元古宙蛇绿岩研究现状及其板块构造意义

在回顾元古宙蛇绿岩研究简史的基础上,对元古宙蛇绍岩的时空分布特征,岩石组合类型,变质作用程度,大地构造背景及源区地球化学制约等进行了系统总结,并就元古宙蛇绿岩的板块构造意义作了探讨。     

波罗的地盾早元古宙裂谷作用与地壳增生

到太古宙末期,波罗的地盾已成为多个明显不同的地体所组成的克拉通。Karelian段是且一直是该地盾的稳定核心,是一个典型的太古代花岗-绿岩地体。向东北为白海(Belomorion)带,是一个以线性褶皱为特征的高一中级片麻岩地体。在地盾的东北边缘即为科拉半岛地体,它和Karelian地体曾经相似,现被一条巨大的缝合线式的断裂带和岩浆作用带切割,从而掩盖了地壳的原始特征。太古宙克拉通的各个次级单元很大程度上控制了它们在早元古代的行为。 26～20Ga以前,该地盾无任何地壳增长,但强烈的裂谷作用与整断肢解大大影响了太古代克拉通,一些单元开始漂移,其构造趋势线在太古宙西边缘突然中断。早元古代在白海与Karelian地体的接界部位以及科拉半岛的各构造带中,发育有     

北秦岭—南祁连早古生代裂谷造山带火山岩与小洋盆蛇绿岩套特及纬向对比

北秦岭－南祁连位于我国著名巨型纬向造山带的中段,是以寒武－奥陶纪时期为主形成的裂谷造山带,它经历了板内大陆裂谷→陆间裂谷→火山弧→造山带的开合过程。寒武纪拉张形成碱性,拉斑玄武岩系列及小洋盆蛇绿岩套,奥陶纪闭合形成钙碱性与钾玄岩系列中酸性火山岩及火山弧岩套,并见高镁安山岩。南祁连为单裂谷,北秦岭为双裂谷,北秦岭裂谷从东到西,拉张速度和距离变小,闭合速度变大,火山爆发强度及火山岩的酸度,钾量,壳源组分也顺序增大。其拉张距离与红海型相似,而闭合速度近似安第斯型。古地幔以多种类型叠加为特征,曾有过先强烈亏损,后又富集的过程。从大别山－北秦岭－南祁连－柴北缘纬向对比可知．本区的基性与酸性火山岩浆,分别为地幔与地壳部分熔融形成;中性岩主要为基性岩浆AFC作用产物。从东到西,裂谷依次张开,火山喷发时代逐渐变新,拉张速度和距离变大,闭合速度也变大。从而火山岩的碱度变小．蛇绿岩套从无到有。古地幔由DMM 与EMI混源为主,变为DMM与EMⅡ混源为主。     

辽东古元古宙金矿地质特征及成矿模式

辽东古元古宙古克拉通裂谷是太古宙花岗岩绿岩地体受地壳的拉伸作用而形成的巨大裂谷带,西起郯庐断裂,向东经盖具县、宽甸、桓仁进入吉林和朝鲜。古裂谷内赋存一系列大中型金矿床,它们受特定层位－盖县岩组中下部及大石桥岩组顶部层位,岩性－变质碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩组成的含金岩系,韧性剪切变形及中生代岩浆活动等因素复合控制,具有明显的层控成矿特征。系统总结该成矿带内金矿地质特征,明确异同性,建立成矿模式,旨在探讨不同     

元古宙蛇绿岩地质年代学研究方法探讨

确定元古宙蛇绿岩形成时代的最佳方法是同位素地质年代学研究。元古宙蛇绿岩往往遭受过多期热-构造事件的改造,其地质年代学研究应依据单颗粒锆石U－Pb稀释法或Pb－Pb蒸发法的年龄数据,在具体操作上须正确区分岩浆结晶锆石和变质重结晶锆石。Sm－Nd、Rb－Sr及Pb－Pb等时线年龄具有多解性的特点．不宜用于元古宙蛇绿岩的定年,其地质意义的解释应结合区域地质构造背景及地质地球化学特征的综合研究。     

我国若干裂谷构造特征及其成矿作用

从基底构造、深大断裂、岩相古地理、岩浆活动、古地磁特征和裂谷型层控矿床比较等６个方面论证泰岭裂谷的存在，以古地磁成果为主导，探讨了秦岭裂谷的发生发展演化，到加里东末期裂谷曾锁闭，海西印支期再复合，从而有秦岭裂谷型层控铅锌矿床的形成，直到 印支末期裂谷两侧板块才碰撞对接在一起，文章最后论述了裂谷构造与成矿关系，我国若干裂谷构造特征与世界大陆裂谷的比较。     

鄂西黄陵背斜南部元古宙庙湾蛇绿岩的发现及其构造意义

对鄂西黄陵背斜南部宜昌太平溪、邓村一带崆岭岩群中的元古宙庙湾岩组强烈变形变质超镁铁—镁铁质岩的研究表明,镁铁质岩主要为似层状细粒斜长角闪岩,变辉长岩岩体、岩脉及辉绿岩岩脉,超镁铁质岩则主要为蛇纹石化纯橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩,呈构造岩片、岩块分布于斜长角闪岩之中。细粒斜长角闪岩TiO2=1.14%~1.48%,稀土元素配分型式为略亏损—平坦型,无明显的Eu异常,(La/Yb)N=0.87~1.12, La/Nb、Ce/Zr、Zr/Nb、Zr/Y、Ti/Y平均值分别为1.04、0.15、18.78、2.53、290.51,Nb/Th平均为9.88,显示为大洋中脊构造环境形成的N-MORB型拉斑玄武岩;变辉长岩具典型的堆晶结构特征,稀土元素配分型式为平坦型,具明显的Eu正异常;蛇纹石化纯橄榄岩的稀土元素配分型式具中稀土元素略亏损的U形特征,显示为LREE略富集的地幔岩。上述特征表明,黄陵背斜南部崆岭岩群中的元古宙庙湾岩组实际上是一套混杂堆积的古大洋蛇绿岩残片。元古宙庙湾蛇绿岩的发现为华南扬子克拉通存在中元古代洋盆和哥伦比亚超大陆聚合、裂解构造事件提供了重要的证据。     

元古代蛇绿岩及铬铁矿

本文总结了国外典型元古代蛇绿岩的岩石组合、野外产状、地球化学资料以及成矿特征,并与显生宙蛇绿岩进行了对比,继而探讨元古代板块构造演化和铬铁矿成因。资料表明,早元古代和中-新元古代均有蛇绿岩的存在,但前者较少,仅见于Canadian地盾的Cape Smith Belt中的Prutuniq蛇绿岩（2.05~2.0Ga）和芬兰Fennoscandian地盾的Outokumpu和Jormua蛇绿岩（时代为1.97~1.96Ga）,而中-新元古代的蛇绿岩则见于世界许多地区,如埃及东部沙漠区（~750Ma）和非洲东北部地区（ca.900~800Ma）等。与显生宙蛇绿岩相比,这些老蛇绿岩具如下特征：（1）它们均为被肢解的蛇绿岩,大多与"弧火山岩"和（或）混杂岩伴生,经历不同程度的变形和变质（具绿片岩相-角闪岩相组合）;（2）岩石组合大多较齐全,壳层组合发育,以镁铁-超镁铁岩（堆晶岩）、辉长岩、镁铁质席状岩床（墙）杂岩、火山岩为代表;层状镁铁-超镁铁岩的韵律层以及矿物的隐晶变化等均提示了岩浆多期次活动及开放岩浆房的特征;（3）元古代蛇绿岩中既有高铝型铬铁矿,也有高铬型铬铁矿,且主要寄主于纯橄岩（或蛇纹岩）中;高铝型和高铬型直接受控于熔体的熔融程度及含水流体的参与,反映了铬铁矿形成于俯冲带演化的不同阶段;铬铁矿规模均较小,且均以低TiO2为特征,均为岩浆分异作用的产物,明显区别于显生宙熔融残余成因的豆荚状铬铁矿;（4）元古代蛇绿岩常伴有硫化物Cu-Co-Zn-Au矿,且铬铁矿含Zn较高（Zn=0.11%~0.18%）（如芬兰Outokumpu蛇绿岩）;橄榄岩及铬铁矿中常含较高的MnO（高达1.79%,如埃及东部的Wizer蛇绿岩）;（5）元古代蛇绿岩具多种成因：主要为俯冲带成因（如埃及蛇绿岩、北东非蛇绿岩、芬兰Outokumpu蛇绿岩）,少量为洋中脊成因（加拿大Purtuniq蛇绿岩）及裂谷成因（芬兰Jormua蛇绿岩）等。     

辽东地区古元古宙铅锌矿矿床成矿模式建立

辽东地区铅锌矿集中分布于辽东拗拉谷（辽东古裂谷）的中央裂陷区内。根据矿床地质背景,发现铅锌矿主要赋存于古元古宙辽河群高家峪岩组二岩段条带状含石墨大理岩、大石桥岩组一岩段条带状厚层含石墨大理岩、三岩段条带状白云石大理岩中。结合各矿床硫同位素、铅同位素和稀土元素特征,分析了成矿物质来源,建立了三阶段成矿模式,最后指出了今后...     

Origin of the deep metamorphic complexes of the Early Proterozoic folded framing, the eastern part of the Aldan shield

It is shown that the base of the geologic section of the deep-seated Early Proterozoic Dzhugdzhur and Sunnagin complexes is made up of granulite-facies crystal schists and plagiogneisses, which are distinguished as the metabasite-enderbite association. As indicated by the major- and trace-element distribution, the predominant protolith of this rock association includes volcanics of the calc-alkaline and komatiite-tholeiitic series. The accepted model of the formation of the primary volcanics of the metabasite-enderbite association includes two stages. The first stage provides formation of melts of komatiite-tholeiitic series via decompressional melting of the material of an ascending mantle plume. The second stage involves the formation of calcalkaline volcanics owing to the partial melting of the initial metabasite crust by the heat of the ascending mantle plume. The igneous protoliths of the metabasite-enderbite association were formed in the Early Proterozoic.     

辽东裂谷硼铁矿床地质及成矿作用

辽东硼铁矿床是一处类型独特的超大型矿床。文章对该矿床的地质特征、矿石物质组成、矿床稀土元素和稳定同位素特征及矿化时代进行了研究。研究表明,该矿床的成矿作用主要表现为海底热水沉积成矿,区域变质混合岩化作用对矿床进行了强烈的叠加改造,使硼铁进一步富集而形成工业矿床。     

Minerogenic System of Magnesian Nonmetallic Deposits in Early Proterozoic Mg-rich Carbonate Formations in Eastern Liaoning Province

In the early Proterozoic the Li'eryu Formation and Dashiqiao Formation of eastern Liaoning province, China, there are distributed Mg-rich carbonate rock formations, in which large to superlarge deposits of boron, mag-nesite, talc, Xiuyan jade etc. occur. The formation of these magnesian nonmetallic deposits was related to early Proterozoic evaporates; then these deposits underwent reworking of regional metamorphism and hydrothermal metasomatism during the Luliang orogeny and tectono-magmatism during the Indosinian-Yanshanian. Among other things, the Mg-rich carbonates formations, minerogenetic structures and ore-forming fluids played a controlling role in the formation of the mineral deposits. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mineral deposits are products of combined processes of the coupling of ore source field, fluid field, thermal field (energy field) and stress field under certain time-space conditions in the early Proterozoic and the late-stage superimposed reworking of tectono-magmatism.     

辽东早元古代富镁质碳酸盐岩建造菱镁矿和滑石矿床成矿条件

辽东地区早元古代大石桥组赋存有富镁质的碳酸盐岩建造，其中产有大型或超大型菱镁矿、滑石矿床。文章在前人工作的基础上，结合近年来的野外调查和研究工作，从大地构造背景、含矿建造、岩相古地理、成矿构造、成矿流体等几方面讨论了辽东菱镁矿和滑石矿床的成矿条件。研究结果表明，该地区菱镁矿矿床是元古代海相蒸发沉积条件下形成的，而滑石矿床则是由埋藏海水演化而来的富硅质高盐度的变质流体对镁质碳酸盐岩交代的产物。     

Early Proterozoic layered intrusions in the northeastern part of the Fennoscandian Shield

Summary Early Proterozoic layered intrusions, about 2440 Ma in age, are widespread over a large area of the northeastern Fennoscandian Shield in Finland, Sweden and the Soviet Union. Only one intrusion, the Kukkola intrusion, is encountered in Sweden whereas in Finland, their number exceeds twenty. These are concentrated principally in two areas, the dicontinuous Tornio-Närdnkävaara intrusion belt which crosses northern Finland and the Koitelainen intrusion with its satellites located in central Finnish Lapland. The intrusions in the Soviet Union are concentrated in three areas: (i) on the Kola Peninsula, (ii) in the Paanajärvi area close to the Finnish border and (iii) northeast of Lake Onega.Examples of all the ore types characteristic of layered intrusions have been found in these intrusions. Chromitite layers are encountered in the Kukkola/Tornio, Kemi, Penikat, Koitelainen and Burakovsky intrusions, but only one, the Kemi chromitite, has so far been mined. The Portimo, Koillismaa, Monchegorsk and Fedorova intrusions are characterized by PGE-bearing Cu-Ni-deposits in their marginal series. Mineralized zones enriched in PGE are also encountered in the layered series. Those in the Penikat intrusion and in the Portimo intrusions are the most remarkable and the best known to date. Vanadium-bearing Fe-Ti-oxide layers are encountered in several intrusions, but only one, the Mustavaara deposit, is presently being exploited.Two types of parental magma have tentatively been proposed for these intrusions. The first type is represented by a magma which was relatively rich in magnesium and chromium and was as a whole boninitic in composition, whereas the plagioclase-rich intrusions and megacyclic units are interpreted as having crystallized from a magma which was greatly depleted in these elements, especially Cr, and had melted crustal material incorporated in it.The emplacement of the early Proterozoic layered intrusions in Fennoscandia was part of the world-wide igneous activity indicated by other layered intrusions and mafic dyke swarms of similar age in other ancient cratons, i.e. the Jimberlana intrusion in Australia, the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe, the Scouric picrite suite in Scotland, the Hearst-Matachewan dyke swarm, Copper Cliff Formation and East Bull Lake intrusion in Ontario, Canada, and the Vestfold Hills and Napier Complex dyke swarms in Antarctica. This almost contemporaneous occurrence in different parts of the world would suggest a more intimate relationship between the Fennoscandian Shield, northwest Scotland, Canadian Shield, Yilgarn Block, Zimbabwe Craton and East Antarctic Shield at the beginning of the Proterozoic than at present.

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Früh-Proterozoische geschichtete Intrusionen im nordöstlichen Teil des Fennoskandischen Schildes

Zusammenfassung Im Nordost-Teil des Fennoskandischen Schildes in Finnland, Schweden und der Sowjetunion kommen fast vierzig frühproterozoische geschichtete Intrusionen, die ungefähr 2440 Mio J. alt sind, vor. Nur eine davon, die Kukkola Intrusion, liegt in Schweden, während in Finnland mehr als zwanzig Intrusionen vorkommen. Diese sind hauptsächlich in zwei Gebieten konzentriert, nämlich in dem nicht-zusammenhängenden Tornio-Näränkävaara Gürtel, der das nördliche Finnland durchzieht, und die Koitelainen-Intrusion mit ihren Satelliten im zentralen Finnischen Lapland. Die Intrusionen in der Sowjetunion sind in drei Gebieten konzentriert: (i) auf der Kola Halbinsel (ii) im Paanajärvi Gebiet nahe der Finnischen Grenze und (iii) östlich vom Onega-See.Beispiele aller für geschichtete Intrusionen charakteristischen Erztypen kommen vor. Chromititlagen sind in den Intrusionen von Kukkola/Tornio, Kemi, Penikat, Koitelainen und Burakovsky zu finden, aber nur eine davon, der Kemi Chromitit, ist bisher in Abbau genommen worden.Die Portimo-, Koillismaa-, Monchegorsk- und Fedorova-Intrusionen werden durch PGE-führende Kupfer-Nickel-Lagerstätten in ihren randlichen Bereichen charakterisiert. Mineralisierte Zonen die an PGE angereichert sind kommen auch in den geschich teten Serien vor. Die bemerkenswertesten sind die PGE-Vererzungen der Penikat- und der Portimo-Intrusionen. Vanadium-führende Fe-Ti-Oxidlagen kommen in verschiedenen Intrusionen vor, aber nur eine davon, die Mustavaara-Lagerstätte, ist bisher abgebaut worden.Diese Intrusionen werden auf zwei verschiedene Magmentypen zurückgeführt. Ersteres ist ein Magma das relativ reich an Magnesium und Chrom war und eine boninitische Zusammensetzung hatte, während die Plagioklas-reichen Intrusionen, und die megazyklischen Einheiten auf ein Magma das an diesen Elementen (besonders Cr) verarmt war, und das Krustenmaterial aufgeschmolzen hat, zurückgehen.Die Platznahme der frühproterozoischen geschichteten Intrusionen in Fennoskandien stellt einen Teil weltweiter magmatischer Aktivität dar, die durch andere geschichtete Intrusionen und mafische Gänge von fast identischem Alter in anderen alten Kratonen repräsentiert wird. Hier ist die Jimberlana-Intrusion in Australien, der Great Dyke in Zimbabwe, die Pikrit-Suite von Scourie in Schottland, die Gänge von Hearst-Matachewan, die Copper Cliff Formation und die East Bull Lake Intrusion in Ontario, Kanada ebenso wie die Gangsysteme der Vesthold Hills und des Napier Komplexes in Antarctica zu nennen. Diese fast gleichaltrigen Vorkommen in verschiedenen Teilen der Welt weisen auf eine engere Beziehung zwischen dem Fennoskandischen Schild, Nordwest-Schottland, dem Kanadischen Schild, dem Yilgarn Block, dem Zimbabwe-Craton und dem Ostantarktischen Schild zum Beginn des Proterozoikums hin.

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With 7 Figures     

辽宁矿洞沟—梁屯元古宙正长岩体的地球化学及成因

矿洞沟 -梁屯正长岩体侵位年龄为 2 175.4Ma ,是年代最古老的正长岩体之一。正长岩浆演化过程中发生了分离结晶作用。岩浆起源于亏损地幔与下地壳组分参予的混合源区 ,有上地壳物质的混染。该岩体是研究岩石圈发展早期碱性岩浆作用的极好标本。     

Early Proterozoic syn-and postcollision granites in the northern part of the Baikal fold area

Early Proterozoic granitoids are of a limited occurrence in the Baikal fold area being confined here exclusively to an arcuate belt delineating the outer contour of Baikalides, where rocks of the Early Precambrian basement are exposed. Geochronological and geochemical study of the Kevakta granite massif and Nichatka complex showed that their origin was related with different stages of geological evolution of the Baikal fold area that progressed in diverse geodynamic environments. The Nichatka complex of syncollision granites was emplaced 1908 ± 5 Ma ago, when the Aldan-Olekma microplate collided with the Nechera terrane. Granites of the Kevakta massif (1846 ± 8 Ma) belong to the South Siberian postcollision magmatic belt that developed since ～1.9 Ga during successive accretion of microplates, continental blocks and island arcs to the Siberian craton. In age and other characteristics, these granites sharply differ from granitoids of the Chuya complex they have been formerly attributed to. Accordingly, it is suggested to divide the former association of granitoids into the Chuya complex proper of diorite-granodiorite association ～2.02 Ga old (Neymark et al., 1998) with geochemical characteristics of island-arc granitoids and the Chuya-Kodar complex of postcollision S-type granitoids 1.85 Ga old. The Early Proterozoic evolution of the Baikal fold area and junction zone with Aldan shield lasted about 170 m.y. that is comparable with development periods of analogous structures in other regions of the world.     

A new pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the western part of Liaoning Province, northeastern China

Pangupterus liui gen. et sp. nov. from the Jiufotang Formation of Sihedang, Lingyuan City, Liaoning Province is erected based on a nearly complete lower jaw. It is characterized by having a total of 36 slender curved teeth with sharp tips, forming a distinct fish-grabbing mechanism; the teeth are well-spaced and are circular in section; the length ratio of the mandibular symphysis to the whole jaw is 20%; and the ratio of the tooth root width to tooth length is 12%. Toothed pterosaurs make up about 56.3% of the pterosaur assemblage from the Jiufotang Formation, which indicates that toothed forms played a key role in the ecosystem.