设置黏滞阻尼器的连体高层结构的减振研究

研究采用阻尼器对连体高层结构的地震响应进行振动控制。首先从结构动力方程出发,推导了在主塔与连廊之间设置有黏滞阻尼器的有控结构的基本振动控制方程;进而通过数值模拟,以某实际工程为原型,尝试将连廊与主塔间的斜撑利用黏滞阻尼器进行替换,分别在不同地震激励下比较了有控结构和无控结构的地震响应。分析结果表明,采用黏滞阻尼器可以有效降低结构的层剪力、结构位移、加速度等地震响应;同时能量分析的结果也表明本文采用的减振方案在不同地震激励下都可以有效耗散地震能量,由此得出结论采用黏滞阻尼器提高连体高层结构的抗震安全性是可行的。     

具位移放大机制的流体黏滞阻尼器性能及减震效果分析

为了解决结构层间位移过小对阻尼器性能发挥的影响,依据机械原理,应用齿轮机构,提出了1种新型具位移放大机制的流体黏滞阻尼器,然后根据幂律流体的本构关系,推导了阻尼器力学模型并分析了其耗能减震能力,结果表明该阻尼器耗能能力可放大λ~(1.2)~λ~2倍,其中λ为大小齿轮的直径比。最后选择一12层钢筋混凝土框架结构,分别按不安装黏滞阻尼器、安装普通黏滞阻尼器和安装位移放大2倍黏滞阻尼器3种工况进行多遇和罕遇水准下的时程分析,分析结果表明:安装黏滞阻尼器结构的层间位移角均有不同程度的减小,位移放大2倍黏滞阻尼器减震效果优于位移未放大的黏滞阻尼器,多遇地震水准下的减震效果好于罕遇地震水准下的减震效果;安装位移放大黏滞阻尼器,对顶层的加速度控制效果较其它楼层的好,对层间位移的控制效果好于对加速度的控制效果。     

黏滞阻尼器对拉索参数振动的控制分析

提出采用黏滞阻尼器对拉索参数振动进行控制,建立了黏滞阻尼器控制拉索参数振动的运动方程。从频域和时域以及起振幅值等角度,研究了最优黏滞阻尼器对不同垂度拉索参数振动的控制效果;此外,还研究了最优黏滞阻尼器安装位置对拉索参数振动控制效果的影响。研究表明,黏滞阻尼器可以有效控制拉索的参数振动,控制效果与拉索的激励幅值、最优阻尼器的安装位置和斜拉索的垂度有关。激励幅值越大,控制效果一般越差;最优阻尼器的安装位置越靠近跨中,则控制效果越好;黏滞阻尼器对大垂度拉索的控制效果不及对小垂度拉索的控制效果。     

大跨度悬索桥地震响应控制分析

以主跨为1 490 m的润扬长江大桥为背景,采用ANSYS软件建立结构有限元模型,计算大跨度悬索桥动力特性。对黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器进行参数敏感性分析,得出控制大跨度悬索桥地震响应的最优参数值,并分析一致激励和行波激励作用下黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器减震效果。研究结果表明,黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器对塔梁相对位移有较好的控制效果,但会使塔底内力有所增加;就位移控制而言,软钢阻尼器的效果更好;在低视波速区间内,黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器减震效果明显存在波动特征;随着视波速的逐渐增大,黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器减震效果受视波速的影响逐渐减小,悬索桥地震响应逐渐平缓,并趋于一致激励作用下的对应值。     

形状记忆合金复合黏滞阻尼器设计及分析

利用形状记忆合金的超弹性和滞回耗能特性,研制一种兼具自复位、高耗能及放大功能于一体的形状记忆合金复合黏滞阻尼器(Hybrid Shape Memory Alloy Viscous Dampers,简称HSMAVD),并通过试验研究形状记忆合金复合黏滞阻尼器在循环荷载作用下的力学性能;同时,基于改进的GraesserCozzarelli模型和普通粘滞阻尼器力学模型,建立了形状记忆合金复合黏滞阻尼器的恢复力模型,并对其力学性能进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明:形状记忆合金与粘滞阻尼器复合后具有良好的协同工作能力,可有效发挥形状记忆合金的超弹性和粘滞阻尼器的速度相关特性,使其具有稳定的滞回性能和良好的耗能能力;仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了文中提出的恢复力模型的正确性,对形状记忆合金复合黏滞阻尼器的研发具有参考价值。     

多维地震作用下大跨空间结构的减震控制分析

考虑到多维地震输入对网架结构的不利影响,基于形状记忆合金超弹性,研制出一种兼具自复位、高耗能及放大功能于一体的形状记忆合金复合黏滞阻尼器(Hybrid Shape Memory Alloy Viscous Dampers,简称HSMAVD),并通过试验研究该阻尼器在循环荷载作用下的力学性能;然后以平面四角锥网架模型为基础,将该阻尼器替换部分网架结构杆件,并分析该阻尼器减震控制效果。结果表明形状记忆合金与黏滞阻尼器复合后具有良好的协同工作能力,可有效发挥形状记忆合金的超弹性和黏滞阻尼器的速度相关特性,使其具有稳定的滞回性能和良好的耗能能力;采用阻尼杆件替换原杆件的方法既能对结构进行有效的减震控制,又不改变原有的结构形式,是一种优越的减震控制方法,并为HSMAVD被动控制系统在结构抗震中的实际应用提供新思路。     

在振动台模型试验中黏滞阻尼器的设计方法

通过有限元分析,计算出原型结构中黏滞阻尼器的合理参数,然后利用阻尼力相似原则,对原型结构中黏滞阻尼器参数进行相似比运算,转化为模型结构中的黏滞阻尼器参数.运用该方法,在连续梁桥纵向消能减震振动台试验中设计模型黏滞阻尼器,从试验结果来看,黏滞阻尼器发挥了良好的消能减震效果.     

中间柱型黏滞阻尼器装配式钢框架减震性能研究

为研究黏滞阻尼器与装配式钢框架中间柱式连接的整体抗震性能,且跨内不同位置的减震效率,设计出3个足尺的三层装配式钢框架结构:无控结构、柱靠边布置结构和柱居中布置结构,利用振动试验台对其进行测试,对比研究模型结构的地震反应,并采用有限元软件SAP2000进行模拟验证。试验和数值模拟结果均表明:无控结构在地震输入下地震反应较大,对其附设黏滞阻尼器后,地震响应得到有效控制,且柱居中布置结构的附加阻尼比高于柱靠边布置结构,其减震效果更优。     

新型舌板黏滞阻尼器力学性能试验研究

本文提出了一种新型舌板黏滞阻尼器,通过对该黏滞阻尼器进行低周循环加载试验和抗低周疲劳性能试验,研究并验证了该阻尼器的耗能性能、抗低周疲劳性能及恢复力模型。研究结果表明:选取合适参数的舌板式黏滞阻尼器滞回曲线饱满,耗能性能与抗低周疲劳性能良好。Maxwell模型能够较好地描述该阻尼器力学行为,反映阻尼器在各种试验工况下的出力情况。该阻尼器设计与加工简单,对工程结构的耗能减震有着实际意义。     

基于负刚度装置的超长联大跨连续梁桥地震反应控制研究

为完善超长联大跨连续梁桥的减、隔震技术,将负刚度装置引入到超长联大跨隔震连续梁桥中组成新型减、隔震系统,并与黏滞阻尼器-摩擦摆支座组合减震系统进行比较。基于CSiBridge软件建立全桥有限元模型,负刚度装置采用弹性多段线模拟,摩擦摆支座采用双线性恢复力模型,黏滞阻尼器采用Maxwell模型,输入3条地震波进行非线性时程分析,考查两种新型减、隔震系统下桥梁结构的地震反应,探究负刚度系统及黏滞阻尼器系统对超长联大跨连续梁桥地震反应的控制效果。研究结果表明：负刚度装置与黏滞阻尼器均可以有效地减小超长联大跨隔震连续梁桥的支座位移。负刚度装置对桥墩内力反应及梁体加速度反应的控制优于黏滞阻尼器。负刚度装置在超长联大跨连续梁桥地震反应控制中有较好的应用前景。     

Modeling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation

The Rayleigh damping model, which is pervasive in nonlinear response history analysis (RHA) of buildings, is shown to develop ‘spurious’ damping forces and lead to inaccurate response results. We prove that a viscous damping matrix constructed by superposition of modal damping matrices—irrespective of the number of modes included or values assigned to modal damping ratios—completely eliminates the ‘spurious’ damping forces. This is the damping model recommended for nonlinear RHA. Replacing the stiffness‐proportional part of Rayleigh damping by the tangent stiffness matrix is shown to improve response results. However, this model is not recommended because it lacks a physical basis and has conceptual implications that are troubling: hysteresis in damping force–velocity relationship and negative damping at large displacements. Furthermore, the model conflicts with the constant‐damping model that has been the basis for fundamental concepts and accumulated experience about the inelastic response of structures. With a distributed plasticity model, the structural response is not sensitive to the damping model; even the Rayleigh damping model leads to acceptable results. This perspective on damping provides yet another reason to employ the superior distributed plasticity models in nonlinear RHA. OpenSees software has been extended to include a damping matrix defined as the superposition of modal damping matrices. Although this model leads to a full populated damping matrix, the additional computational demands are demonstrated to be minimal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多级串联非比例阻尼隔震结构地震响应分析

建立了多级串联非比例阻尼隔震结构动力分析模型;引用分区瑞利阻尼模型将非比例阻尼矩阵分解为瑞利阻尼矩阵和体现非比例阻尼的余项阻尼矩阵,推导出结构的阻尼矩阵;并编制了MATLAB动力时程分析程序,对一实际隔震工程进行地震响应分析.结果表明:随着下部结构刚度的增加,结构的层剪力比和隔震层位移响应峰值均趋向于基础隔震结构的对应值;当下部结构为一层,且层间刚度大于上部结构底层层间刚度4～6倍时,可以近似按基础隔震结构进行动力分析.     

Initial versus tangent stiffness‐based Rayleigh damping in inelastic time history seismic analyses

In the inelastic time history analyses of structures in seismic motion, part of the seismic energy that is imparted to the structure is absorbed by the inelastic structural model, and Rayleigh damping is commonly used in practice as an additional energy dissipation source. It has been acknowledged that Rayleigh damping models lack physical consistency and that, in turn, it must be carefully used to avoid encountering unintended consequences as the appearance of artificial damping. There are concerns raised by the mass proportional part of Rayleigh damping, but they are not considered in this paper. As far as the stiffness proportional part of Rayleigh damping is concerned, either the initial structural stiffness or the updated tangent stiffness can be used. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive comparison of these two types of Rayleigh damping models so that a practitioner (i) can objectively choose the type of Rayleigh damping model that best fits her/his needs and (ii) is provided with useful analytical tools to design Rayleigh damping model with good control on the damping ratios throughout inelastic analysis. To that end, a review of the literature dedicated to Rayleigh damping within these last two decades is first presented; then, practical tools to control the modal damping ratios throughout the time history analysis are developed; a simple example is finally used to illustrate the differences resulting from the use of either initial or tangent stiffness‐based Rayleigh damping model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

俯冲带板间地震水平加速度谱阻尼修正系数研究

基于日本K-net和Kik-net台站的俯冲带地区板间地震的数据,分SCⅠ~SCⅣ四种场地分别建立了水平向加速度反应谱阻尼修正系数模型。利用最小二乘法进行回归拟合,拟合公式采用对数三次项提高拟合精度。通过统计检验和残差分析,验证模型的拟合效果。研究表明:低于5%与高于5%阻尼比的阻尼修正系数变化趋势差异明显,分别在周期点0.3~0.5s区间达到极大值和极小值;不同场地类别的阻尼修正系数统计上显著不同,建立不同场地类别的模型是必要的;模型残差的标准差分布在0.012~0.712之间,建立的阻尼修正系数模型较好的拟合了阻尼修正系数随谱周期和阻尼比的变化趋势。     

浅壳与上地幔地震竖向加速度谱阻尼修正系数模型

本文基于日本KiK-Net,K-Net台网及汶川地震中6 000余条浅壳与上地幔地震竖向加速度记录,分场地类型建立了包含阻尼比和谱周期两个参数的阻尼修正系数模型,用以调整无震级和震源距信息的设计谱。基于固定效应模型对阻尼修正系数对数值及阻尼比对数值的三次多项式进行线性回归得到模型表达式,基于随机效应模型对阻尼修正系数模型的残差及残差的标准差进行分离,分析震源、路径以及场地效应对模型误差的影响。研究结果表明:高阻尼长周期震源效应引起的残差大于其他效应引起的残差;场地效应引起的残差小于其他效应引起的残差。对模型残差的标准差及阻尼比对数值进行线性回归,回归方程易于计算模型残差的标准差。     

小应变硬化模型(HSS)在Rayleigh波作用下场地响应分析中的应用

为研究冲击荷载或地震作用下产生的,以Rayleigh波为主的面波对浅层地表土体动力响应特征以及数值模拟中土层阻尼的设置方法,以厦门地区浅层的素填土及粉质黏土为研究对象,采用有限元动力分析,土体本构采用小应变硬化模型(HSS),利用模型本身的滞回环特性,输入变化的小应变参数,考察HSS模型的小应变参数对场地动力响应的影响,并与土体采用摩尔-库伦模型结合Rayleigh阻尼("MC+Rayleigh阻尼")的计算结果进行对比。研究表明:当采用带有滞回环的HSS模型时,波速随初始剪切模量Gref0的增大而增大,但振幅减小,残余变形量也有所减小;小应变参数γ0.7对波的影响较小;HSS模型能够给出残余变形量,而"MC+Rayleigh阻尼"由于本构模型为理想弹塑性模型,在卸载重加载条件下表现为纯弹性行为,无法反映出卸载重加载过程中塑性应变的积累及其累积阻尼效应;但HSS模型还不能够全面反映循环加载作用下塑性体积应变的累积,因此在考虑滞回阻尼的基础上,仍然建议借助Rayleigh阻尼来更加全面地模拟土体的实际阻尼特性。     

基于多层框架结构的楼层阻尼比修正的仿真研究

附加有效阻尼比的确定是消能减震结构设计的关键。为探究布置消能器楼层数的不同对结构设计安全性的影响,以新疆地区某多层钢筋混凝土框架结构为研究对象,采用非线性时程分析方法和等效结构模型的振型分解反应谱分析方法,基于各楼层剪力计算结果,引入楼层阻尼比修正系数k_mn,对等效结构模型的附加有效阻尼比进行迭代修正。结果表明:采用小震时程分析阻尼比的等效结构模型,其楼层阻尼比修正系数随着阻尼器布置楼层数的逐渐增加呈现出先增后减的趋势,当阻尼器布置层数为楼层总数的3/5时折减率最低;采用中震时程分析阻尼比的等效结构模型,当阻尼器布置楼层数不少于2/5时,可满足设防要求;对于多层框架结构,考虑综合成本,黏滞阻尼器的布置楼层数可不采用满布的形式。     

Elemental damping formulation: an alternative modelling of inherent damping in nonlinear dynamic analysis

To date, nonlinear dynamic analysis for seismic engineering predominantly employs the classical Rayleigh damping model and its variations. Though earlier studies have identified issues with the use of this model in nonlinear seismic analysis, it still remains the popular choice for engineers as well as for software providers. In this paper a new approach to modelling damping is initiated by formulating the damping matrix at an elemental level. To this regard, two new elemental level discrete damping models adapted from their global counterparts are proposed for its application in nonlinear dynamic analysis. Implementation schemes for these newly proposed models using Newmark incremental method and revised Newmark total equilibrium method is outlined. The performance of these proposed models, compared to existing models, is illustrated by conducting nonlinear dynamic analyses on a four story RC frame designed to Eurocodes. The incremental dynamic analysis study presented in the paper illustrates the fact that both the proposed models seem to produce more reliable results from an engineering perspective in comparison to the global models. It is also shown that the proposed elemental damping models lead to smaller and more realistic damping moments in the plastic hinges. Furthermore, these models could be easily included in existing software frameworks without adding noticeably to the computational effort. The computation time required for these models is approximately equivalent to the one required when using the tangent Rayleigh damping matrix with constant coefficients.     

Appropriate viscous damping for nonlinear time‐history analysis of base‐isolated reinforced concrete buildings

There is no consensus at the present time regarding an appropriate approach to model viscous damping in nonlinear time‐history analysis of base‐isolated buildings because of uncertainties associated with quantification of energy dissipation. Therefore, in this study, the effects of modeling viscous damping on the response of base‐isolated reinforced concrete buildings subjected to earthquake ground motions are investigated. The test results of a reduced‐scale three‐story building previously tested on a shaking table are compared with three‐dimensional finite element simulation results. The study is primarily focused on nonlinear direct‐integration time‐history analysis, where many different approaches of modeling viscous damping, developed within the framework of Rayleigh damping are considered. Nonlinear direct‐integration time‐history analysis results reveal that the damping ratio as well as the approach used to model damping has significant effects on the response, and quite importantly, a damping ratio of 1% is more appropriate in simulating the response than a damping ratio of 5%. It is shown that stiffness‐proportional damping, where the coefficient multiplying the stiffness matrix is calculated from the frequency of the base‐isolated building with the post‐elastic stiffness of the isolation system, provides reasonable estimates of the peak response indicators, in addition to being able to capture the frequency content of the response very well. Furthermore, nonlinear modal time‐history analyses using constant as well as frequency‐dependent modal damping are also performed for comparison purposes. It was found that for nonlinear modal time‐history analysis, frequency‐dependent damping, where zero damping is assigned to the frequencies below the fundamental frequency of the superstructure for a fixed‐base condition and 5% damping is assigned to all other frequencies, is more appropriate, than 5% constant damping. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Geopotential Differences between Local Vertical Datums and Realization of a World Height System

The methodology developed for connecting Local Vertical Datums (LVD) was applied to the Australian Height Datum (AHD) and the North American Vertical Datum (NAVD88). The geopotential values at AHD and NAVD88 were computed and the corresponding vertical offset of 974 mm with rms 51 mm was obtained between the zero reference surfaces defined by AHD and NAVD88. The solution is based on the four primary geodetic parameters, the GPS/levelling sites and the geopotential model EGM96. The Global Height System (or the Major Vertical Datum) can be defined by a geoidal geopotential value used in the solution as the reference value, or by the geopotential value of the LVD, e.g. NAVD88.