基于地形调节植被指数估算长汀县植被覆盖度

植被覆盖度遥感估算最常用的方法是基于植被指数构建模型,但大部分的植被指数没有考虑地形的影响。以福建省长汀县作为研究区,引入能消除地形影响的地形调节植被指数(topography adjusted vegetation index,TAVI),利用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,旨在研究TAVI对植被覆盖度估算结果的影响,并与基于归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)估算的结果进行比较。根据目视效果和统计指标的分析表明:基于TAVI估算的植被覆盖度精度高于基于NDVI的估算结果,并能有效降低阴坡阳坡间的差异,提高阴坡区域植被覆盖度的估算精度。     

地表植被覆盖度遥感估算及其气候效应研究进展

FVC是研究表植被覆盖的重要参数,其估算精度直接影响生态、环境变化研究结论的科学性。本文通过研究用于FVC计算的遥感数据,以及统计模型、混合像元分解、数据挖掘等估算方法和植被覆盖变化气候效应,指出大数据时代背景下融合海量、多平台、多时空、多尺度数据的FVC估算是必然趋势,其方法不仅具有高精度、高可靠性等特点,而且将向智能化、自动化的方向发展,植被覆盖变化气候效应研究将逐步定量化,地气作用过程和机理将成为其重要的研究方向。     

像元分解模型的植被覆盖度遥感估算

为了提高植被覆盖度遥感估算方法的精度,该文针对置信度方法和空间克里金插值方法各自存在的问题,基于线性像元二分模型,分别采用置信度方法和空间克里金插值方法计算推导,确定像元二分模型中两个重要参数NDVIveg和NDVIsoil,实现估算植被覆盖度,并对两种方法进行对比分析,同时提出方法中存在的问题以及模型的优化改进方向。     

草原植被覆盖度遥感估算模型的适用性比较

植被覆盖度及其变化对区域生态系统的稳定性具有直接影响,且这种影响在草原地区更加明显。为探寻草原植被覆盖度的最佳遥感估算方法,本文对像元二分模型、Carlson模型和Baret模型的估算精度和适用性进行了比较,优化了Baret模型的参数,以提高其在草原地区的估算精度。内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区的草地计算结果表明：像元二分模型有高估植被覆盖度的现象;Carlson模型在低植被覆盖区低估了植被覆盖度,而在高植被覆盖区高估了植被覆盖度;Baret模型在草原地区的估算精度最高。对Baret模型进行参数优化后,其在高植被覆盖度区域的估算精度提升了4.9%。     

植被覆盖度遥感估算方法研究进展

植被覆盖度是重要的生态环境参数之一,遥感影像能够反映不同空间尺度的植被覆盖信息及其变化趋势,故遥感监测是获取区域植被覆盖度参数的一个重要手段.植被指数是反映地表植被覆盖、生物量等的间接指标,基于植被指数的植被覆盖度遥感估算方法有经验模型法、植被指数法、像元分解模型法及FCD模型制图法(Forest Canopy Density Mapping Model)等,基于决策树分类法和人工神经网络分类法的植被覆盖度遥感估算方法也有了一定的进展.本文综合分析讨论了目前常用的于遥感影像的植被覆盖度常用估算方法,对比分析了它们的优缺点,并对遥感植被覆盖度研究进行了展望.     

基于环境星CCD数据的区域植被覆盖度遥感估算

以雅砻江流域二滩水库周边为研究区,选用环境星CCD数据,基于NDVI的像元二分模型进行了研究区植被覆盖度的遥感估算,并将估算结果与同时期TM影像估算结果作对比。结果显示,估算结果基本吻合,表明环境星CCD数据可以用于多源遥感数据融合分析区域植被覆盖状况研究。     

青藏高原植被覆盖度与地形相关性分析

提取青藏高原海拔高度、坡向,用分级分类的方法综合分析了青藏高原植被覆盖度和地形的相关性,利用30 m ASTER GDEM数据、Landsat影像数据及植被类型等资料,结合ERDAS和ArcGIS 9.3软件对青藏高原DEM进行处理,计算NDVI,研究得出的主要结论如下:1青藏高原海拔高度在4 500 m处的NDVI最高;5 500 m之后的NDVI逐渐降低,海拔与植被覆盖度呈负相关;2青藏高原北坡、西北坡和东北坡的NDVI较高,南坡的NDVI较低,阳坡的NDVI较高,阴坡的NDVI较低。     

基于CHRIS数据的HDVI植被指数的植被覆盖度估算研究

选取江西省余干县的一景CHRIS/PROBA影像5个观测角度(±55°、0°和±36°)的反射率,在CHRIS数据处理后得到的NDVI基础上得到HDVI,并与野外实测的草地、灌木、针叶林、针阔林和阔叶林的VFC建立相关性分析,以及对于模型拟合度的决定系数R2的影响因素进行分析。结果表明,在±55°下,针阔林的多项式拟合度最高,植被类型模型的拟合度均值也最高。其次是灌木拟合度较高。最差的是针叶林指数模型,植被类型的整体拟合度最不理想。在±36°下,针阔林多项式拟合度最高,植被类型的整体拟合度也最高,其次是阔叶林拟合度较高。最差的是针叶林的指数模型,植被类型的整体拟合度也是最不理想的。     

基于Worldview Ⅱ影像的某区域植被覆盖度估算

植被覆盖度是衡量地表植被覆盖的一个重要指标。根据Worldview II影像计算归一化植被指数,利用像元二分模型得到某区域的植被覆盖度图,为水土流失监测评价提供重要的基础数据。     

基于NDVI估算植被覆盖度的研究——以滁州市为例

植被覆盖度是衡量地表植被状况的一个最重要的指标,也是影响土壤侵蚀与水土流失的主要因子。本文是在像元二分模型两个重要参数(NDVIveg、NDVIsoil)推导的基础上,对已有模型进行了改进,建立用归一化植被指数(NDVI)估算植被覆盖度的模型,并应用该模型计算出滁州市的植被覆盖度。通过滁州市部分地区的实地考察,对植被覆盖度的估算结果进行了验证,结果表明使用此改进模型进行植被覆盖度遥感监测是可行的。     

考虑植被覆盖因子的地形辐射校正模型

针对传统的地形辐射校正模型无法适用复杂地表覆盖类型而导致的校正精度较低的问题,该文提出了一种考虑像元植被覆盖因子的模型。山区遥感影像像元大部分为植被与岩石、裸土的混合像元,针对混合像元中岩石、裸土部分应用太阳-地表-传感器模型,而对于植被覆盖区则采用考虑植被垂直生长特性的太阳-树冠-传感器模型,两模型用像元植被覆盖因子拟合为新的太阳-植被覆盖因子-传感器模型。利用覆盖江西实验区的Landsat-8陆地成像仪影像和数字高程模型数据进行了校正比对分析,结果表明该方法可有效地消除地形起伏对辐射亮度的影响。     

GF-2支持下的干旱区稀疏植被区植被覆盖度估算

现有像元二分模型MODIS植被覆盖度模型因其形式简单、适用性较强的特点被广泛应用于区域植被覆盖度（FVC）的估算。然而,研究表明在沙漠和低植被覆盖的西部干旱区,从250 m的影像上很难精准地获取NDVI_veg（全植被覆盖植被指数）和NDVI_soil（全裸土区植被指数）参数。利用常用的直方图累计法获取模型所需参数NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil,估算结果存在普遍高估现象。为此,本文首先引入同期获取的GF-2号卫星数据,从GF-2号影像上提取植被覆盖像元;然后,利用Pixel Aggregate方法重采样至250 m分辨率,获取250 m空间分辨率下纯植被和纯裸土像元;最后,将纯植被和纯裸土像元各自空间位置相对应的MODIS NDVI数据最大值作为模型所需NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil参数,实现研究区内植被覆盖度的估算。试验通过与线性回归法、多项式回归法和直方图累计像元二分模型法估算结果进行精度对比,结果表明：利用GF-2影像辅助的像元二分模型,精准地获取了低植被覆盖区NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil模型参数,提高了干旱区植被覆盖度的估算精度,并有效地抑制了受稀疏植被影响NDVI在干旱区普遍偏高问题导致的FVC高估的现象。     

利用端元光谱内插的青海植被覆盖度估算研究

针对利用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度的精度不高的问题,该文基于OSAVI,提出了选定模型参数(OSAVIs和OSAVIv)的方法,并将该方法应用于青海省植被覆盖度估算。该方法通过高分辨率影像在研究区内选取纯裸地和纯植被样点,并将纯裸地样点的OSAVI作为纯裸地样点像元的OSAVIs,将纯植被样点的OSAVI作为纯植被样点像元的OSAVIv,利用样点像元的OSAVIs和OSAVIv值,通过普通克里金内插法,求得研究区每个像元对应的OSAVIs和OSAVIv。经精度验证结果表明:此方法较常规的参数选取方法,RMSE由0.170降至0.156,MAE由0.137降至0.124。经进一步分析表明,此方法对边缘验证点和非边缘验证点的估算精度都有所提高,由于配准误差和周围地表漫反射的影响,边缘验证点的估算精度低于对非边缘验证点的估算精度。     

Estimating fractional green vegetation cover of Mongolian grasslands using digital camera images and MODIS satellite vegetation indices

ABSTRACT

Fractional green vegetation cover (FVC) is a useful indicator for monitoring grassland status. Satellite imagery with coarse spatial but high temporal resolutions has been preferred to monitor seasonal and inter-annual FVC dynamics in wide geographic area such as Mongolian steppe. However, the coarse spatial resolution can cause a certain uncertainty in the satellite-based FVC estimation, which calls attention to develop a robust statistical test for the relationship between field FVC and satellite-derived vegetation indices. In the arid and semi-arid Mongolian steppe, nadir pointing digital camera images (DCI) were collected and used to produce a FVC dataset to support the evaluation of satellite-based FVC retrievals. An optimal DCI processing method was determined with respect to three color spaces (RGB, HIS, L*a*b*) and six green pixel classification algorithms, from which a country-wide dataset of DCI-FVC was produced and used for evaluating the accuracy of satellite-based FVC estimates from MODIS vegetation indices. We applied three empirical and three semi-empirical MODIS-FVC retrieval models. DCI data were collected from 96 sites across the Mongolian steppe from 2012 to 2014. The histogram algorithm using the hue (H) value of the HIS color space was the optimal DCI method (r² = 0.94, percent root-mean-square-error (RMSE) = 7.1%). For MODIS-FVC retrievals, semi-empirical Baret model was the best-performing model with the highest r² (0.69) and the lowest RMSE (49.7%), while the lowest MB (+1.1%) was found for the regression model with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The high RMSE (>50% or so) is an issue requiring further enhancement of satellite-based FVC retrievals accounting for key plant and soil parameters relevant to the Mongolian steppe and for scale mismatch between sampling and MODIS data.     

Estimating fractional vegetation cover and the vegetation index of bare soil and highly dense vegetation with a physically based method

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of highly dense vegetation (NDVI_v) and bare soil (NDVI_s), identified as the key parameters for Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) estimation, are usually obtained with empirical statistical methods However, it is often difficult to obtain reasonable values of NDVI_v and NDVI_s at a coarse resolution (e.g., 1 km), or in arid, semiarid, and evergreen areas. The uncertainty of estimated NDVI_s and NDVI_v can cause substantial errors in FVC estimations when a simple linear mixture model is used. To address this problem, this paper proposes a physically based method. The leaf area index (LAI) and directional NDVI are introduced in a gap fraction model and a linear mixture model for FVC estimation to calculate NDVI_v and NDVI_s. The model incorporates the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model parameters product (MCD43B1) and LAI product, which are convenient to acquire. Two types of evaluation experiments are designed 1) with data simulated by a canopy radiative transfer model and 2) with satellite observations. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) for simulated data is less than 0.117, depending on the type of noise added on the data. In the real data experiment, the RMSD for cropland is 0.127, for grassland is 0.075, and for forest is 0.107. The experimental areas respectively lack fully vegetated and non-vegetated pixels at 1 km resolution. Consequently, a relatively large uncertainty is found while using the statistical methods and the RMSD ranges from 0.110 to 0.363 based on the real data. The proposed method is convenient to produce NDVI_v and NDVI_s maps for FVC estimation on regional and global scales.     

Quantitative assessment of vegetation cover and soil degradation factors within terrain units for planning,monitoring and assessment of renaturation along oil and gas pipelines

This paper evaluates the renaturation activities applying the quantification of vegetation cover (VC), the site suitability analysis (SSA) based on the predefined criteria (slope steepness category (SSC), soil erodibility factor (K) and VC) and soil erosion model (SEM) results within the terrain units (TUs) along pipeline rights-of-way (RoW). Quantification of VC percentage is performed to assess the overall restored VC from 2005 to 2007. The results of the quantitative analysis in 2007 show that the total area of restored VC is 10.7 km², and 8.9 km² still needs to be restored to comply with the environmental acceptance criteria. As a result of SSA, TUs were prioritized by erosion vulnerability and this allowed to better understand the landscape behaviour in regards to erosion processes. SEM provided more detailed predictions of erosion classes falling into TUs. SEM identified 40% of erosion sites occurred from 2005 to 2010.     

Soil salinity and vegetation cover change detection from multi-temporal remotely sensed imagery in Al Hassa Oasis in Saudi Arabia

Detecting soil salinity changes and its impact on vegetation cover are necessary to understand the relationships between these changes in vegetation cover. This study aims to determine the changes in soil salinity and vegetation cover in Al Hassa Oasis over the past 28 years and investigates whether the salinity change causing the change in vegetation cover. Landsat time series data of years 1985, 2000 and 2013 were used to generate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil Salinity Index (SI) images, which were then used in image differencing to identify vegetation and salinity change/no-change for two periods. Soil salinity during 2000–2013 exhibits much higher increase compared to 1985–2000, while the vegetation cover declined to 6.31% for the same period. Additionally, highly significant (p < 0.0001) negative relationships found between the NDVI and SI differencing images, confirmed the potential long-term linkage between the changes in soil salinity and vegetation cover.     

中国北方地区植被覆盖度遥感估算及其变化分析

为了分析中国北方地区2000年之后植被覆盖度的时空分布及其变化,利用MODIS光谱反射率数据计算归一化植被指数,采用像元二分模型对中国北方地区2000—2012年植被覆盖度进行定量估算,分析研究区13 a间植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:植被覆盖度年内变化特征体现在最大植被覆盖度一般出现在7和8月份,与中国北方地区植被的生长季相一致;整个中国北方地区年最大植被覆盖度呈现缓慢增长的趋势,其增长速率为每年0.2%;年最大植被覆盖度变化的空间分布具有较大差异,其中东北、华北和黄土高原等三北防护林工程建设区的年最大植被覆盖度有较明显的增长。     

NDVI时间变换一致性的贵州茂兰植被覆盖变化分析

利用近18年贵州茂兰自然保护区的Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI数据,针对云覆盖对影像质量的影响,提出并使用了一种基于NDVI时间变换一致性的方法,构建出较为完整的研究区植被指数时间序列,实现了小区域尺度下长时间序列的植被覆盖变化研究,并采用一元线性回归模型和相关分析法探讨研究区植被覆盖变化趋势及其对气象因子的响应关系。得出结论：NDVI时间变换一致性处理方法可以有效地消除云覆盖的影响;研究区近18年植被覆盖状况良好且正呈缓慢上升趋势,气候因子与植被覆盖变化呈显著正相关关系,其中平均温度的影响在当月最强,而降水量和平均相对湿度的影响则存在滞后性。