南极半岛西部海域沉积粘土的氢氧同位素研究

在沉积作用地球化学研究中,利用氢氧同位素资料探讨沉积物的形成环境和物质来源,已成为行之有效的重要手段之一。为此,我们对南极半岛附近的高纬度海域沉积物进行了氧同位素和稀土元素研究之后,又从沉积物中分离出粘土组分,进一步取得了该海域粘土物质的氢氧同位素地球化学信息。     

湖泊沉积物纤维素氧同位素研究进展

纤维素作为湖泊沉积物有机质的重要组成部分,其氧同位素组成已逐渐应用在古气候、古环境重建中。本文综述了湖泊沉积物纤维素氧同位素在古气候研究中的进展,包括纤维素的实验提取方法、纤维素及其寄宿水体之间的氧同位素分馏系数,以及纤维素氧碳同位素在定量古气候参数方面的应用,并展望了未来的研究趋势。研究表明,纤维素结合碳酸盐氧同位素组成可能是一种潜在的定量古温度指示剂,可能在未来的湖泊沉积中发挥极大作用。因此,今后的有关研究可能集中在定量古气候参数上的应用。     

湖泊沉积物碳酸盐碳、氧同位素研究进展

湖泊沉积物自生碳酸盐碳、氧同位素已经大量地应用在古气候、古环境研究中。本文综述了碳酸盐碳、氧同位素指标的主要啦制因素、指标的环境指示意义,举例说明了碳氧同位素指标在古气候研究上的应用,指出了其存在的问题与不足,展望了在古气候应用上的前景,认为氧同位素是定量古气候参数的最有效指标之一。     

湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物硅藻硅同位素研究

硅藻广泛分布于湖泊沉积物中,其硅质骨骼的硅氧同位素组成(δ18O和δ30Si)通常可以记录当时水体的温度和同位素组成.近十年来,湖泊沉积物硅藻氧同位素组成(δ18Odia tom)被广泛用于指示湖区温度变化和水体氧同位素组成的变化.然而,迄今尚未见有对湖泊沉积物硅藻硅同位素的系统研究的报道.     

黄土沉积物中碳酸盐同位素组成的研究方法

利用逐段加热法获得的黄土沉积物中碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成表明，黄土沉积物中的碳酸盐是不同来源和成因的碳酸盐的混合物。不同来源和成因的碳酸盐具有不同的碳、氧同位素组成，其示踪意义也不同，７００～８００℃的δ１３Ｃ比用磷酸法获得的δ１３Ｃ更灵敏于古气候的变化。因此，采用磷酸法研究黄土沉积物碳酸盐的同位素组成是不适宜的。     

重庆芙蓉洞洞穴沉积物δ13C、δ18O特征及意义

利用重庆芙蓉洞内各种新老沉积物的δ13C、δ18O以及对洞穴内的滴水、池水和洞外泉水的长期观测结果,发现芙蓉洞内的次生沉积物中氧同位素变化整体一致,处于稳定温度下(16℃)的平衡分馏状态。而且洞内滴水和池水的氧同位素也相当一致,反映了外界大气降水中氧同位素的年平均状态。芙蓉洞内各种沉积物中碳同位素变化范围很大,从0‰~-11‰均有分布。由于芙蓉洞内各种滴水以及池水中溶解无机碳(DIC)的δ13C变化约在-8‰~-11‰,显著偏轻于部分洞穴沉积物中的δ13C。通过研究从洞穴滴水到形成次生化学沉积物这个过程中的可能影响洞穴沉积物中碳同位素变化的因素,例如：洞穴温度、滴水高度和速率、CO2脱气、生物作用、矿物同质异相转换等,同时参考芙蓉洞内连续生长达37 ka的FR5石笋的碳同位素记录,发现以上可能的影响因素都不能完全解释芙蓉洞内次生沉积物中碳同位素的异常偏重现象。虽然芙蓉洞内广泛存在文石与方解石共存的次生沉积物,但是综合分析表明这些沉积物的氧同位素处于平衡分馏状态,可以用来进行古气候研究。不过在利用石笋碳同位素解释古环境变化时需要慎重,特别是在讨论由文石或文石—方解石混合构成的次生沉积物时。     

海洋沉积物的锌同位素地球化学及其应用

锌同位素体系是海洋地球化学研究的新示踪剂,应用于示踪海水中锌元素的来源及其运移过程.海洋沉积物作为锌元素重要的"源"与/或"汇",其锌同位素组成的研究有助于理解海洋锌元素的地球化学循环.海洋沉积物记录了海水组成的信息,可以反演古海水锌同位素组成的变化,前提是理解沉积物与海水之间的分馏.对海水及海洋不同储库锌同位素研究进行系统总结,包括河流输入、热液体系、不同类型海洋沉积物(如富碳酸盐的沉积物、陆源硅酸盐碎屑、硅质沉积物、铁锰结核、贫氧-缺氧沉积物)的锌同位素组成,阐述了海洋沉积物锌同位素组成变化在古气候、古环境重建以及古海洋学等领域的应用以及重要性.      

海洋沉积物中生物成因Ba的海洋生产力研究

一直以来,对海洋古生产力的研究是古海洋学研究领域中一个非常重要的分支,因而寻求反演海洋古生产力替代性指标成为了海洋工作者的首要任务.沉积物中有机碳、钙质生物、硅质生物及其碳、氧同位素组成等经典的海洋生产力指标早已确立,但这些与浮游生物直接相关的替代指标因其在海底沉积物中低的保存率,限制了它们在广阔海域中的应用.一些与生...     

综合大洋钻探计划311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩碳、氧稳定同位素特征

为了探索水合物背景下沉积物中自生矿物响应,对采自综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩颗粒进行了矿物组成、形貌特征和碳、氧稳定同位素特征等研究。X光粉晶衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示碳酸盐岩颗粒的主要矿物成分是铁白云石和方解石,呈多孔状结核和不规则状集合体产出。碳酸盐岩颗粒的碳稳定同位素δ¹³C_PDB低至-41.50‰,证实其碳源源自甲烷,其成因与甲烷厌氧氧化过程有关,印证了研究区存在海底甲烷渗漏现象,是甲烷水合物赋存区重要的识别标志之一。碳酸盐岩颗粒的氧稳定同位素δ¹⁸O_PDB总体上随着沉积物深度增加而减小,可能指示沉积物的背景温度由下而上（从早到晚）逐渐降低。研究结果提供了现代海洋天然气水合物背景下沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩的碳、氧稳定同位素记录,对于寻找我国海域天然气水合物资源,探索地史时期古海洋沉积物中类似的甲烷事件记录具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。     

程海沉积物无机碳、氧同位素相关性及其环境意义

程海是位于云南省西北部的一个较为特殊的湖泊，其矿化度已接近盐湖下限。湖泊沉积物无机碳、氧同位素组成敏感地记录了流域内环境变化的信息，其相关性有效地揭示了湖泊的封闭条件。组成的变化受到温度高低、降水大小、光合作用强弱、碳酸盐体系溶解平衡及水文条件等因素的控制。通过对该湖沉积物无机碳酸盐碳、氧同位素组成的研究，追溯了该流域内自采样深度以来的数十年内的环境变化情况，研究表明：程海流域气候变化有呈现出11-12a的小周期变化的趋势，但是在孔柱底部的信号噪声较大；沉积物碳酸盐δ^13Cδ^18O的良好相关性指示了程海近几十年内的水文封闭条件；并将碳、氧同位素这一环境敏感指标推广到了高矿化度的“准”咸湖的环境中。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861