Multiscale approach to geo‐composite cellular structures subjected to rock impacts

Geo‐composite cellular structures are an efficient technological solution for various applications in civil engineering. This type of structure is particularly well adapted to resisting rockfalls and can act as a defensive structure. However, the design of such structures is for the most part empirically based; this lack of research‐based design stagnates optimization and advanced development. In this paper, the mechanical behaviour of a geo‐composite cellular structure is investigated using a multi‐scale approach, from the individual cell made up of an assembly of rocky particles contained in a wire netting cage to the entire structure composed of a regular array of cells. Based on discrete modelling of both the cell and structure scales, a computational tool has been developed for design purposes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段土壤物理参数的变异研究

为了探索中国西南喀斯特地区石漠化过程中土壤物理性质的变异规律,采用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,对贵州省荔波县及普定县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的物理参数进行了研究。结果表明：土壤有机质质量分数随石漠化程度的加深逐渐减小;非石漠化土壤重度仅为6.15 N/m^3,随着石漠化的发展,土壤重度逐渐增大,总孔隙度随之减小;石漠化的发展导致土壤黏粒含量升高;土壤水稳性团聚体质量分数及微团聚体的结构系数均随石漠化程度加深而减小;土壤有机质质量分数与重度、砂粒含量、大于5 mm团聚体含量及结构系数的相关系数分别为-0.921 2、0.827 7、0.907 2、0.899 3,均达到极显著水平。通过封山育林等措施增加喀斯特地区有机质积累可改善土壤物理性质,对防治石漠化具有重要意义。     

A study of geogrid-reinforced ballast using laboratory pull-out tests and discrete element modelling

This paper presents an evaluation of the behaviour of geogrid-reinforced railway ballast. Experimental large box pull-out tests were conducted to examine the key parameters influencing the interaction between ballast and the geogrid. The experimental results demonstrated that the triaxial geogrid outperforms the biaxial geogrid and the geogrid aperture size is more influential than rib profile and junction profile. The discrete element method (DEM) has then been used to model the interaction between ballast and geogrid by simulating large box pull-out tests and comparing with experimental results. The DEM simulation results have been shown to provide good predictions of the pull-out resistance and reveal the distribution of contact forces in the geogrid-reinforced ballast system. Therefore, the calibrated geogrid model and the use of clumps to model ballast particles hold much promise for investigating the interaction between geogrids and ballast and therefore optimising performance.     

我国南方岩溶山区石漠化基本问题研究进展

通过参考国内研究的相关文献,运用比较分析方法,从岩溶石漠化概念的内涵、分布格局和量化分级、成因分析和演化过程、综合治理和效益评价等基本问题回顾了我国南方岩溶山区石漠化研究进展:岩溶石漠化的概念和成因已取得了较为一致的认识;石漠化等级评价指标相差甚远,需要建立统一调查研究方法、分级标准和评价指标体系;已探索出了一些较好的治理模式和方法,但治理建设仍然存在很大困难;目前没有成熟的石漠化治理效益评价体系和方法,严重影响了石漠化治理措施的修订和完善。指出了我国岩溶石漠化问题研究应从如下几方面加强:不断创新岩溶石漠化的研究方法;把握岩溶石漠化与人类活动相互作用关系;深入开展岩溶石漠化过程模拟与调控研究;推广和完善岩溶石漠化综合治理技术和模式;重视地球系统科学在岩溶石漠化研究中的运用。在岩溶石漠化与人类活动相互作用关系方面,特别要注意加强石漠化地区土地的生产力和人口承载力的定量研究;实施岩溶山区人类经济活动影响预报和经济社会后果预报,建立岩溶山区生态安全监控预警系统;加强不同时空尺度下岩溶石漠化人文驱动机制研究;确定自然因素和人文作用对石漠化过程的正负面影响和各自的贡献率,建立相应的概念模型和数学模型等。      

基于Logistic-CA-Markov模型的石漠化空间变化规律研究

为了揭示岩溶地区石漠化发生、发展的一般规律,文章以贵州省六枝特区为例,获取了1990、2000、2010年石漠化数据。利用Logistic-CA-Markov模型探讨石漠化发生的驱动因子及各类型间的转移情况,并在两种情景模式下对研究区2020年石漠化空间分布进行模拟。结果表明:（1）利用Logistic模型回归分析石漠化驱动因子,能够较好的反映其分布状况,CA-Markov耦合模型模拟石漠化空间分布,精度达到理论要求。（2)无石漠化、潜在石漠化、轻度石漠化、中度石漠化演变过程中受人为因素影响大于自然因素,而强度和极强度石漠化则相反。（3）在现有石漠化演化速率情景下,各等级石漠化的演变轨迹为修复与恶化并存模式,最突出的是潜在和轻度石漠化。（4）在喀斯特山地生态产业修复和封山育林结合情景下,石漠化修复与恶化并存的双重轨迹模式改为以修复为主的单一轨迹模式,其中轻度和中度石漠化治理效果最为突出。因此石漠化治理措施重点应针对轻度和中度石漠化分布区,注重协调人地矛盾,防止利用过程中返回式演变。      

A Research Approach for Ecological,Environmental and Geological Differentiation of Rocky Desertification and Its Driving Mechanism in Karst Graben Basin

According to the national key research and development program of China “Evolution, integrating treatment and technological demonstration of rocky desertification in karst graben basin”, the task of “ecological, environmental and geological differentiation of rocky desertification and its driving mechanism in karst graben basin” was to reveal the migration of carbon, nitrogen, calcium and water, as well as evolution process and driving mechanism of ecosystem succession and rocky desertification. In this respect, the factors of lithology, topography, ecology, hydrology, vegetation, socio-economy, meteorology, soil, etc. were studied in the demonstration areas of Mengzi and Luxi rocky desertification control. Moreover, the interaction between vegetation and hydrological processes in the typical watershed was established, and the critical period and water requirement of the ecological water demand in the watershed were established. The ecological and hydrological process of the vegetation, as well as nitrogen, calcium and water cycling, and the carbon sequestration ability of ecosystems were used to predict the evolution of ecosystem succession and rocky desertification. The results provided the theoretical basis for the rational allocation of ecological water resources and ecological restoration in rocky desertification area.     

Coupled three-dimensional discrete element-lattice Boltzmann methods for fluid-solid interaction with polyhedral particles

Interaction between solid particles and fluid is of fundamental interest to scientists and engineers in many different applications—cardiopulmonary flows, aircraft and automobile aerodynamics, and wind loading on buildings to name a few. In geomechanics, particle shape significantly affects both particle-particle and particle-fluid interaction. Herein, we present a generalized method for modeling the interaction of arbitrarily shaped polyhedral particles and particle assemblages with fluid using a coupled discrete element method (DEM) and lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) formulation. The coupling between DEM and LBM is achieved through a new algorithm based on a volume-fraction approach to consider three-dimensional convex polyhedral particles moving through fluid. The algorithm establishes the interaction using linear programming and simplex integration and is validated against experimental data. This approach to modeling the interaction between complex polyhedral particles and fluid is shown to be accurate for directly simulating hydrodynamic forces on the particles.     

Comparative studies of the distribution characteristics of rocky desertification and land use/land cover classes in typical areas of Guizhou province, China

The Huajiang and Hongfenghu demonstration areas represent typical karst landforms and rocky desertification landscapes in Guizhou, China. These were selected for a comparison of rocky desertification and land use cover. Based mainly on 5 m resolution Spot 5, remote sensing images, topographic maps (1:10,000) and land use maps, the intensity and extent of rocky desertification, and slope characteristics of the two areas were interpreted. Spatial overlay analysis was used to compare the land use/land cover (LULC) and rocky desertification within each. The results were compared using the concepts of rocky desertification occurrence (RDO) among LULC classes and the structure value of desertification land (SVDL). The results demonstrated that (1) the landforms and extent of rocky desertification in the two areas are significantly different and the proportion of very steep slopes is one of the reasons leading to large areas of rocky desertification; (2) the RDO and SVDL show significant differences between the two areas; also rocky desertification intensity in various LULC classes cannot be measured in terms of RDO. High RDO may occur in low-intensity desertification land, and vice versa; (3) the structural characteristics of rocky desertification among various LULC are consistent among the woodland, “bare land” and “other grassland” land use classes in the two areas, but sequence slight > moderate > intense is not consistent between the areas. For the rocky desertification control, the present authors consider that the spatial distribution differences of rocky desertification and LULC among areas with different landform types area combined with the intensity of rocky desertification should be used in designing appropriate measures for control of desertification and rehabilitation of land.     

喀斯特地区石漠化与土壤类型的空间相关分析——以贵州省为例

以贵州省2010年石漠化程度分布与土壤类型分布图为基础,运用地图代数原理,通过计算二者的转移矩阵,从而得出不同石漠化程度下土壤类型的空间分布情况,并探讨研究区石漠化背景下,土壤类型与石漠化的空间分布规律,分析石漠化的发生、分布与土壤类型的相关关系。其结果表明:喀斯特地区石质土的石漠化发生率最高达到46.41%,其次为黄棕壤的43.32%,综合排序为石质土>黄棕壤>山地草甸土>棕壤>红壤>粗骨土>石灰土>黄壤>紫色土>水稻土>潮土;分等级讨论时以中度石漠化为主导,且石质土的中度石漠化发生率最高,达到了21.68%。石漠化程度的空间分布在不同土壤类型中存在着明显差异,并且二者之间有一定联系,土壤本身的性质差异是重要的因素之一。      

基于RS和GIS的南汀河流域石漠化评价

以南汀河流域ETM、DEM和地质岩性数据为基础数据,应用遥感和地理信息技术提取了石漠化评价因子,构建石漠化评价指标并对石漠化强度进行评价。运用空间叠加分析和统计分析方法对石漠化信息进行分析,得到流域岩溶区石漠化强度分级特征,利用土地利用数据及石漠化信息与土地利用/覆盖类型的相关关系以分析土地利用方式对石漠化的影响。结果表明（1）研究区石漠化强度为:中度石漠化>轻度石漠化>潜在石漠化>强度石漠化>无石漠化>极强度石漠化。（2）强度石漠化区和极强度石漠化区主要分布在以耕地和疏林地为主要覆盖类型的区域。说明了造成石漠化的因素除裸岩率、植被、坡度、岩性等主要影响因子外,人们利用土地的方式对石漠化也具有很大促进作用。      

基于Logistic-ISM模型的喀斯特地区农户石漠化治理行为影响因素及调控研究

喀斯特地区农户的石漠化治理行为对保障我国长江、珠江流域生态安全极为重要。为了深入了解农户石漠化治理行为的影响因素,促进石漠化治理政策的落实和治理工作的有效开发,本文选取了贵州省3个典型的石漠化县,晴隆县、关岭县、 黔西县为研究区,应用参与性农户评估法对437位农户开展治理行为调查。以调查数据为基础,结合运用Logistic回归模型与ISM分析方法研究农户石漠化治理行为的主要影响因素及其层次结构,实现对石漠化治理行为的剖析。分析结果显示:距最近乡集镇距离、是否自愿选择技术、接触信息次数、交流信息次数是表层直接影响因素,石漠化面积是中层间接因素,家庭农业收入、是否有科研治理项目、专家走访次数是深层根源因素。因此,农户农业收入低、资金投入匮乏和石漠化治理相关技术缺乏是导致农户石漠化治理积极性不够的根本原因。建议多渠道增加农民收入,以推动农户参与石漠化治理的积极性;改善农村基础设施条件以降低石漠化治理的成本;完善石漠化治理技术推广体系,提高农户石漠化治理技能。      

Static soil culvert interaction the effect of box culvert geometric configurations and soil properties

The response of box culverts to static loads is controlled by soil arching. Soil arching is a result of a complex soil culvert interaction (SCI) due to the relative stiffness between the culvert and the surrounding soil, and is a critical consideration in culvert design. The factors that affect soil arching on box culverts include the soil height above the culvert, the geometrical configuration of the box culvert and the properties of the soil around it. Box culverts are typically designed using formulae that assume simplified behaviors and in some cases rely on considerable empiricism. In the present study, small scale centrifuge physical model tests were conducted to investigate SCI considering the height and density of soil above the culvert and the geometry of the culvert. The results of these centrifuge tests were used to calibrate and verify a numerical model that was used to further investigate the response of box culverts to static loads. The results have been evaluated for bending moment and soil culvert interaction factors. The results demonstrated that the soil culvert interaction factors are not only a function of the height of soil column above the culvert, but also a function of the culvert thickness, soil elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Therefore, the results were used to establish charts and equations that can be employed to assess the design values of the static soil pressure and static bending moment for box culverts.     

Effect of Intermediate Microfabric on Shear Strength and Strain Localization Response of Kaolin Clay Under Compression and Extension Loading

The present paper evaluates the role of microfabric in strain localization patterns observed in soil specimens during its shear deformation in compression and extension triaxial testing. A series of compression and extension lubricated end triaxial tests are performed on Kaolin clay with extreme as well as intermediate microfabrics, which are obtained using slurry consolidation technique by varying calagon content from 0 to 3 %. Intermediate microfabric is the geometric arrangement of particles within the soil mass, which lies in between the particle orientation during two extreme microfabrics; flocculated and dispersed. Flocculated has random orientation of particles with face-to-edge particle contacts and dispersed has parallel orientation of particles with face-to-face particle contacts. When the specimen is subjected to large stress levels in triaxial testing, the particle orientation and geometric arrangement get affected due to the force acting on the clay platelets. In this experimental research, the variation in clay’s stress–strain and pore pressure response and initiation, propagation and formation of shear bands at different levels of compression and extension shearing is evaluated using digital image analysis setup associated with triaxial system.     

有限元和有限层元研究横向同性土对建筑物沉降的影响

从常规三轴压缩试验得到横观各向同性土层的力学参数,综合9种来自于不同国家和地区的横观各向同性土层的土样参数,研究分析了横观各向同性土层参数对建筑物沉降的影响。作为典型例子,对上海一幢剪力墙结构的箱形基础与横观各向同性土进行共同作用分析,并与各向同性土层上的分析结果进行比较,结果表明：横观各向同性土层参数对沉降的影响有些不同,尤其是不排水加载条件确定的土层参数影响的结果大不相同。     

钙质粗粒料颗粒强度和压缩特性的试验研究

目前对钙质土压缩特性的研究主要集中在钙质细砂,而实际工程中广泛存在钙质粗粒料,因此对钙质粗粒料压缩特性开展研究具有重要意义。通过颗粒强度测定仪和全自动大型固结仪对钙质土进行了单颗粒破碎试验和一维压缩试验,研究了颗粒粒径和相对密度对钙质粗粒料的颗粒强度和压缩特性的影响。单颗粒试验结果表明,钙质砂单颗粒的特征应力随着颗粒相对密度的增大而增大;单颗粒的破碎强度具有明显的尺寸效应,可利用单颗粒的特征应力进行标准化,且服从Weibull分布。压缩试验结果表明,单一粒径试样破碎后的分形维数随颗粒粒径的增大而增大;试样的Hardin破碎率与塑性功的关系为幂函数关系;在本次试验条件下,单一粒径试样的屈服应力与单颗粒的特征应力存在近似线性关系。     

Using the radial basis function network model to assess rocky desertification in northwest Guangxi,China

Karst rocky desertification is a progressive process of land degradation in karst regions in which soil is severely, or completely, eroded. This process may be caused by natural factors, such as geological structure, and population pressure leading to poor ecosystem health and lagging economic development. Karst rocky desertification is therefore a significant obstacle to sustainable development in southwest China. We applied a radial basis function network model to assess the risk of karst rocky desertification in northwest Guangxi, a typical karst region located in southwest China. Factors known to influence karst rocky desertification were evaluated using remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques to classify the 23 counties in the study area from low to extreme risk of karst rocky desertification. Counties with extreme or strong karst rocky desertification risk (43.48%, nearly half of the study area) were clustered in the north, central and southeast portions of the study area. Counties with low karst rocky desertification (30.43%) were located in the west, northeast and southwest of the study area. The spatial distribution of karst rocky desertification was moderately correlated to population density.     

Use of a particle-tracking model for predicting entrainment at power plants on the Hudson River

A major assumption of the Empirical Transport Model (ETM), widely adopted by both electric utilities and regulatory agencies for estimating the effects of entrainment mortality on fish populations in estuaries, is that the fraction of ichthyoplankton entrained varies only in response to changes in water withdrawals, not to changes in freshwater flow. We evaluated this assumption using a particle-tracking model to estimmate the probability of entrainment at power plants on the Hudson River during low and high freshwater flow periods and comparing those probabilities with estimates calculated from the ETM. We found that freshwater flow had a profound effect on the probability of entrainment. Both the number of river regions from which particles were entrained and the probabilities of entrainment for particles in those river regions differed between low-flow and high-flow periods. During high flow, particles spent less time in the grid box next to the intakes, reducing the probability of entrainment for particles released in the river region of each power plant and the average probability of entrainment across all regions at three power plants. The reduced probability of entrainment for particles released in the river regions of two power plants was offset by higher entrainment for particles upriver of these power plants. Although the average probabilities of entrainment across all river regions estimated with the particle-tracking model and the ETM were relatively similar for some power plants at high flow, low flow, or both, the probabilities for each river region differed considerably between the models. The number of river regions from which particles were entrained using the ETM was consistently undersestimated, resulting in probabilities for regions where entrainment occurred that were biased high compared with the particle-tracking model.     

吹填泥浆中土颗粒沉降-固结规律研究

吹填泥浆中土颗粒沉降-固结过程十分复杂,其中土颗粒的沉降固结规律并不明确。室内沉降试验采用一种改进的方法--分层抽取法,先得到土颗粒体积分布规律,再利用体积通量函数法计算不同粒组颗粒平均沉速。计算结果表明,吹填泥浆在沉降过程中会出现3个区域,分别是干涉沉降区、絮体压缩沉降区和自重固结区;在沉降初期0～1 h和1～7 h内,干涉沉降区内土颗粒沉速远小于Stokes公式沉速计算值,颗粒沉速分别与颗粒直径的0.488 1和0.111 7次方有关。絮体压缩沉降区和自重固结区内颗粒基本不出现分选现象,均属于泥浆颗粒的沉积物;该试验中絮体压缩沉降区的密度约为1.04 g/cm3。     

石漠化治理对土壤中CO2、CH4变化特征及碳汇效应的影响

为探究石漠化治理对土壤中CO2、CH4变化特征及碳汇效应的影响,采用气相色谱法对重庆市南川石漠化治理示范区土壤中CO2、CH4浓度进行观测,结合土壤温度、土壤含水率、土壤容重和土壤有机碳对石漠化治理区（试验区）和对比区（未经过石漠化治理的荒草地）进行研究,并用溶蚀量数据估算岩溶区碳汇量。结果显示:土壤中CO2浓度随土壤深度的增加先增加后减小,变化范围为393～7 400 mg·L-1;而土壤中CH4浓度随土壤深度的增加先减小后增大,变化范围为1.13～3.42 mg· L-1。试验区土壤中CO2浓度均值为2 131 mg· L-1,CH4浓度均值为1.94 mg· L-1 ;而对比区土壤中CO2浓度均值为2 338 mg· L-1,CH4浓度均值为2.10 mg·L-1。土壤温度、土壤有机碳与土壤中CO2浓度变化趋势呈显著正相关关系,而与土壤中CH4变化趋势呈显著负相关关系,说明土壤温度和土壤有机碳是影响土壤中CO2、CH4浓度的主要因素;土壤温度与土壤中CO2浓度呈正相关关系且相关性随石漠化治理而变弱,说明经过石漠化治理土壤温度对土壤中CO2浓度的影响减弱。试验区岩溶试片溶蚀速率大于对比区,且经过石漠化治理,由岩溶作用产生的碳汇可提高0.66～9.42 t·km-2·a-1 ;说明石漠化治理对于岩溶区碳汇起到了促进作用。      

DEM simulation of collapse behaviours of unsaturated granular materials under general stress states

In this study, a numerical simulation of true triaxial tests was conducted using the three-dimensional distinct element method (DEM) in order to examine how unsaturated granular materials collapse under general stress states. The collapse process was simulated by reducing the intergranular adhesive forces corresponding to the effect of the capillary suction during the isotropic compression and the shearing processes under general stress states. Based on the relationship between the void ratio and the mean principal stress after collapsing, it was found that the initially soaked compression line obtained with an inundation test may be used to predict the collapse of granular materials under a general stress state. From the analysis for the fabric tensor in the particle aggregate after collapsing, the skeleton structures became identical to those in which no intergranular adhesive force was applied. Furthermore, even though the collapse process was simulated under a plane strain condition, the shear band inside the sample did not occur clearly, and the slippage between particles was instead induced randomly during collapsing.