北大西洋大青鲨渔业生物学初步研究

大青鲨(Prionace glauca)是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中最主要的兼捕鱼种之一,作为海洋生物链的顶端物种对海洋生态系统的稳定性和多样性起到了重要作用。作者根据中国金枪鱼渔业科学观察员在北大西洋海域(3°~55°N,15°~40°W)采集的2 112尾大青鲨数据,按不同性别对其渔业生物学特征进行初步研究。结果表明:雌、雄大青鲨的优势叉长组分别为180~220 cm、190~230 cm,雄性叉长均值显著大于雌性,雌、雄性比符合1︰1;大青鲨叉长-全长、尾凹长-全长的线性关系分别为L_F=0.8008L_T+7.3361,L_P=0.7576L_T–1.8479;北大西洋热带海域(3°~13°N)兼捕的大青鲨群体组成以大个体为主(180~240 cm),冰岛附近海域(48°~51°N)兼捕的大青鲨群体组成以小个体为主(100~210 cm);大青鲨叉长和质量关系式为W_R=7×10~(–6)L_F~(2.9994);大青鲨肝脏为性腺的发育提供能量,成熟个体的肝质量指数显著小于未成熟个体;热带海域兼捕的大青鲨以性成熟个体为主(96.9%),冰岛海域兼捕的大青鲨以未成熟个体居多(77.1%);50%雌性性成熟个体对应的叉长为178.7 cm,50%雄性性成熟个体对应叉长为173.6 cm;雌性怀仔大青鲨的叉长与其怀仔数量线性关系为L_S=0.419×L_F–49.7(R~2=0.3905),幼仔雌雄性比符合1︰1;胃含物中以沙丁鱼和鱿鱼出现频率最高。作者的研究有助于更好地了解北大西洋大青鲨的生物学特征,为区域性渔业管理组织评估大青鲨种群资源状态提供数据参考。     

南太平洋所罗门群岛海域黄鳍金枪鱼繁殖生物学研究

根据2012年9~12月所罗门群岛海域采集的353尾黄鳍金枪鱼Thunnus albacares样本,分析渔获物个体组成、性别比例、性成熟率和性腺指数等繁殖生物学参数。结果表明,捕获个体中包含大小两个群体;雌性群体个体规格明显小于雄性(p0.001)。春夏季9~12月雌、雄总体性别比为0.67︰1,显著偏离1︰1(p0.01);但性别比例与调查月份和个体大小密切相关,从9月到12月逐渐接近,至12月达到1︰1(p0.05)。性别比例随叉长增长逐步降低,叉长大于110cm个体中以雄性为主(p0.05),雌性比例与叉长呈现线性负相关关系,相关系数为-0.90,(p0.01)。雌、雄个体性成熟率和性腺指数在春末夏初间逐步增长,至11~12月达到最高;Ⅴ~Ⅵ期产卵个体比例增加,这表明所罗门群岛海域黄鳍金枪鱼春夏季存在产卵群体,从10月开始出现产卵个体,调查期间12月产卵个体比例达到相对最高,并且性腺指数与叉长呈现正相关关系;更一步的分析表明,雌、雄个体初次性成熟叉长分别为97.4cm和103.7cm。对该海域黄鳍金枪鱼繁殖生物学的研究有助于了解该种群资源状况,对渔业资源评估具有重要意义。     

中西太平洋围网不同作业方式兼捕镰状真鲨渔获率和死亡率分析

我国在中西太平洋(Western and Central Pacific Ocean,WCPO)金枪鱼围网渔业作业的方式主要分为捕捞自由鱼群(free swimming school,FSC)和人工集鱼群(fish aggregation devices,FAD),镰状真鲨(Carcharhinus falciformis)是这两种作业方式中主要的兼捕鲨鱼。本研究根据2018—2019年我国围网渔业渔船在中西太平洋区域(15°S—15°N,140°E—180°E)共20个作业航次记录的渔捞日志,对FSC和FAD两种状态的捕捞作业下兼捕到的镰状真鲨渔获率、生存状态等进行比较分析,结果表明:(1) FAD作业相比FSC作业兼捕到的镰状真鲨分布范围更广,两种作业方式兼捕到的镰状真鲨单位捕捞努力量渔获(catch per unit effort,CPUE)主要分布区域均集中在基里巴斯和瑙鲁专属经济区;(2) FAD和FSC兼捕镰状真鲨CPUE出现较高月份均在5—9月,FAD兼捕镰状真鲨CPUE显著高于FSC (P 0.05);(3) FSC和FAD兼捕镰状真鲨的死亡率范围分别为0.00%～92.86%和20.26%～76.71%,经检验两种作业方式下镰状真鲨死亡率间无显著性差异(P 0.05)。研究结果有助于了解不同作业方式对鲨鱼兼捕的影响,以实现提高目标鱼种渔获率、降低鲨鱼兼捕率的目的。     

南海大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼生物学特性及其分布

利用2010年3月—2013年2月南海金枪鱼延绳钓探捕与渔业生产监测取得的生物学数据和生产数据,对南海的大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)和黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacres)的生物学特性和渔场分布进行了研究。结果表明:(1)南海大眼金枪鱼叉长范围50—169cm,平均为111.8cm,体重范围2.45—87kg,平均为33.2kg,叉长(FL)体重(W)关系:W=1.74×10–5FL3.01,性腺成熟度Ⅱ期居多,占总尾数的45.27%。绝对怀卵量109.46—456.95万粒,摄食强度以0—2级为主。大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔场春夏季分布于南沙西北部和南沙中西部海域;秋冬季分布于西、中沙和南沙西北部海域。渔获水深90%集中在150—400m。(2)南海黄鳍金枪鱼叉长范围41—180cm,平均为107.9cm,体重范围1.2—77.5kg,平均为27.9kg,叉长体重关系:W=2.19×10–5FL2.94,性腺成熟度以Ⅱ—Ⅳ期居多,占总尾数的89.01%,绝对怀卵量15—154万粒,摄食强度以1—2级为主。黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔场春夏季分布于南沙西北部和南沙中西部海域;秋冬季分布于西、中沙、南沙西北部、南沙中西部海域。渔获水深93.75%集中在50—350m。西沙西部和南沙西北部海域是灯光围网和灯光罩网捕捞金枪鱼的重要渔场。研究认为:(1)在南海可发展小型冷海水延绳钓船,在每年10月末—次年5月初在西沙东北海域开展浅水延绳钓作业;(2)在南海的岛礁附近设置PAYAO群,开展金枪鱼灯光罩网或围网捕捞。(3)目前取得的资料仍然有限,未来仍需进一步调查,以掌握南海金枪鱼种群动态,为渔业开发和养护提供建议。     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)叉长与原条鱼重、净重的关系及原条鱼重与净重的关系

根据2001年6—10月在大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场现场调查所得到的大眼金枪鱼的叉长、原条鱼重和净重的数据,应用回归的方法分别对大眼金枪鱼的叉长与净重的关系、叉长与原条鱼重的关系、原条鱼重与净重的关系进行了研究。结果表明(1)不分性别、雄性、雌性的大眼金枪鱼净重(DW,DWM,DWF,kg)与叉长(FL,FLM,FLF,cm)的关系分别为DW=1.5286×10-5FL3.0192、DWM=1.6102×10-5FLM3.0098和DWF=1.4998×10-5FLF3.0205;(2)不分性别、雄性、雌性的大眼金枪鱼原条鱼重(RW,RWM,RWF,kg)与叉长的关系分别为RW=2.6472×10-5FL2.9400、RWM=2.8164×10-5FLM2.9275和RWF=2.2590×10-5FLF2.9724。在叉长相同的情况下,用本文中的RW-FL换算公式所得出的RW要比用Parks1981年的适用于整个大西洋的换算公式1)所得出RW略轻;(3)不分性别、雄性、雌性的大眼金枪鱼原条鱼重与净重的关系分别为RW=1.1623DW、RWM=1.1546DWM和RWF=1.1840DWF。本文中得出的RW与DW的换算系数要比ICCAT建议使用的系数略大。     

热带太平洋中南部上层鱼类的种间关系研究

热带太平洋是世界主要的金枪鱼渔场,具有丰富的大洋渔业资源,但是目前对该区域鱼类生物群落特征的认识却十分缺乏。本文根据我国金枪鱼渔业科学观察员海上观测数据,对热带太平洋中南部海域31种上层鱼类的种间关系进行了研究,从总体关联性、种对间关联性和相关性3个方面,对种间关系进行了分析。结果表明:31个鱼种在总体上存在显著的正关联。由31个鱼种组成的465个种对中,288对为正联结,其中显著(P0.05)正联结53对;177对为负联结,其中显著(P0.05)负联结仅为6对。根据Pearson相关系数检验,该465个种对中,大部分种对的相关性不显著,但有36个种对的正相关极其显著(P0.01)。作为金枪鱼延绳钓渔业目标鱼种的大眼金枪鱼,与10个兼捕种类(黄鳍金枪鱼、长鳍金枪鱼、剑鱼、凹尾长鳍乌鲂、异鳞蛇鲭、蛇鲭、鲣鱼、蓝枪鱼、长鳍真鲨、红棱鲂)虽呈显著(P0.05)正联结,但相关性不显著。从本文结果推断,本海域大部分上层鱼类的栖息地空间或生态位存在一定的重叠,但重叠程度可能不高。在受关注的鲨鱼类中,镰状真鲨与大眼金枪鱼的种间相关性最大,表明其受主捕大眼金枪鱼的延绳钓渔业的影响可能较其它鲨鱼大。     

热带太平洋中上层鱼类群落结构研究

根据2012年9月—2013年1月金枪鱼延绳钓观察员在太平洋海域海上采集的数据,对03°30′N~14°52′S,151°02′W~168°52′W海域的延绳钓渔获物进行了分析。结果显示,延绳钓的主要渔获种类有大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼。反映种类多样性的Shannon-wiener指数H'、Margalef丰富度指数D'、Pielou均匀度指数J'平均值分别为1.87、2.67和0.91。比较分析多样性指数的月间变化。估算了18种渔获物的钓获深度,除凹尾长鳍乌鲂、鳄鲨、帆蜥鱼、红棱鲂、异鳞鲨外,其余物种的深度分布均值与大眼金枪鱼的深度分布均值存在显著性的差异。     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)生物学特性的初步研究

根据 2 0 0 1年 6月 1 6日— 1 0月 2 7日大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场现场所作的生物学测定数据 ,应用统计与回归的方法分别对黄鳍金枪鱼 (Thunnusalbacares)的性腺成熟度、摄食等级、摄食种类、性比、叉长分布、叉长与纯重的关系、叉长与原条鱼重的关系、原条鱼重与纯重的关系等进行了研究。结果表明 ,( 1 )性腺成熟度Ⅵ级占的比例最高 ,为 47.0 6%。 ( 2 )摄食等级以 1级为主 ,其次为 0级 ,分别占 45 .45 %和 1 8.1 8%。 ( 3)胃含物中以鱿鱼出现的频率为最高 ,占 44 44% ,其次是沙丁鱼和杂鱼 ,分别占 2 7.78%和 2 5 .0 0 %。 ( 4 )雄性与雌性的性比约为 1 .43比 1。 ( 5 )优势叉长为 1 .31— 1 .47m ,占 31 .44% ,平均叉长为 1 39m。 ( 6)不分性别、雄性和雌性黄鳍金枪鱼叉长 (FL)与纯重 (DW)的关系可表达为 :DW =5 .6632× 1 0 - 6FL3 1 951 。( 7)不分性别、雄性和雌性黄鳍金枪鱼叉长 (FL)与原条鱼重 (RW)的关系分别为 :RW =8.5 0 72× 1 0 - 6FL3.1 390 、RWM=1 .1 2 2 9× 1 0 - 5 FLM3.0 847、RWF=7.1 71 1× 1 0 - 6FLF3 1 72 1 。 ( 8)不分性别、雄性和雌性黄鳍金枪鱼原条鱼重 (RW)与纯重 (DW)的关系分别为 :RW =1 .1 339DW、RWM =1 .1 32 0DWM、RWF=1 1 399DWF。     

北太平洋柔鱼生殖群体结构特征及繁殖生物学

根据2010年6～9月北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephe bartramii)渔业的现场调查资料,分析了北太平洋柔鱼胴长和体质量组成结构、性比、初次性成熟胴长、群体成熟度指数等等基础性的渔业生物学参数,阐述了该海域柔鱼的种群结构动态及繁殖生物学的特征.结果表明:各月北太平洋柔鱼生殖群体中雌性个体数量大于雄性,且雌性个体的平均胴长及体质量均显著大于雄性;生殖群体中雌、雄个体胴长与体质量关系的差异极为显著;相同胴长组下雄性个体的性成熟率要高于雌性;北太平洋柔鱼初次性成熟胴长ML0％♀为261.83 mm;Ml50％♂为255.60mm,雄性初次性成熟胴长显著小于雌性;东部海区(170°W～178°W)生殖群体比例及个体大小明显高于两部海区传统作业渔场(150°E～160°E).判断东西部海区柔鱼是否是同一群体,还需要连续性的调查,进一步分析其成熟度随时间的变化及利用耳石信息分析技术来确定,还可以用微卫星技术测定分析以及标志放流法来判定,结论更为准确.     

北太平洋柔鱼生殖群体结构特征及繁殖生物学

根据2010年6～9月北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephe bartramii)渔业的现场调查资料,分析了北太平洋柔鱼胴长和体质量组成结构、性比、初次性成熟胴长、群体成熟度指数等等基础性的渔业生物学参数,阐述了该海域柔鱼的种群结构动态及繁殖生物学的特征。结果表明:各月北太平洋柔鱼生殖群体中雌性个体数量大于雄性,且雌性个体的平均胴长及体质量均显著大于雄性;生殖群体中雌、雄个体胴长与体质量关系的差异极为显著;相同胴长组下雄性个体的性成熟率要高于雌性;北太平洋柔鱼初次性成熟胴长ML50%♀为261.83 mm;ML50%♂为255.60 mm,雄性初次性成熟胴长显著小于雌性;东部海区(170°W～178°W)生殖群体比例及个体大小明显高于西部海区传统作业渔场(150°E～160°E)。判断东西部海区柔鱼是否是同一群体,还需要连续性的调查,进一步分析其成熟度随时间的变化及利用耳石信息分析技术来确定,还可以用微卫星技术测定分析以及标志放流法来判定,结论更为准确。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.