亚洲陆权博弈视角下中国北方地缘战略价值论析

古代东亚大陆往往会形成农耕民族(中原王朝)与游牧渔猎民族(北方陆权力量)相并立的二元格局,在两者对抗与博弈的数千年历史中,中国北方地区为保持"中华文明有机体"的生存和发展发挥了不可替代的作用。目前中国北方地区仍然具有重要的地缘战略价值。根据"国家有机体"理论的基本内核,借鉴亚洲陆权博弈的历史经验,结合新形势和新条件来研究中国北方地缘形势,可以将它划分为五个相互交叉和包含的部分——核心地带、上游地带、四个走廊地带、七大要区和两大枢区。这五个部分有着不同的特点和战略价值,就目前的形势而言,东北要区和新疆要区在安全和发展上与中国的外向地缘政治和地缘经济形势存在着重大关联,它们的战略意义更为突出。     

浅谈中国北方游牧社会的形成

传统认为中国的长城以北地区,自古以来存在着一个与长城以南农耕文明相异的游牧社会。这一观念从西汉司马迁的《史记·匈奴列传》到近代王国维的《鬼方昆夷猃狁考》两千年来为国人所深信不疑。《匈奴列传》开篇就谈在所谓的"北蛮"之地从传说中唐尧虞舜时代的山戎、猃狁与荤粥到汉代的     

2000年来中国北方游牧民族南迁与气候变化

论述了２０００年来中国北方游牧民族南迁与气候变化的关系。气候温暖时期，中国北方游牧政权与中原农耕世界和平共处；气候寒冷时期。游牧民族南迁，中原政权不稳，二者对峙，甚至建立了“牧者王朝”。     

毛烏素沙地南沿的历史演化

据《史记》周本纪、秦本纪、匈奴列传及《汉书》匈奴传等记载, 西周初年(约当公元前11世纪), 武王乘推翻殷王朝之势, 驱逐严允(即匈奴)于泾渭之北, 可知当时泾、渭以北都是玁狁的活动区。严允是游牧民族, 从而可以想见今之陕北及鄂尔多斯在三千多年前乃是严允族的游牧地区而不是周人的农耕地区。     

文化视点

战国时期分布在内蒙古地区的北方民族战国时期(公元前475￣221),在内蒙古境内分布着匈奴、东胡、林胡、楼烦等民族。匈奴战国时期见于史书记载的北方游牧民族,是最早统一了大漠南北的全部地区并建立起国家政权—匈奴单于国的民族。它兴起于战国时期,衰落于东汉时期,共活跃了约三百年。匈奴初期活动在今天内蒙古境内的阴山及河套地区。战国中后期,匈奴广泛分布于今天内蒙古中、西部地区。东邻内蒙古东部的东胡,西毗河西走廊一带的月氏,南隔长城望燕、赵、秦诸国。战国末年,秦长城以北的鄂尔多斯高原、阴山南北为匈奴所有,成为赵、燕、秦战国…     

十六国时期内蒙古地区的割据国

<正>晋建兴四年(公元316年),匈奴贵族刘渊率兵攻克长安,灭亡西晋。从此,我国北方进入"五胡十六国"的割据时期。这一时期,统治内蒙古地区的割据势力,主要有代、前凉、后赵、前燕、前秦和铁弗匈奴等。     

基于空间场能的中国区域经济发展差异评价

促进区域协调发展是区域发展的重要目标,其基础是准确评价区域经济发展格局与空间差异。空间场能是区域中心城市借助区域联系"通道"带动外围地区发展而产生的"势能差"的抽象表达,是反映区域经济发展格局与空间差异的有效手段。基于空间场能的内涵及表征方法,从省际、市际、县际等尺度探讨了中国宏观经济、三大地带与南北经济差异的时空特征、区域经济变化的空间作用机制以及区域经济格局的类型划分。结果表明:①2000年以来中国区域经济的不平衡性在扩大,但不同研究尺度反映的经济差异大小有所差别;②三大地带的内部经济差异呈显著的"反自然梯度"特征,南北差异由"南北平分秋色"向"南强北弱"演变,南方与北方内部经济发展差异均呈扩大趋势;③中国区域经济增长存在显著的空间极化现象,经济增长局部聚集模式呈现分异性与规律性;④中国区域经济发展水平的空间格局可划分为5大类型区23个亚单元,不同类型区未来应实施针对性的发展策略。     

七彩坪

匈奴人发祥哪里？鲜卑族祖居何处？历史考古专家共破民族史难题一系列出土文物考古发现，为攻克中国民族史难关找到了钥匙。作为北方少数民族聚居中心的内蒙古，近些年在开展民族史研究中，各民族专家学者广收史料，钻研文献，同时还注重同文物考古工作者携手协作。据有关专家介绍，内蒙古自治区近20年间运用考古成果破解的民族史学难题主要有：──匈奴人发祥地在哪里？对此中国史书虽有记载，却未见实证。80年代以来在漠南伊克昭盟等地发现许多匈奴墓葬证明，匈奴族的诞生地和成长“摇篮”，就在内蒙古黄河后套和大青山（阴山）一带。──…     

匈奴消失之谜谁能解得开

公元前3世纪前后,中国北方草原上匈奴族兴起,到秦汉之际,第一代单于头曼单于建“头曼城”,以今内蒙古黄河河套及阴山为驻牧及统治中心,建立了强大的部落联盟国家,     

中国北方典型沙漠化地区沙漠化的对比研究

选择了中国北方极端干旱、干旱和半干旱三个地带的沙漠化典型地区, 即, 新疆塔里木河下游阿拉干、内蒙阿拉善盟吉兰泰和河北省丰宁县坝上等地区进行对比研究, 以阐明不同地带沙漠化过程的成因、发展趋势及其防治措施, 并探索建立预测沙漠化发展趋势的数学模式。     

Chronology and evolution of the northern Iceland Plateau

New aeromagnetic data, K-Ar age determinations of dredged marine igneous rocks, as well as other geophysical evidence have shed light on the chronology, nature and evolution of the northern Iceland Plateau. Correspondence between seismic refraction profiles taken on the Jan Mayen Ridge and westward through Jan Mayen Island, suppressed aeromagnetic anomalies, earthquake surface wave studies, and ages of dredged igneous rocks suggest these strata may form an extended region of thickened crust, possibly of Caledonian age, extending westward toward the Kolbeinsey Ridge and northwest to the south wall of the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone.     

Seismicity re-evaluation of the northern Red Sea

The Aqaba subnetwork of five vertical short-period stations of the seismological observatory of King Saud University was installed in late 1986 along the eastern side of the Gulf of Aqaba, northern Red Sea. During the first six years (1986 August to 1992 July) of the subnetwork operation, 400 microearthquakes were detected. Of these, 93 events were recorded by most of the subnet stations and were located. Their epicentres lie in the northern part of the Red Sea between latitudes 25.5 N and 27.5 N and longitudes 33.5 E and 36 E along the axial depression of the Red Sea where the large intrusions (deeps) are located. Magnitudes of the locatable events ranged from 2.1 to 4.8. Two intensive swarms of about 200 microearthquakes occurred in February and June of 1992. The February swarm is the first intensive sequence observed in the surveying area since the establishment of the KSU network. Frequency-magnitude analysis of the recorded events for the period 1986-1992 yielded 3.543 for a and 0.658 for b . These relatively higher b values (0.658) are a good indication of the crustal heterogeneity under the spreading zone of the northern Red Sea. USGS and KSU data together show 3.41 for a and 0.49 for b . This study, together with historical data, confirms that the area is very seismically active and that the activity is mainly of swarm type, and may be attributed to the subsurface magmatic activity and spreading centres that are usually associated with strike-slip and normal faulting, respectively.     

Primary production of the northern Barents Sea

The majority of the arctic waters are only seasonally ice covered; the northern Barents Sea, where freezing starts at 80 to 81°N in September, is one such area. In March, the ice cover reaches its greatest extension (74-75°N). Melting is particularly rapid in June and July, and by August the Barents Sea may be ice free. The pelagic productive season is rather short, 3 to 3.5 months in the northern part of the Barents Sea (north of the Polar Front, 75°N), and is able to sustain an open water production during only half of this time when a substantial part of the area is free of ice. Ice algal production starts in March and terminates during the rapid melting season in June and July, thus equalling the pelagic production season in duration.
This paper presents the first in situ measurements of both pelagic and ice-related production in the northern Barents Sea: pelagic production in summer after melting has started and more open water has become accessible, and ice production in spring before the ice cover melts. Judged by the developmental stage of the plankton populations, the northern Barents Sea consists of several sub-areas with different phytoplankton situations. Estimates of both daily and annual carbon production have been based on in situ measurements. Although there are few sampling stations (6 phytoplankton stations and 8 ice-algae stations), the measurements represent both pelagic bloom and non-bloom conditions and ice algal day and night production. The annual production in ice was estimated to 5.3 g Cm^-2, compared to the pelagic production of 25 to 30 g Cm^-2 south of Kvitøya and 12 to 15 g Cm^-2 further north. According to these estimates ice production thus constitutes 16% to 22% of the total primary production of the northern Barents Sea, depending on the extent of ice-free areas.     

Development and biocultural diversity in northern Thailand

Northern Thailand has received large amounts of development assistance, largely as a response to opium growing. This paper suggests a model to help understand why this aid has, on the whole, been unsuccessful in improving the welfare of most of the inhabitants. The paper has two main theses: first, that development has failed to recognize the importance of the environmental context of the communities, and secondly, that it has encouraged a narrowing of the economic, cultural and ecological characteristics of the area from heterogeneity to homogeneity.     

Wide-angle deep crustal reflections in the northern Appalachians

Summary. Seismic refraction data collected in the northern Appalachians provide an unusual opportunity to use wide-angle reflections to examine the lower crust and upper mantle. The PmP phase, clearly identified on several hundred records, has been used to construct an isopach map of the crust which shows a stepwise regional thickening of the crust beneath the axis of the Appalachians. The data have been examined to times of up to 40 s two-way travel time to investigate the possibility of coherent upper-mantle reflections such as those recently observed by BIRPS on near-vertical data northwest of Britain. Although substantial coherent energy appears after the PmP phase, synthetic seismogram modelling shows that all of these arrivals are explicable by S-phases, converted phases and multiples from within the crust. We conclude that in this region of the northern Appalachians we have not detected any significant regionally extensive reflecting horizons within the upper mantle.     

Moho-offset beneath northern Scotland

Summary. Independent sets of LISPB data are presented, having as a common feature a local lateral variation in the Moho beneath northern Britain.
The evidence for this step-like feature on the Moho is taken from P and S travel times and from PS reflection times and phase velocities.
Another important observation is that a high-frequency Moho refraction is generated north of the step, whilst the refraction from the step region and south of it contains only low frequencies. This leads to the assumption that a change in the Moho structure exists in the same region as where the step has been deduced from travel-time interpretation. A numerical model is presented which generates a high-frequency refracted wave from an input signal which contains low- and high-frequency spectral energy.
The significance of this offset on the Moho, in particular its relationship to surface tectonics, is critically discussed.     

Detailed S-wave structure in the Dublin Basin and its northern margin

Summary. The seismic structure has been measured to a depth of about 3 km along a 30 km seismic profile in east central Ireland. This profile is unusual in that it is the S -wave velocity—depth structure that has been measured to a degree of precision more normally associated with P -wave results. One reason for this is that the sources used were quarry blasts which generated strong S -waves and short-period surface waves but rather weak P -waves.
The results show a layer of Carboniferous limestone with shear velocity 2.65 km⁻¹ s overlying a layer with a velocity of 3.06 km s⁻¹. This second layer was interpreted as Lower Palaeozoic strata (Silurian/Ordovician) since this velocity was evident in an inlier seen at the surface at the northern end of the line. A third refraction horizon, shear velocity 3.45 km s⁻¹ and displaying a basinal structure, was also recognized. This may be Cambrian or Precambrian basement.