Determination of Fracture Toughness of Anisotropic Rocks by Boundary Element Method

Summary  This paper presents a systematic procedure for determining fracture toughness of an anisotropic marble using the diametral compression test (Brazilian test) with a central crack on the discs. Additionally, a novel formulation to increase the accuracy in Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) calculations using Boundary Element Method (BEM) is applied to determine the stress intensity factors and the fracture toughness of anisotropic rocks under mixed-mode loading. The numerical results show that the SIFs for both isotropic and anisotropic problems are in good agreement with those reported by previous authors. The marble with clear white-black foliation from Hualien (in eastern Taiwan), was selected for the Brazilian tests. Diametral loading was conducted on the Cracked Straight Through Brazilian Disc (CSTBD) specimens to evaluate their fracture toughness. In addition, a new fracture criterion was developed to predict pure mode I, pure mode II or mixed mode (I–II) fracture toughness of the anisotropic marble. The new fracture criterion is based on the examination of mode I, mode II and mixed mode (I–II) fracture toughness for different crack angles and anisotropic orientation. Authors’ address: Associate Professor Chao-Shi Chen, Department of Resources Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 Dasyue Rd., East District, Tainan 701, Taiwan     

Experimental Calibration of ISRM Suggested Fracture Toughness Measurement Techniques in Selected Brittle Rocks

Summary A wide variety of specimen types and methods are employed in fracture toughness measurement of rocks, which result in scattered values for the same rock type. In order to provide some consistency to the values, the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) recommended three suggested methods using core based specimens, the Chevron Bend (CB) test, the Short Rod (SR) test and the Cracked Chevron Notch Brazilian Disc (CCNBD) test. This standardization helped obtain more consistent values but still a variation of 20–30% was observed in the values of fracture toughness obtained with the CB and SR methods. The values obtained with the CCNBD method were found to be consistently lower (30–50%) than those of the other two methods (CB and SR). Many reasons have been offered to explain this deviation. These include size of the specimen, anisotropy of rock, a dimensionless parameter in the fracture toughness calculation equation for the CCNBD test, etc. A comprehensive test program was initiated to identify the cause of these discrepancies between the CB and CCNBD methods. Three brittle rock types were selected for the study and more than 200 tests were conducted to measure the values of fracture toughness. A rigorous statistical analysis was carried out to determine the confidence level and find the significance of the test results. It was found that the CB and CCNBD methods were very comparable provided the correct equation for fracture toughness calculation was used for the CCNBD method and the size of the specimens was selected carefully. The error in the ISRM 1995 formula of fracture toughness for the CCNBD method could be the major factor responsible for the consistently lower values obtained with the method.     

花岗岩与地壳厚度关系探讨

文中首先从板块构造与大陆构造的对比出发,指出板块构造主要研究洋壳,洋壳主要研究玄武岩,玄武岩主要研究构造环境.大陆构造主要研究陆壳,陆壳玄武岩少花岗岩多,因此,花岗岩在大陆构造研究中具有特殊的地位.由于花岗岩比玄武岩复杂得多,其中尤以源岩和深度对花岗岩的影响最大,是大陆花岗岩研究最重要的课题.文中接着讨论了Sr和Yb的...     

华南两类不同成因花岗岩岩石学特征

徐克勤等,查佩尔、怀特等,石原舜三等曾先后提出两种不同成因、来源于不同成岩物质的花岗岩类存在。并分别命名为同熔型与改造型;I型与S型;磁铁矿系列与钛铁矿系列花岗岩。上述作者曾对两类     

阴极发光仪在变质岩和花岗岩类岩石中的应用

利用阴极发光仪对一些前寒武纪变质岩(河北,内蒙等地)和西藏及其它地区的后寒武变质岩,以及不同时代和成因的花岗岩类岩石的样品进行了观察。阴极发光与某些过渡元素的含量有关,可以揭示岩石的构造,间接地反映矿物化学成分的特点。本文介绍了阴极发光在变质岩和花岗岩类岩石的以下几个方面的应用:1) 间接地确定变质级;2) 揭示原岩的变余构造,3) 鉴别细粒和发光矿物;4) 研究矿物之间的反应;5) 重建变形构造。     

花岗质次火山岩的成因类型及成矿专属性

与花岗质火山岩具不同的成因类型相似,自然界也存在着不同成因类型的次火山岩。后者与三大成因类型花岗岩相对应,亦可分为壳型次火山岩,过渡型次火山岩和幔型次火山岩三类。亮型次火山岩主要与U、REE,W、Sn、Nb、Ta等矿产有关系,属花岗岩矿床系列。过渡型次火山岩主要与Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Au有关,并伴有W、Sn成矿、属斑岩矿床系列。幔型次火山岩主要与黄铁矿型Cu、Pb、Zn多金属矿化有关,属海相火山岩矿床系列。     

花岗岩中常用压力计的应用评述

       本文简要讨论了花岗岩中常用压力计的应用限制条件和误差。对于钙碱性花岗岩推荐使用角闪石全铝压力计;对低 压矿化岩体建议使用黑云母全铝压力计即可;奥长环斑花岗岩中可应用富铁斜方辉石-铁橄榄石-石英组合压力计;存在两 种长石和石英平衡共结的花岗岩可利用Q-Ab-Or-H2O相图获得它们的共结压力。花岗岩矿物中流体包裹体的内压可以通过 热力学状态方程或者拉曼光谱获得;特殊的岩浆矿物如绿帘石有时候也可以指示岩浆结晶时所处的最低压力。此外,通过 THERMOCALC计算的视剖面是约束共生矿物组合及熔体形成温压条件的最后方法。     

花岗质岩石中铜铁锌的化学分离方法

过渡族元素同位素研究是近几年才发展起来的研究领域,随着研究的范围日趋广泛,问题日渐深入,需要对更多的地质样品进行同位素组成测定和研究.尽管文献报道的有关用于多接收器等离子体质谱过渡族元素同位素分析的化学分离方法能将Cu、Fe、Zn等元素很好地分离开来,但并未对地质样品中复杂地质基体元素的分离情况进行报道.因此,笔者对花岗岩中Cu、Fe、Zn分离进行了研究.     

清原太古代花岗—绿岩区花岗岩的稀土地球化学

一、引言清原地区太古代花岗岩是该区花岗—绿岩带的主要组成部分,它与绿岩一起形成稳定的太古代克拉通。国外对太古代花岗岩的研究已较深入。近年来,还提出了稀土元素(REE)和大半径不相容元素(LIL)的数学计算模式。一些研究表明微量元素模式可以很有效地确定花     

华南花岗岩研究的回顾与展望

半个世纪以来,华南花岗岩研究经历了3个发展阶段：第一阶段,重点研究了花岗岩的时空分布。根据地质证据与同位素年龄数据,证实华南存在多旋回的花岗岩,即晚元古代花岗岩、加里东期花岗岩、海西一印支期花岗岩和燕山期花岗岩。基本规律是：不同的造山旋回伴有相应的花岗岩。大体上,自西北往东南(向洋方向)花岗岩时代呈愈来愈新的趋势;第二阶段,重点研究了花岗岩的成岩物质来源,划分为M型、Ⅰ型、S型和A型,研究不同成因类型花岗岩形成的构造环境及其岩石地球化学标志;第三阶段,着重研究壳幔作用与花岗岩成因,例如研究玄武岩浆底侵作用与花岗岩的成因联系,以及岩浆混合作用与花岗岩成分多样性的原因。此阶段研究方兴未艾,仍在深入开展之中。今后主要研究方向,环绕3个问题进行：(一)壳幔作用与A型花岗岩成因;(二)陆内花岗岩浆产生的方式和原因(变质核杂岩、花岗岩穹窿、复式花岗岩体);(三)华南大花岗岩省成因。     

甘肃北山营毛沱地区花岗岩类LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

为揭示整个北山地区构造演化特征,对北山营毛沱地区分布的花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、闪长岩等花岗岩类岩石进行了岩石化学研究。结果表现,这些花岗岩类具有偏铝质-过铝质、碱性-钙碱性特征,具有中等的Si O2(62.1%~72.92%)含量,较高的Na2O+K2O(5.4%~9.12%)含量;球粒陨石标准化分配模式图上,具有相对平缓的富集轻稀土元素配分模式,重稀土元素分馏不明显,弱Eu负异常;亏损Nb、Ba、P、Ti,富集Rb、Pb、K;主微量元素对比及图解分析认为花岗岩类具有Ⅰ型或Ⅰ-A型过渡花岗岩的特点。对其中的花岗闪长岩进行了LA-LCP-MS锆石U-Pb定年分析,得出其侵位时间为384.7±7.7Ma,为中泥盆世早期。结合区域地质分析,指出营毛沱地区的花岗岩类形成于北山早古生代洋盆碰撞造山后的拉伸环境,标志北山地区在中泥盆世已进入新的构造演化阶段,即板内伸展阶段。     

Relationship Between Solidification Depth of Granitic Rocks and Formation of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits

Chemical analysis of biotite in representative granitic rocks in Japan shows that the total Al (^TAl) content changes with the metal type of the accompanying hydrothermal ore deposits and increases in the following order: Pb‐Zn and Mo deposits < Cu‐Fe and Sn deposits < W deposits < non‐mineralized granitic rocks. The ^TAl content of biotite in granitic rocks may be a useful indicator for distinguishing between mineralized and non‐mineralized granitic rocks. A good positive correlation is seen between the ^TAl content of biotite and the solidification pressure of the granitic rocks estimated by sphalerite and hornblende geobarometers and the mineral assemblages of the surrounding rocks. These facts suggest that the ^TAl content of biotite can be used to estimate the solidification pressure (P) of the granitic rocks. The following empirical equation was obtained: where ^TAl designates the total Al content in biotite on the basis O = 22. According to the obtained biotite geobarometer, it is estimated that Pb‐Zn and Mo deposits were formed at pressures below 1 kb, Cu‐Fe and Sn deposits at 1–2 kb, W deposits at 2–3 kb and non‐mineralized granitic rocks were solidified at pressures above 3 kb.     

浙西南早元古代花岗质岩石的年代

用单颗粒锆石Ｕ－Ｐｂ稀释法获得的浙西南前寒武纪变质基底中花岗质岩石的年龄为：下际二长花岗岩１９７５±８０Ｍａ，里庄二长花岗岩１８７０±３６Ｍａ，田后花岗闪长岩１８３２±８０Ｍａ，三枝树混合岩１９６３±４４Ｍａ。这些年龄数据证实本区基底岩石在１８７５±１００Ｍａ时期经历了一次广泛强烈的岩浆热事件，表明八都群（麻源群）岩石的形成应早于２．０Ｇａ。三枝树地区“鹤溪群”中混合岩年龄为１８６３±４４Ｍａ，斜长角闪岩全岩矿物Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ等时线年龄为２０７１±４８Ｍａ，表明景宁三枝树地区变质岩的时代应为早元古代，并非原来所属“鹤溪群”划归的晚古生代，这套变质岩可能是浙闽变质基底的一部分。     

Size and Geometry Effects on Rock Fracture Toughness: Mode I Fracture

In this paper, the effects of specimen size and geometry on the apparent mode I fracture toughness (K _c) of an Iranian white marble (Neyriz) are studied. A number of fracture tests were conducted on center-cracked circular disk (CCCD) specimens with different radii to investigate the size effects on K _c. The experimental results demonstrate that the apparent fracture toughness increases in bigger specimens. In order to explain the experimental results, the modified maximum tangential stress (MMTS) criterion is used, where higher order terms of the Williams’ series expansion are included in the maximum tangential stress criterion. It is shown that the MMTS criterion provides good estimates for the apparent fracture toughness of Neyriz marble, obtained from fracture tests of edge-cracked triangular specimens. It is, therefore, concluded that the proposed criterion is able to account for the size and geometry effects on the fracture resistance of rocks simultaneously.     

岩石破裂行为的实验研究

岩样的破裂行为、破坏过程和参数测试是裂隙断裂构造研究的基础和依据。实验岩石样品采自四川东部和新疆北部地区,为测试准确起见,对岩样进行了应力等值线的有限元法计算。通过单轴和三轴实验的岩样破坏观察和应力应变曲线对比,将岩石的破裂行为、应力应变划分为四个阶段,即裂隙压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、微观劈裂阶段和宏观破裂阶段。基于单轴抗压实验岩石劈裂—破裂—碎裂发展过程的微观分析,可以看出宏观破裂主要是沿岩样原有的隐裂隙、临界裂隙发育的,许多新裂隙则主要是在宏观破裂阶段产生的。