临近空间大气参数误差特性分析

正(《遥感学报》2017年第1期)为定量分析临近空间大气环境参数的准确性,利用10年以上的TIMED和ENVISAT卫星探测数据,以及根据理想气体状态方程和地转风公式计算出的密度和风场结果,统计得到大气温度、密度、纬向风、经向风和合成风的分布,并与中国参考大气开展对比验证,分析中国区域内临近空间大气参数误差随高度、纬度和经度的季节变化规律,对于临近空间卫星数据应用、环境特性分析和     

利用COSMIC掩星资料计算平流层大气风场方法分析

利用大气压强、温度、密度等与风场之间的关系,通过大气折射指数、高度及温度数据均可以推算出大气风场,选用2007年1、4、7和10月COSMIC掩星观测的压强和折射率、高度、温度等月平均数据,构建了三种推算大气风场的方法。从风场的纬度高度分布、经度纬度分布及纬圈平均纬向风在不同季节的特性等方面,将计算结果与ECMWF ERA-interim再分析风场结果进行对比,发现计算结果与模式风场基本一致,能够反映出中高纬度大气风场的变化规律,偏差随高度的增高而逐渐增大,1hPa等压面以下偏差在10m/s以内。采用不同掩星数据推算出的大气风场之间的彼此差别很小,折射率与温度资料推算的大气风场几乎相同,高度数据推算出的风场相对前两者偏差稍大,但一般不超过2m/s。     

全月球撞击坑的空间分布模式

以基于嫦娥探月工程公开数据识别的全月球直径大于500 m的106 016个撞击坑为研究对象,划分月海、月陆、经向、纬向研究区域,采用核密度估计与Ripley's K函数的规格化函数-L函数相结合的GIS点模式分析方法,研究全月球撞击坑的空间模式。研究结果表明,全月球撞击坑分布形成了三个聚集中心,南北两极核密度低,东半球核密度高,西半球核密度低,北半球核密度高,南半球核密度低;月陆地区的核密度大于月海地区的核密度,在撞击坑直径范围1~500 km范围内,月陆地区的撞击坑数量是月海地区平均水平的5倍;全月球撞击坑的L（d）曲线随距离变化的过程中在总体上呈现先增后减的态势,经向、纬向研究区位在不同空间尺度上的聚集程度存在差异。     

卫星遥感中国海域气溶胶特征分析

利用AERONET地基观测,验证MODIS Collection5(MODIS_C005)气溶胶产品在中国海域的适用性。利用其550nm气溶胶光学厚度(AOT550)和小颗粒比例(Fine Mode Fraction,FMF)对中国海域气溶胶分布进行分析,结合气象场对其形成机制进行探讨,结果表明:首先,MODIS_C005气溶胶产品在中国海域有很高精度,适用中国海域;其次,中国海域AOT550与FMF存在明显的时空分布特征。时间上,AOT550在冬、春季最大,在夏、秋季最小;FMF在夏、秋季最大,冬、春季最小。空间上,在经向上,AOT550在30°N—40°N达到最大,向南北递减;FMF从南向北逐渐增加,到达30?N附近后增加减弱。在纬向上,AOT550和FMF随着经度的增加而减小;最后,中国海域气溶胶主要来自于陆源气溶胶,借助风场传输到达中国海域,同时还受到降雨的影响。     

大气折射对光学卫星遥感影像几何定位的影响分析

采用ISO国际标准大气模型和Owens大气折射系数算法,根据大气层内不同纬度和海拔高度处的大气折射系数分布规律,把地球大气简化为对流层和同温层的双层均匀球形大气,从在轨光学卫星CCD探元视线出发,使用视线跟踪几何算法,计算不同侧视角下大气折射产生的几何位置偏差。结果表明,大气折射几何偏差随卫星观测角的增加而非线性迅速增加。当卫星运行在650km的太阳同步轨道,侧视30°成像时,大气折射产生约2.5m的几何偏差;卫星侧视45°成像时,大气折射产生约9m的几何偏差。在高分辨率敏捷卫星成像和宽视场卫星遥感图像的严密几何定位处理中,使用本文提出的大气折射几何偏差算法和严密几何定位大气折射校正模型,在地心地固坐标系下补偿严密几何模型中存在的大气折射偏差,能够进一步提升高分辨率卫星遥感图像的无控几何定位精度,应用于我国高分系列卫星遥感图像地面几何定位处理。     

利用COSMIC掩星资料分析南极地区对流层顶变化

利用2011年全年的南极地区的COSMIC掩星资料,反演了大气温度剖面,进而提取对流层顶参数(温度和高度),定量分析了南极地区对流层顶的时空变化特征。在南极地区,温度递减率对流层顶比最冷点对流层顶更准确,且掩星反演法与臭氧、无线电探空仪等结果基本一致。南极对流层顶整体表现为位相相反的一波结构,温度变化范围为200~230K,高度变化范围为9~11km。南极地区对流层顶在冬季和春季"消失",在夏季和秋季出现逆温层。南极地区对流层顶温度在冬季和春季表现出明显的梯度特征,纬度方向上,极点附近低,四周较高;经度方向上,西南极地区较低。     

阴影长度法建筑高度数据提取的误差分析

针对大范围建筑物高度信息的提取精度低且速度慢的问题,提出利用GOOGLE Sketch Up模型法,模拟沈阳市2014-09-22T10∶30∶00不同位置、不同高度的建筑及阴影,对此情况下基于阴影长度法测算的建筑高度误差变化规律进行研究。结果表明:测试点经度变化或纬度变化时,建筑高度测算误差都随着与中心样本点的距离增加而增大,且误差随纬度变化的幅度大于随经度变化;测试点经纬度同时变化,建筑高度测算误差随着与中心样本点的距离增加而增大,且沿西北—东南方向变化幅度大于沿东北—西南方向;同一位置,测算误差随建筑高度增加而增大。研究结果对提高阴影长度法的精度以及快速准确获取大范围建筑物高度信息等研究有参考价值。     

大气金属层探测卫星研究

75~115 km的大气层中存在Na、Fe、K、Ca等多种金属成分,通常认为这些金属成分来自宇宙尘埃和流星烧蚀的产物。大量宇宙尘埃和流星进入地球大气,会对地球气候有重要影响,大气金属层是宇宙尘埃和流星进入地球大气的示踪物。同时研究表明,大气金属层所在区域的大气对全球气候变化的响应很敏感,是全球气候变化的示踪物。大气金属层物质沉降,是夜光云凝聚核的主要来源,对临近空间飞行器具有重要影响。但目前对75~115 km的大气金属层探测和研究还很不够,为此,本文在国际上首次提出专门针对大气金属层探测的卫星概念。在大气金属层探测卫星中,提出以主动探测技术为主要探测手段的载荷配置,包括星载钠激光雷达、大气激光掩星探测仪、空间微流星体探测仪、星载F-P测风仪、金属层气辉成像仪5种先进载荷。大气金属层探测卫星将能够对大气金属层进行全面探测,并取得重大科学创新成果。     

利用IGRA2探空数据和COSMIC掩星资料对FY-3C掩星中性大气产品进行质量分析

根据IGRA2无线电探空数据和气象、电离层和气候卫星联合观测系统(Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate, COSMIC)掩星资料,对2015—2017年包含折射率、温度和比湿廓线在内的FY-3C掩星中性大气产品进行质量分析。结果表明:FY-3C掩星折射率廓线25 km以下整体无系统偏差,相对偏差标准差≤5%;温度廓线存在系统负偏差,标准差≥1.5 K;比湿廓线越趋地表质量越低,5 km下标准差≤1.2 g/kg。总体而言,FY-3C掩星数据质量较好,在2015—2017年间逐年提高,但在近地面和25km以上有待进一步提高。对2017年产品的进一步分析表明:就季节而言,折射率廓线和温度廓线质量均在冬季最差,比湿廓线质量在夏季最差;就纬度带而言,折射率廓线在低纬度带质量最差,温度廓线质量的分纬度带比较结果在不同高度范围存在差异,比湿廓线在低纬度带质量明显低于中高纬度带;此外,FY-3C掩星大气产品数据质量随昼夜和海陆变化也存在一定差异。     

基于GPS的气象卫星数据地理定位精度验证

以天津渤海湾围海造田形成的规则人工基础设施为参照物,对长时间序列的FY-3B星250 m空间分辨率数据的几何定位精度误差进行量化,并在此基础上对几何定位精度进行了分析。研究发现,FY-3B星中分辨率卫星数据的几何定位精度存在较大误差,尚未完全达到1个像元或亚像元级的精度水平。纬度方向误差明显大于经度方向误差,纬度方向的几何定位误差整体在-2～-9个像元,经度方向误差基本处于±3个像元的水平。经度方向误差随时间序列的增加,呈偏西向偏东的发展趋势;纬度方向的几何定位整体偏北,且有向北扩大的趋势。在天顶角小于30°的范围内,经度方向误差并不随天顶角的增加而变化,而纬度方向误差随天顶角增加而缩小,且变化幅度在扩大。研究结果有助于改善FY-3B星中分辨率卫星数据的几何定位精度以及研究目前几何定位模型存在的问题。     

High-resolution airborne infrared measurements of ocean skin temperature

Airborne measurements of ocean skin temperature T/sub s/ are presented from the Coupled Boundary Layers, Air-Sea Transfer in Low Winds (CBLAST-Low) Pilot Experiment in August 2001 off Martha's Vineyard, MA. We used an infrared (IR) camera with a spatial resolution of 1 m or less and temperature resolution of roughly 0.02/spl deg/C. Using subframe sampling of the IR imagery, we achieve lower noise and higher spatial resolution than reported by previous investigators using IR radiometers. Fine-scale maps of T/sub s/ exhibit horizontal variability over spatial scales ranging from O(10 km) down to O(1 m) that are related to atmospheric and subsurface phenomena under low to moderate wind conditions. Based on supporting measurements of wind and waves, we identify coherent ramp-like structures in T/sub s/ with stratification breakdown and meandering streaky features with internal waves. Regional maps of T/sub s/ show the standard deviation for the region is /spl plusmn/1.04/spl deg/C, while the meridional and zonal variability is 0.23/spl deg/C /spl middot/ km/sup -1/ and 0.27/spl deg/C /spl middot/ km/sup -1/, respectively. This temperature variability results in meridional and zonal scalar heat flux variability of 7.0 W /spl middot/ m/sup -2/ /spl middot/ km/sup -1/ and 7.6 W /spl middot/ m/sup -2/ /spl middot/ km/sup -1/, respectively. Our results demonstrate the potential for airborne IR imagery accompanied by high-quality ocean data to identify T/sub s/ features produced by subsurface circulation.     

Generation and Validation of two Day Composite Wind Fields from Oceansat-2 Scatterometer

The Oceansat-2 scatterometer (OSCAT) of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), provides surface wind speed and direction with a spatial resolution of 50 km × 50 km. With a revisit time of 2 days it had provided ocean surface wind vectors over the global oceans. In the present work, an attempt has been made to generate two day composite of OSCAT wind vectors using Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) and compare them with daily composite winds to check how better is the two day composites in comparison to daily composites. The daily and two days composite wind vectors of zonal (U) and meridional (V) components have been validated with wind measurements from in situ buoys and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) for the year 2012 over the tropical Indian Ocean region. The statistical comparison with the in situ measurements and ASCAT has shown that the two-day OSCAT wind composites are slightly better than the daily composite winds. The improvement in the statistics can be attributed to the use of ascending and descending passes pertaining to two days which results in fewer gaps between passes, thereby reducing the interpolation errors.     

Effects of topographic–isostatic masses on gravitational functionals at the Earth’s surface and at airborne and satellite altitudes

Topographic–isostatic masses represent an important source of gravity field information, especially in the high-frequency band, even if the detailed mass-density distribution inside the topographic masses is unknown. If this information is used within a remove-restore procedure, then the instability problems in downward continuation of gravity observations from aircraft or satellite altitudes can be reduced. In this article, integral formulae are derived for determination of gravitational effects of topographic–isostatic masses on the first- and second-order derivatives of the gravitational potential for three topographic–isostatic models. The application of these formulas is useful for airborne gravimetry/gradiometry and satellite gravity gradiometry. The formulas are presented in spherical approximation by separating the 3D integration in an analytical integration in the radial direction and 2D integration over the mean sphere. Therefore, spherical volume elements can be considered as being approximated by mass-lines located at the centre of the discretization compartments (the mass of the tesseroid is condensed mathematically along its vertical axis). The errors of this approximation are investigated for the second-order derivatives of the topographic–isostatic gravitational potential in the vicinity of the Earth’s surface. The formulas are then applied to various scenarios of airborne gravimetry/gradiometry and satellite gradiometry. The components of the gravitational vector at aircraft altitudes of 4 and 10 km have been determined, as well as the gravitational tensor components at a satellite altitude of 250 km envisaged for the forthcoming GOCE (gravity field and steady-state ocean-circulation explorer) mission. The numerical computations are based on digital elevation models with a 5-arc-minute resolution for satellite gravity gradiometry and 1-arc-minute resolution for airborne gravity/gradiometry.     

On the benefits of using a high-resolution mesoscale model to improve wind field for the study of upwelling off the Indian coasts

Abstract

Upwelling favourable winds along the Indian coasts were studied using a high-resolution (9 km grid) atmospheric mesoscale model (MM5) reanalysis from 1 to 5 June 2006, off the west coast of India and from 5 to 10 December 2005, off the east coast of India. Model winds are verified with satellite winds at two areas. Model wind hind-casts from the above periods reveal narrow bands (about 10×50 km) of strong winds to the coast and adjacent to the major coastal promontories. These bands, which are sub-grid scale in operational models, were capable of generating local upwelling greater than 10 m/s. Both the mean and spatial components of the model alongshore wind increase by a factor of 3 to 4 from the south to the north along the west coast, and by a factor of 2 to 3 from the north to the south along the east coast of India. Wind field increases will drive enhanced ocean upwelling along the west coast of India, and the new hypothesis suggests that the variations in local wind may contribute to the coastal upwelling in this region.     

Density interface topography recovered by inversion of satellite gravity gradiometry observations

A radial integration of spherical mass elements (i.e. tesseroids) is presented for evaluating the six components of the second-order gravity gradient (i.e. second derivatives of the Newtonian mass integral for the gravitational potential) created by an uneven spherical topography consisting of juxtaposed vertical prisms. The method uses Legendre polynomial series and takes elastic compensation of the topography by the Earth’s surface into account. The speed of computation of the polynomial series increases logically with the observing altitude from the source of anomaly. Such a forward modelling can be easily applied for reduction of observed gravity gradient anomalies by the effects of any spherical interface of density. An iterative least-squares inversion of measured gravity gradient coefficients is also proposed to estimate a regional set of juxtaposed topographic heights. Several tests of recovery have been made by considering simulated gradients created by idealistic conical and irregular Great Meteor seamount topographies, and for varying satellite altitudes and testing different levels of uncertainty. In the case of gravity gradients measured at a GOCE-type altitude of \(\sim \)300 km, the search converges down to a stable but smooth topography after 10–15 iterations, while the final root-mean-square error is \(\sim \)100 m that represents only 2 % of the seamount amplitude. This recovery error decreases with the altitude of the gravity gradient observations by revealing more topographic details in the region of survey.     

IRI2016参考电离层模型在高度60～100km的精度分析

60~100 km低电离层对无线电传播、测量具有重大影响。IRI2016作为目前最新的国际参考电离层模型,研究其提供的电子密度在高度60~100 km的精度具有重要实际意义。本文以廊坊中频雷达(位于中纬度地区)提供的电子密度资料(2014—2016年)为基准,利用偏差、绝对差、相关系数、相对偏差和Lomb-Scargle周期图方法,定量分析了IRI2016模型电子密度在中纬度地区60~100 km高度范围内的精度特征。结果表明,在中纬度地区60~100 km高度范围内:①电子密度偏差、绝对差、相对偏差与季节有密切关系,在高度86~100 km,随高度增加均快速增大;相关系数同样与季节有密切关系,但随高度增加表现出增大、减小的交替变化特征;②IRI2016模型电子密度精度与太阳活动、地磁条件有关,在太阳活动低年、磁宁静条件下的电子密度精度最高;③中频雷达和IRI2016模型电子密度在82~84 km均显著(通过90%显著性检验)含有准全日潮汐波、准8 h重力波,同时IRI2016模型还显著含有准半日潮汐波,而中频雷达未显著含有准半日潮汐波;在86~92 km均显著含有准全日潮汐波、准半日潮汐波,无准8 h重力波;④中频雷达、IRI2016模型电子密度在同一高度层显著含有的波周期及功率谱存在差异,不同高度层之间显著含有的波周期及功率谱也存在差异;⑤对于高度82~92 km的中频雷达、IRI2016模型电子密度变化特征,准全日潮汐波均为主要作用,准8 h重力波在82 km为次要作用,而准半日潮汐波在86~92 km为次要作用。     

(Near-)real-time orbit determination for GNSS radio occultation processing

The processing of GPS radio occultation measurements for use in numerical weather predictions requires a precise orbit determination (POD) of the host satellite in near-real-time. Making use of data from the GRAS instrument on Metop-A, the performance of different GPS ephemeris products and processing concepts for near-real-time and real-time POD is compared. While previous analyses have focused on the achievable along-track velocity accuracy, this study contributes a systematic comparison of the resulting estimated bending angles. This enables a more rigorous trade-off of different orbit determination methodologies in relation to the end-user needs for atmospheric science products. It is demonstrated that near-real-time GPS orbit and clock products have reached a sufficient quality to determine the Metop-A along-track velocity with an accuracy of better than 0.05 mm/s that was formerly only accessible in post-processing. The resulting bending angles are shown to exhibit standard deviation and bias differences of less than 0.3 % compared with post-processed products up to altitudes of at least 40 km, which is notably better than 1 % accuracy typically assumed for numerical weather predictions in this height regime. Complementary to the analysis of ground-based processing schemes, the potential of autonomous on-board orbit determination is investigated for the first time. Using actual GRAS flight data, it is shown that a 0.5 m 3D rms position accuracy and a 0.2 mm/s along-track velocity accuracy can in fact be obtained in real-time with the currently available GPS broadcast ephemeris quality. Bending angles derived from the simulated real-time processing exhibit a minor performance degradation above tangent point heights of 40 km but negligible differences with respect to ground-based products below this altitude. Onboard orbit determination and, if desired, bending angle computation, can thus enable a further simplification of the ground segment in future radio occultation missions and contribute to reduced product latencies for radio occultation data assimilation in numerical weather predictions.     

一个异常的台风海面风、浪结构的遥感分析

Ｇｅｏｓａｔ卫星高度计可广泛应用于如锋面，海面风，浪和高度等多方面的研究，但利用高度计资料分析台风的海面风，浪断面结构，因受卫星轨道，台风路径和高度计风速算法等多方面的制约，过去一直研究较少。该文以Ｇ３ｏｓａｔ高度计１９８７年８月１１日一上升轨道的风，浪资料为基础，研究分析了８７０８号台风影响下的海南风速和海浪断面分布特征。     

中低轨卫星定轨精度分析

针对轨道高度为１ ０００ ｋｍ 左右的近圆轨道卫星进行动力学定轨分析。通过对大气模型、地球重力场模型、系统误差、测轨站站址误差等对定轨的影响进行分析, 分析了影响中等轨道的主要误差源。该卫星轨道确定精度为外推三圈优于２００ ｍ 。