Kinetic studies of the rate of dissolution of silica and diatom tests in sea water

Kinetic studies have been carried out on the dissolution of 10μm beads of silica and of the siliceous tests of two species of diatoms (Thalassiosira fluviatus andSkeletonema costatum) in sea water at 10–50°C and over the pH range 6–9. At all temperatures dissolution of the biogenous silica occurred most rapidly at pH 8 and most slowly at pH 6. First order kinetics were closely followed when the silica was present in a considerable excess over that required for saturation, the rate being proportional to the area of the silica. Apparent deviation from this type of kinetics occurred when there was insufficient silica to bring about saturation. This was undoubtedly due to the progressive decrease in the surface area which takes place as the particle dissolves. Application of the rather simplistic model developed by Kamataniet al. (1980), which makes allowance for this decrease, gave a close correspondence with the data until ∼ 90% of the silica had dissolved.     

Microbial mediation of benthic biogenic silica dissolution

Pore water profiles from 24 stations in the South Atlantic (located in the Guinea, Angola, Cape, Guyana, and Argentine basins) show good correlations of oxygen and silicon, suggesting microbially mediated dissolution of biogenic silica. We used simple analytical transport and reaction models to show the tight coupling of the reconstructed process kinetics of aerobic respiration and silicon regeneration. A generic transport and reaction model successfully reproduced the majority of Si pore water profiles from aerobic respiration rates, confirming that the dissolution of biogenic silica (BSi) occurs proportionally to O₂ consumption. Possibly limited to well-oxygenated sediments poor in BSi, benthic Si fluxes can be inferred from O₂ uptake with satisfactory accuracy. Compared to aerobic respiration kinetics, the solubility of BSi emerged as a less influential parameter for silicon regeneration. Understanding the role of bacteria for silicon regeneration requires further investigations, some of which are outlined. The proposed aerobic respiration control of benthic silicon cycling is suitable for benthic–pelagic models. The empirical relation of BSi dissolution to aerobic respiration can be used for regionalization assessments and estimates of the silicon budget to increase the understanding of global primary and export production patterns.     

Accumulation of biogenie silica and opal dissolution in upper quaternary skagerrak sediments

In a core from the outer Skagerrak, the content of biogenic opal is higher in Late Pleistocene (Younger Dryas) than in Holocene deposits. In terms of opal accumulation, rates are 1 g/cm²/1,000 y during the Holocene and five to ten times larger during the Younger Dryas. Intensive dissolution has greatly reduced the Holocene opal content and does not allow calculation of paleoproductivity. The intensity of opal dissolution is reflected by dissolution stages of both the diatomParalia sulcata and sponge spicules. The intensity of dissolution is negatively correlated to the sedimentation rate and appears to be controlled by silica-undersaturated environment on the sea floor and the uppermost sediment layer.     

近海水域的污染危害与防治

文章叙述了近海水域的各种污染物及来源,这些污染物对环境及人类带来的各种危害和防治污染所采取的主要方法。     

Bioavailability of different chemical forms of dissolved silica can affect marine diatom growth

In this study, we demonstrate that dissolved silica obtained from mineral (crystalline quartz), biogenic amorphous (diatomaceous earth) and artificial amorphous sources (Aerosil) influence the growth rate of two marine diatoms, Chaetoceros sp. and Skeletonema marinoi. Diatoms were reared in four different experimental conditions in artificial seawater containing either dissolved silica previously obtained through dissolution of the mineral crystalline quartz or two amorphous substrates, biogenic diatomaceous earth or artificial Aerosil silica. Sodium metasilicate was used as control. When the silica in the different media reached concentrations higher than 107 μm , particles were eliminated by filtration and the diatom cells were inoculated. Maximum cell density, growth and silica assimilation rates of both species in the presence of dissolved silica derived from crystalline quartz and metasilicate were higher than those obtained with the other silica sources. These results are discussed against the background of previous geochemical studies that have shown that silica–water interactions are strictly dependent on the silica polymorphs involved and on the ionic composition of the solution. Our results demonstrate that the soluble silicon compounds generated in seawater by crystalline sources are highly bioavailable compared with those generated by biogenic and amorphous materials. These findings are potentially of considerable ecological importance and may contribute to clarifying anomalous spatial and temporal distributions of siliceous organisms with respect to the presence of lithogenic or biogenic silica sources in marine environments.     

Late Quaternary diatom and sea level changes in estuarine plain of the Jiulong River

TheJiulongRiver,composedoftheWestStream,theNorthStreamandtheSouthStream(seeFig.1)isthesecondlargestriverinFujianProvince.ItsestuarineplainintervenesbetweenthetwqcitiesofXiamenandZhangzhou,withsouthern-subtropicoceanicmonsoonclimate-SofartherehasnotbeensystematicresearchontheLateQuaternarysea1evelchangesinthearea,andthispaperisintendedtodosomethingaboutit.DIAToMZoNESANDBIoFACIESOFZK5BoREHOLETheBoreholeZK5islocatedtothenortheastofHaichengTown,withcoordinateof24"24,32*N,ll7'5…     

海洋硅藻硅质细胞壁结构的形成机理研究概述

硅藻具有形态各异、结构复杂、精美绝伦的硅质细胞壁,是海洋中进行生物硅化最主要的生物体。硅质细胞壁的形成同样是一个错综复杂的过程,它涉及硅藻细胞将硅酸从胞外转运到胞内;硅酸在细胞内的转移;在硅沉积囊泡(SDV)中的浓缩沉积;最后合成具种类特异性的细胞壁。重点介绍硅酸转运基因(SITs)的分子特征与作用机制;与生物硅化相关的三种蛋白即硅体蛋白(frus-tulins)、亲硅蛋白(silaffins)和侧壁蛋白(pleuralins)的结构与功能;硅质结构如何在硅沉积囊泡内最终形成的模式。     

The content of selenium and its chemical form in sea water

By using the new fluorometric method of determination of the total selenium ( Se), Se (IV) and Se (VI), the content of selenium in sea weter was determined in the western North Pacific. Results showed that the content of Se in surface water ranged from 0.06 to 0.12g l^–1, while in deeper layers, the content increased to 0.20g l^–1. It was found that Se (IV) showed rather uniform distribution with depth, while Se (VI) increased with depth to about three times that in the surface. The ratio of Se (IV) to the Se ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 in the surface and 0.4 to 0.6 in the deep. The coexistence of the hexa- and tetravalent ions of selenium was confirmed both in surface and deep layers. Some results of observations on the content of selenium in the coastal areas of Japan were also reported.     

Studies on the dissolution of diatomaceous silica as a function of heating

Diatomaceous silica, pretreated at various temperatures between 125 and 900C, was subjected to dissolution experiments and was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and infrared spectra. The diatomaceous silica preheated up to 900C, dissolved throughly into the solution of 2 per cent Na₂CO₃. On the digestion in the solution of 2 per cent Na₂SO₄, the dissolution of the silica decreased as the pretreating temperature increase; the degree of dissolution was different for various species. According to infrared absorption studies, the diatomaceous silica pretreated at a temperature below 500C preserved the reversibility of dehydration-rehydration almost qualitatively, while heating above 500C the samples lost the reversibility. Deformation of some kinks of diatomaceous silica pretreated above 500C, was percepted on infrared absorption spectra around 1,150 cm^–1. The samples pretreated up to 900 C, however, did not show such an internal structural change as could be identified by the X-ray diffraction analysis. The content of Al and Fe in diatomaceous silica was low and have not much difference in quality among diatom species. From these experimental results, it was adequately understandable that diatomaceous silica, which has a metastable character, is variable in the silica forms among species and its process and rate of transformation of internal structure and/or surface sites by the treatment at given temperatures also show differences.     

The behaviour of dissolved silica during the mixing of river and sea waters in Tokyo Bay

The behaviour of dissolved silica was studied in Tokyo Bay during six surveys in 1979 and 1980. The data from late spring and mid-summer samples showed concave mixing curves of silica versus salinity, whereas for the winter samples a simple conservative dillution curve was obtained. Plots of particulate silicon to particulate aluminium showed that even for winter samples as well as summer ones there were some processes removing silica from solution. The processes could not be adequately explained by adsorption onto suspended solids. The data are indicative of uptake by diatoms as the principal removal mechanism. Most of the diatom skeletons settled to the bottom where dissolution was rapid. The silica-salinity curves in this study thus demonstrate an apparent removal process for dissolved silica. This is because during summer the displacement rate of biogenic silica from a unit water column to the bottom as fecal pellets or by sinking is greater than the supply rate of dissolved silica by the action of diffusion and mixing of bottom water enriched with dissolved silica whereas in winter these rates are reasonably balanced.     

Chemical forms of zinc in sea water

Recent experimental evidence concerning the chemical forms of zinc occurring in sea water is reviewed in order to aid in the systematic understanding of zinc geochemistry in the marine environment. The review indicates the necessity of systematizing the results obtained by different methods for the determination of zinc in sea water with respect to the chemical nature of the zinc fractions measured. Analytical procedures for the zinc determinations in sea water by spectrophotometry with dithizone extraction and anodic stripping voltammetry with composite mercury graphite electrodes are described. By using these methods, various pre-treatment tests were carried out to relate the results of different modes of measurements to the chemical forms of zinc involved. The comparisons of the results of these tests lead to an estimation of the occurrence of the following categories of chemical forms of zinc in sea water: (1) ionic plus labile form, (2) inorganic complexes and colloids as well as weak organic complexes and (3) occuled fraction in large organic molecules and/or organic colloids. Capabilities of different analytical procedures for differentiating one category from another are discussed.     

Distribution of chlorophyll a and diatom in the sea ice of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Diatoms are major primary producers of microbial biomass in the Antarctica. They are found in the water and sea ice. The distribution, abundance of the ice diatoms and their relation to the environmental factors inside and outside the ice have been studied for its special role in the Antarctic Ocean ecology. In this paper we describe the abundance, distribution and composition of diatom assemblages in     

有机改性黏土对海水中营养盐及主要水质因子的影响

为了阐明黏土方法治理有害赤潮的生态环境效应，研究了有机改性黏土对海水中营养盐和溶解氧、化学耗氧量、pH等主要水质因子的影响。结果表明，有机改性黏土对营养盐，尤其是磷酸盐有一定的吸附作用，吸附量随水体中磷酸盐浓度的增加而增大，不同有机改性黏土对海水中磷酸盐的吸附能力为：有机改性黏土Ⅰ〉有机改性黏土Ⅱ〉有机改性黏土Ⅲ。通过有机改性黏土对磷酸盐的吸附再释放作用研究，进一步探讨了磷酸盐释放作用对赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）、东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）等赤潮生物生长的影响。实验结果表明，经过有机改性的黏土有利于提高其对磷酸盐的吸附能力，降低对磷酸盐的解吸率，缓解海水富营养化程度，虽然少量被吸附的磷酸盐能缓慢释放，但仍不足以维持赤潮生物的正常生长。同时利用有机改性黏土治理赤潮能显著改善溶解氧、pH、化学耗氧量等水质指标，有利于治理赤潮后的环境修复。     

海洋水体中的污染物分析及处理

海洋是地球表面最大的水体,通过水的自然循环,其他各类水体中含有的污染物都可能汇集到海洋中去。但由于世界上各大洋是彼此相通的,海洋具有巨大无比的容量,任何多量物质进入水体都会以几乎是无限大的比例稀释,所以海洋污染问题长期未能受到人们的关注。但是,随着工业化的进程和海洋运输业及海洋采矿的发展,经由各种途径进入海洋的废水、废气油、溢油、有毒化学品与日俱增,超过了海洋的自净能力,致使海洋污染日趋严重。据初步估计,由于人类活动每年流失入海的石油约1000t,海洋每年接收2.5万t多氯联苯25万t铜、390万t锌、30万t铅,每年约有500…     

Sterols of the suspended matters in sea water

The present study deals with the content and composition of sterols of the marine-suspended matter in the surface sea water of Kagoshima-Bay. The suspended matters were separated into 3 fractions by filtration with the glass and millipore filters. The sterols in each fraction were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography on 1.5 % SE-30. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The sterol contents ranged from 2.3 to 20.5g/liter of sea water. 2) Cholesterol was usually present as a predominant sterol in both suspended and dissolved matters. 3) A relatively large amount of other sterols such as 22-dehydro-cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol,-sitosterol, and fucosterol were occasionally detected.     

Indication of thiols in black sea deep water

Potentiometric titrations of deep Black Sea water give reasonably precise values of sulphide in the concentration range 30–300 μmol l⁻¹ and a strong indication of thiols in the concentration range 10–30 μmol l⁻¹. Organic analysis of Black Sea water should therefore include the search for compounds containing SH groups. A simple stoichiometric model indicates that sulphur-containing proteins might be the main source of thiols after hydrolysis and deamination. The alkalinity and total sulphide are simply related by A_t = 3287 ± 30 + (3.84 ± 0.10) [H₂ S]_t μmol kg⁻¹. The slope of 3.84 instead of the stoichiometric slope of 2.31 indicates a lack of reduced sulphate in the form of hydrogen sulphide.     

海水中溶解有机磷的测定方法

磷和氮一样,都是海洋环境中的重要生源要素,其在水环境中的时空分布控制着海洋生态系统中的初级生产过程.在大洋或深海区,氮的供应相对不足常是初级生产的制约因素,但在浅海区,特别是河口和海湾,由于农业施肥、城市污水及大气干湿沉降等的作用,氮/磷比值常远高于Redfield比值,从而使磷成为初级生产的制约因素^[1-6].     

Mass development of the planktonic diatom Proboscia alata over the bering sea shelf in the summer season

During most of the vegetation season from late May to early September, the large-sized diatom alga Proboscia alata forms local patches with high abundances and biomasses in different oceanographic domains of the eastern Bering Sea shelf. The average abundance and biomass of the species in these patches amounts to 0.7 × 10⁶ cells/l and 5 g WW/m³, respectively, for the layer of 0–25 m, while the corresponding estimates for the layer of the maximal species concentrations are 4.0 × 10⁶ cells/l and 38 g WW/m³ (1.6 g C/m³). These levels of abundance and biomass are typical of the spring diatom bloom in the region. The outbursts of P. alata mass development are an important element of carbon cycling in the pelagic zone of the shelf area in the summer season. The paradox of the P. alata summertime blooms over the middle shelf lies in their occurrences against the background of the sharp seasonal pycnocline and the deficiency in nutrients in the upper mixed layer. The duration of the outbursts in the P. alata development is about two weeks and the size of the patches with high abundances can be as large as 200 km across. Degradation of the P. alata summertime outbursts may occur during 4–5 days. The rapid sinking of the cells through the seasonal pycnocline results in an intense transport of organic matter to the bottom sediments. One of the possible factors responsible for the rapid degradation of the blooms is the affect on the population by ectoparasitic flagellates. At the terminal stages of the P. alata blooms, the share of infected cells may reach 70–99%.     

海水中磷氮不同形态的同时测定

采用过硫酸钾-硼酸-氢氧化钠混合试剂作为氧化剂,同时测定海水中总磷、氮和总溶解态磷、氮,从而建立了海水中磷、氮不同形态的分析流程及步骤。总磷、总溶解态磷浓度为0.35～1.09μmol/dm3时,相对标准偏差小于6.6%;总氮、总溶解态氮浓度为11.8～54.8μmol/dm3时,相对标准偏差小于5.6%。总磷、总溶解态磷和总氮、总溶解态氮的回收率分别为95.0%～106.0%和94.0%～106.0%。本文的分析方法可用于对近岸海水及河口水中磷、氮不同形态的同时测定。     

日本的海水化学资源提取技术研究

海水化学资源例如铀、锂提取技术已进入海水现场小规模试验。以纤维状偕胺肟类化合物为吸附材料 ,每公斤吸附剂的提铀量为 1 g。添加质量分数为 2 0 %聚氯乙烯的尖晶石型锰氧化物粒状海水提锂吸附剂 ,每克吸附剂的提铀量为 1 8mg。浮体式吸铀装置可用于深海作业。流动床或船舶提锂系统 ,可规模化海水提锂。吸锂剂的脱附以及脱锂液的浓缩分离已初步达到小型生产的程度。用吸附法从海水中提取的碳酸锂纯度达 99%以上 ,海水锂回收率为 2 7%。