soil water content and hence, higher electrical conductivity under tree canopy. The model developed could predict nonlinear relationships between electrical conductivity and soil temperature and water content. Uncertainty analysis indicated normal distribution for electrical conductivity under variation of soil temperature and water content. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.