Introduction: Coping with global change in marine social-ecological systems

Marine social-ecological systems are complex, inter-connected, and highly dynamic, in particular when forced with global changes. However, their human social components are often treated separately from their biophysical components, and by different scientific disciplines. To help bridge these gaps, and to explore conceptual, comparative, and governance issues relating to marine social-ecological systems and global change, an international symposium was held on “Coping with global change in marine social-ecological systems”. This short paper provides an introduction to this topic, and briefly describes nine papers which arose from this symposium and which comprise this special issue of Marine Policy. It is concluded that good progress is being made towards studying marine social and ecological systems as coupled systems, but that many issues remain to challenge natural scientists, social scientists, and humanists to work together. These include incorporating multi-stakeholder participation, the need for a long-term perspective, and development of flexible livelihood and governance strategies.     

1998~2017年国际北极地区海洋科学研究文献计量与发展态势

北极拥有其独特的地理位置和战略价值,同时也是全球变暖最关键的敏感区,世界各国针对北极地区制定了一系列政策计划,并开展了多年的北极海洋科学研究。基于Web of Science数据库收录的1998~2017年SCIE文章,采用文献计量与引文分析的方法与工具,分析了13784篇北极海洋科学研究的整体态势与热点前沿,结果表明：①全球北极海洋科学研究呈现出加快增长趋势,近5年的发文已经翻了一番,年均发文在689篇以上; ②环北极八国是该领域研究的主要力量,美国遥遥领先其他国家,挪威、丹麦研究基底深厚但近年发展稍缓,英国、德国是主要的非北极研究国,瑞典、法国的论文质量均衡,中国、波兰、格陵兰和荷兰则是该领域的后起之秀; ③俄罗斯科学院在本领域发文最多但文章质量良莠不齐,德国极地与海洋研究所、丹麦&格陵兰地质调查机构与挪威海洋研究所的第一作者与通讯作者研究占比高,哥本哈根大学、德国极地与海洋研究所、华盛顿大学在该领域科研影响力较大; ④全球海洋科学研究主要涉及地质学、海洋学、环境生态学、自然地理学、地球化学与地球物理学以及气象学与大气科学等领域,研究热点包括北极气候变化与极端天气、冰川消融与海平面上升、北极生态系统特征结构、北极海洋酸化与污染防治等方面。随着“一带一路”、“冰上丝绸之路”和《中国的北极政策》白皮书的发布,建议我国针对本国情况制定综合性北极科研计划,并注重科研机构间跨部门、跨领域的研究合作,加强与环北极国家和“一带一路”国家的合作,加大科研投入并开展国际规模的科学考察活动。     

海洋碳汇作用机理与发展对策

为应对全球性气候变化,提高对海洋碳汇的科学认知,文章介绍海洋碳汇及其碳循环模式,分析海洋碳汇面临的困境,并提出相关建议。研究结果表明:碳分为黑碳、褐碳、绿碳和蓝碳4种类型,其中蓝碳即海洋碳汇,即通过海洋固定和储存二氧化碳,是全球碳循环的重要机制;海洋碳汇由溶解度泵、生物泵和微型生物泵3种碳泵共同完成,其中依赖海洋微生物的微型生物泵储碳效率最高;海洋碳汇正面临生境基础退化和海洋酸化加剧的问题,未来应针对问题加强政策性管理和保护以及加强科学技术研究和实践。     

海洋灾害地质学发展的历史回顾及前景展望

海洋灾害地质学是近半个世纪以来逐步发展起来的1门新兴学科.本文论述了这一学科产生与发展的背景,简要回顾了国内外海洋灾害地质调查研究的历史,展望了学科的发展前景.作者认为,海洋灾害地质学学科的进一步发展,必需要融入“全球变化”和“全球系统科学”的概念;要加强海洋灾害地质学基础理论研究;既要重视海岸带灾害地质研究,又要面对...     

基于ArcEngine的海域定级系统的设计与实现

海域定级是采用定性和定量的方法将同一类型用海划分为不同级别,是海域管理最基础性的工作,对于科学合理地开发和利用海岸带资源至关重要。本研究以Visual Studio 2010为开发平台,采用C语言,结合嵌入式ArcEngine组件库,集成设计实现海洋领域具有较高专业性和实用性的海域定级系统。该系统采用海洋公益领域专家制定的指标体系,通过数据的管理、集成和分析,实现了海域定级相关方面的功能。该系统将海域定级原理与地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术相结合,为海域基层部门提高工作效率、实现海岸带资源科学有效管理提供了依据。     

国内海洋科学领域主要中文期刊学术影响力比较研究

海洋科学是我国非常重视的一个研究领域,而科技期刊正是科研成果的重要载体,起到了科学传播与交流的重要作用。本文选取10种具有代表性的国内中文海洋学期刊,从期刊的信息载量、期刊论文的引用传播情况与老化速度、综合引证指标的整体表现情况以及学科内引用排名和影响力分值等方面,采用中国知网（China National Knowledge Infrastructure,CNKI）和中国科学引文数据库（Chinese Science Citation Database,CSCD）的统计数据,客观详尽地分析各个期刊的历年指标变化特征及影响力,以帮助大家更好地认识我国中文海洋学术期刊的现状,为进一步提升期刊影响力提供客观的数据参考。分析结果表明：《海洋学报》、《海洋与湖沼》、《海洋地质与第四纪地质》和《海洋科学》等刊物的各项指标均位居前列,属于国内海洋领域的期刊典范,但存在期刊整体发展缓慢、影响因子与即年指标波动变化大等不足,需要海洋期刊领域乃至整个国内期刊领域不断克服科研评价体系的束缚,提升刊物质量,留住高质量论文,将国内海洋刊物早日推向国际。     

近海环境自动监测技术的若干发展

随着海洋开发的迅速发展和海洋可持续利用问题的提上议程，人们对近海环境自动监测技术提出了一系列的新要求，本文分析了这种客观需求的拉动下，90年代国外在海洋力学同步观测方面，在悬浮泥沙综合测量方面，在海洋污染连续监测方面取得了新进展，同时介绍了我国在“国家高技术研究发展计划（863计划）．海洋领域．海洋监测技术主题（818）”中相应开展的研究工作。     

觉华岛国家级海洋公园生态保护数字化建设研究

为保护海洋生态环境和资源,文章从海洋公园建设角度概述觉华岛国家级海洋公园的开发与保护发展现状,分析存在的主要问题,并提出海洋公园的数字化发展对策。研究结果表明：觉华岛国家级海洋公园是典型的北方海岛生态保护区域,对促进环境保护与经济建设和谐发展具有重要作用;针对海洋公园当前在管理制度、监视监测技术、科技支撑能力和资金支持等方面的不足,应加强物联网监测体系建设、数字化评估建设、科研和人才建设以及生态保护和文化宣传。     

海洋糖苷类成分生物活性研究进展

海洋糖苷类化合物具有多种生物活性,作者从抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒和抗炎等方面对近年来海洋糖苷类化合物生物活性进行综述,并对其研究趋势进行了展望。     

In Memoriam: Mikhail Konstantinovich Ivanov, 1945–2012

The guest editors Marc De Batist and Oleg Khlystov dedicate this special double issue of Geo-Marine Letters, presenting contributions from the 10th International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments (September 2010, Lake Baikal, Russia), to the memory of Mikhail Konstantinovich Ivanov. The author of this In Memoriam is Alexei Suzyumov, former staff member of UNESCO responsible for the TTR program.     

Marine science and technology transfer: Can the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission advance governance of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction?

Marine scientific research is crucial to forge solutions in the development of a new international legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . The transfer of marine technology, capacity development and marine genetic resources are key issues. This paper examines how the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), as a competent international organisation for marine scientific research and technology transfer, can inform the development of the instrument. Synergies between marine technology transfer and non-monetary benefit sharing of genetic resources are illustrated. Four key lessons from the IOC are examined: 1. Coordinating international cooperation in marine scientific research; 2. Enabling open access to data and knowledge; 3. Facilitating capacity development through scientific training and education; and 4. Governance of marine scientific research. Realising the potential of the IOC to advance governance solutions for ABNJ will depend on increased political will from Member States and strengthened partnerships to reduce resource constraints and enhance the IOC's capacity at global and regional scales.     

中国海水经济(养殖)动物种质资源元数据库的概念、内容与体系

随着中国海水养殖业的大力发展，其种质资源保护和种质保存的研究日趋广泛，由此获得的数据越来越多，人们对这些数据的共享要求也越来越迫切。种质资源元数据库建立的目的在于将大量分散的资料在新的层次上系统地加以收集、整理和补充，使动物种质信息管理规范化，提高整体管理水平，并逐步实现网络化和资源共享，使海水经济 动物种质资源和种质库的研究成果得到充分有效地利用，发挥其科学价值和社会价值。所以，为有效地进行海水经济动物遗传多样性保护， 为向海水养殖业和科学研究提供优良种质信息，为政府部门提供决策信息，促进中国养殖业的可持续发展，建立海洋经济动物种质资源信息系统元数据库是很有必要和迫切的。     

基于能值分析的江苏省绿色海洋经济可持续发展研究

随着海洋经济的迅速发展,开发利用海洋资源与保护生态环境之间的矛盾日益突出,因此,评估绿色海洋经济可持续发展的态势对促进海洋经济和生态环境的协调发展意义深远。本文以江苏省为研究区,利用能值分析理论和方法,将海洋经济系统内可更新资源、不可更新资源、货币流、废物流等各类要素,通过能值转换率转换为统一标准的太阳能值,采用海域能值-货币比率、人均海域能值使用量、能值可持续发展指数、绿色海洋生产总值(绿色GOP)等指标,测度了2011—2015年江苏省绿色海洋经济可持续发展水平,旨在推进海洋经济可持续发展研究方法的应用,为江苏省海洋经济系统的综合评价及可持续发展管理提供科学依据。研究表明:(1)2011—2015年,江苏省绿色GOP持续增长,占传统GOP的比重从74.8%升至77.8%,表明江苏省在海洋经济快速增长的过程中,没有忽视对海洋资源和生态环境的保护。(2)江苏省绿色海洋经济可持续发展处于不稳定的状态:2011年可持续发展指数为12.77,2012—2015年可持续发展指数在6.87～9.70之间波动,表明江苏省海洋经济系统从经济不发达以及对海洋资源的开发利用程度不足,逐步过渡到海洋经济富有活力,发展效益好,可持续性强。     

Is there a need for a new governance model for regionalised Fisheries Management? Implications for science and advice

Over the years, the breadth and depth of EU marine policy has increased with revisions of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and new legislation like the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) and the Framework for Marine Spatial Planning Directive in Europe (FMSP). Not only do these different policies have different remits and hence scope, they also present a multitude of modes of implementation. Although the CFP and MSFD have many common goals when it comes to conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources, they differ substantially in governance set up and implementation modalities, including the underlying scientific advisory processes and structures. Regional cooperation and coordination is foreseen, but there is no governance model in place to coordinate requests for scientific advice, nor institutions coordinating the activities of advice providers, either across policies or across regions. This results in an increase in uncoordinated requests for scientific advice yet the pool of experts fuelling the advisory system is limited. As a result the European marine scientific advisory system is increasingly under pressure. In this paper the consequences of this problem are analysed and a redesign of the institutional governance setting to accommodate these challenges and make the science and advice system ready for the future is explored.     

我国典型国家级海洋公园建设管理的研究与建议

2011年至今,我国已批复建立海洋保护区类的国家级海洋公园有48处。国家级海洋公园的建设是海洋生态文明建设的具体体现,不仅推动海洋生态保护的可持续性,也为滨海旅游业的发展提供保障,为实现人民群众追求美好生活提供了高质量的滨海休憩空间。通过掌握国内海洋保护区类的海洋公园的建设及管理的现状,对海洋公园管理办法的出台提供一些借鉴性依据,文章从国内外海洋保护区管理的背景分析开始,并选取两个典型的海洋保护区类的国家级海洋公园为例,分析了国家海洋公园管理体制存在问题及其原因,并提出：完善海洋公园相关的法律法规,理顺保护区的管理体制;建立完善的海洋公园管理机构,创新海洋公园管理模式;强化监视监测系统的建设,提高信息化科学化管理技术水平;加强执法装备的建设规划,提高依法行政的管理水平;对公园原住民实施相关经济补偿;创新宣传模式,发挥宣传载体作用;善于学习借鉴,加强国内国外合作等管理建议。为今后开展海洋公园规范化建设提供思路。     

基于陆海统筹的海岸带空间功能分区——以宁波市为例

海岸带空间功能分区是优化海岸带开发与保护的基础性工作,在国土空间规划体系中具有重要作用。当前我国海陆功能分区在分区层级、分区方法等方面并不一致,导致海岸带保护与开发利用失衡。本文在梳理国内外海岸带空间功能分区研究的基础上,从陆海统筹角度出发,构建海岸带空间功能分区体系,并以宁波市为例进行验证,在优先划定生态保护区基础上,对海陆空间进行适宜性评价,根据评价结果确定功能分区。结果表明：（1）宁波市海岸带功能区中生态保护区面积占比约为60%,海陆一体发展区占比约为22.3%,海洋发展区占比约为12.5%,陆地发展区占比约为5.2%;(2)宁波市开发利用功能区空间分布与以临港产业、海洋服务业和海洋渔业为基础的海洋经济发展导向相符。海岸带空间功能分区要以生态保护为底线,以优化空间布局为导向,为优化海岸带开发与保护提供有力支撑。     

The Common Fisheries Policy: An enforcement problem

Marine populations in Europe are in decline due to the unsuccessful results of the Common Fisheries Policy. By combining data of scientific recommendations from ICES, TACs approved and reported landings with an age-structured model, the objectives of this paper are to investigate the level of compliance of the TAC regulation, and the level of enforcement and its economic impact on fishery resources. The results presented here suggest that while there does not exist a regular pattern between TAC proposal and TAC approved, there is a clear pattern between TAC approved and reported landings. As a consequence, there is a regular lack of enforcement at national fisheries authority level. The paper also presents results of the recovery plans for the Southern hake and the Atlantic cod fisheries as case studies to illustrate the level of enforcement based on collusion between national fisheries advisers and industry. The results from both cases studies analyzed here indicate that drastic solutions could generate positive results for the recovery of the stocks, but perhaps they are not always the best measure in fisheries management due to the high economic losses for fishermen and social effects on coastal communities in the short and medium term. Finally, this work demonstrates that if the recovery plans had been implemented, the net present profits for both fisheries would have increased over time.     

海洋污损生物防除的现状及展望

综合论述了污损海洋生物防除的方法与技术,并结合海洋生物学和附着机理研究及生物技术在污损生物防除中应用的最新进展,从经济实用、操作简便、高效环保等方面,探讨了海洋污损生物防治技术与对策及应用发展前景。     

A social scientist's perspective on the Census of Marine Life

Over 300 natural scientists in 53 nations are taking part in the Census of Marine Life (CoML) to investigate what lived, what lives, and what will live in the oceans. The CoML is a scientific experiment that is exploring the limits of ocean science. The paper discusses the potential applications of CoML research and the mechanisms by which the potential benefits can be measured and preserved. I recommend developing and integrating policy advisory committees with the natural science activities to both maximize the benefits of the research and to avoid unintended consequences.