春季长江冲淡水在口门外海域逐月变化及其影响因素分析

利用2015年4、5、6月在长江口外开展综合海洋调查获取的实测数据,分析春季口门外海域长江冲淡水（Changjiang diluted water,CDW）时空分布特征及扩散过程,并结合同期的多源环境观测数据,探讨各环境动力因素对春季长江冲淡水分布的影响,深化对冲淡水在口门外海域扩展及其动态变化的认识。观测结果显示,2015年春季长江冲淡水的扩散范围逐月增大,主体最远可到达123°E以东海域,其逐月变化主要受控于口外水文气象环境。长江径流量大小决定了冲淡水出口门后的分布范围以及表层水盐度,风向则控制冲淡水的扩展态势。在风场与径流的共同作用下,春季口门外海域长江冲淡水的扩散呈现三种模式：4月份的顺岸南下型（冬季型）、5月份的东北转向型（过渡型）和6月份的东南-东北双向分支型（夏季型）。春季台湾暖流深层水已到达长江口外海域,与表层冲淡水层相互作用较弱,但随着上升流的逐月增强,其与上层低盐冲淡水之间的跃层效应愈发显著,一方面抑制长江冲淡水的向下扩展,同时上升流的涌升也减薄了冲淡水的厚度。再悬浮泥沙向上扩散的厚度显示出春季潮混合过程难以影响至表层,但在大潮情况下,水位波动变化更为剧烈,使外海高盐海水向陆上溯更远,导致5月份12250E断面的水体盐度整体相对较高。     

长江口邻近海域春季藻华与水体层化的关系

长江口邻近海域是我国近海有害藻华高发区之一。受长江冲淡水和台湾暖流影响,海域环境条件复杂,有可能影响到藻华的分布状况、动态过程和危害效应。本文利用"藻华973项目"2011年的现场实测数据,从水体层化状况与藻华的关系入手,绘制出各要素的平面及剖面分布图,对比分析了春季硅藻藻华和甲藻藻华期间的温、盐跃层及其变化情况,探讨了硅、甲藻藻华的分布状况及其与温、盐跃层之间的关系。研究发现,2011年春季藻华期间该海域存在明显的温跃层和盐跃层。硅藻藻华期的温、盐跃层主要受到长江冲淡水影响;而在甲藻藻华期,受外海水入侵影响导致的温、盐跃层现象更加显著。藻华期间,浮游植物生物量高值区均出现在跃层上方的长江冲淡水影响区,其中硅藻藻华分布区与高强度跃层区基本一致,而甲藻藻华则主要分布在层化强度相对较弱的近岸海区,其分布可能受到上升流的影响。综合上述分析结果可以看出,长江口邻近海域春季的硅藻藻华主要受到长江冲淡水影响,而甲藻藻华的分布则在一定程度上受到外海水入侵及上升流影响。这一认识为进一步分析该海域春季硅、甲藻藻华演替过程及藻华优势种的长期演变趋势提供了新的思路和依据。     

东海沿岸海区垂直环流及其温盐结构动力过程研究Ⅱ．温盐结构

对于本研究采用的动力学模型及其垂直环流的模拟结果已在第Ⅰ部分论述。作者将对与垂直环流对应的温、盐结构进行分析。温度和盐度模拟结果表明：冬季东海沿岸海区的温、盐分布均为近岸低、外海高;近岸温、盐呈垂直均匀分布,在外海出现分层,其温度为表层高、底层低,而盐度却为表层和底层高,中层偏低,长江口以南的近表层以下形成自近岸伸向外海的弱低盐水舌;长江冲淡水区及长江口以北和其以南外海的近表层有温、盐跃层生成,深底层温、盐呈均匀分布,且保持低温高盐特征;随着海区自北往南纬度的降低,岸坡和水深的增大及沿岸下降流的增强,温度和盐度自近岸至外海的垂直均匀分布跨度逐渐变窄;外海近表层的温、盐跃层强度自北至长江口逐渐增强,而自长江口至南逐渐减弱,其位置自北往南逐渐上移;冬季沿岸下降流使长江冲淡水区的盐跃层变厚。夏季海区的温度分布为近岸和外海高,近岸稍远出现冷水涌升,垂向上呈现显著分层,盐度分布为近岸低、外海高;长江冲淡水区及杭州湾以南外海的次表层存在温、盐跃层,其跃层以上出现混合层,且保持高温低盐特征,跃层以下温、盐大致呈均匀分布,并保持低温高盐特征;随着海区自南往北纬度的增高、岸坡和水深的减小及沿岸上升流自南至长江口和自长江口至北的增强和继而减弱,长江冲淡水区的温、盐跃层强度自南至长江口逐渐增强,而自长江口至北逐渐减弱,外海次表层的温、盐跃层强度却自南至长江口逐渐减弱,自长江口至北又逐渐增强,其温、盐跃层的位置自南往北逐渐上移;夏季沿岸上升流使长江冲淡水区的盐跃层变薄。     

长江口上升流海区的生态环境特征

根据 1 985年 8月的调查资料 ,讨论了长江口上升流海区的生态环境特征。研究表明 ,在长江口外 ,大约在 1 2 2°2 0′— 1 2 3°1 0′E、31°0 0′— 32°0 0′N海区存在着明显的下层高盐冷水的抬升现象 ;伴随这种上升运动 ,于 5— 1 0m层 ,在上述高盐冷水区明显地存在一个低溶解氧、高营养盐区。资料表明 ,该低氧、高营养盐海水不是直接来自表层的长江冲淡水 ,而是来自深底层的变性后的台湾暖流水。分析表明 ,长江口外的浮游植物高值区的分布位置与上升流区基本一致 ,两者比较浮游植物高值区略向东南方向偏移约 1 5— 2 0km。作者认为形成这种偏离现象的原因可能与上升流中心区水温偏低有关     

夏季长江口东北部上升流海域的生态环境特征

基于2006年7月18—23日对长江口东北部海域的大面调查,重点分析和探讨了长江口东北部海域的上升流现象及生态环境特征。结果显示：（1）大约在122°—123°E,32.3—33.7°N的海域范围内存在着较为明显的下层高盐冷水抬升的现象。（2）伴随着冷水的上升运动,对DO、营养盐以及Chl.a的平面和断面分布均存在一定...     

山东半岛北及东沿岸海域冬季的逆温跃层及其与深底层逆流的关系

引用《渤海、黄海、东海海洋图集——水文》分册中有关逆温跃层分布变化图幅以及海流和温、盐度历史资料 ,指出山东半岛北及东沿岸区域冬季出现的逆温跃层现象与这里冬季潜伏于深底层暖流水有密切关系 ,并进一步认为围绕山东半岛北及东沿岸海域冬季的海水交换可能呈 2层模式 :在上层 ,低温、低盐的沿岸水自西向东南下 ;在深底层 ,相对高温、高盐的逆流水北上自东向西有直逼渤海海峡南部的势头。     

山东半岛北及东沿海域冬季的逆温跃层及其与深底层逆流的关系

引用《渤海、黄海、东海海洋图集－水文》分册中有关逆温跃层分布变化图幅以及海流和温、盐度历史资料,指出山东半岛北及东沿岸区域冬季出现的逆温跃层现象与这里冬季潜伏于深底层暖流水有密切关系,半进一步认为围绕山东半岛北及东沿岸海域冬季的海水交换可能呈２层模式,在上层,低温,低盐的沿岸水自西向东南下;在深底层,相对高温、高盐的逆流水北上自东向西有直逼渤海海峡南部的势头。     

2016年春季浙江中部海域温、盐、密度的断面分布特征

厦门大学海洋与地球学院,近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室。摘要：本文通过分析2016年春季航次在浙江中部海域3条断面的观测资料,结果表明：（1）在断面的10~25米层左右观测到了"中层冷水"现象以及在上层观测到微弱的上升流;（2）在浙江中部海域的上层观测到较弱的上升流;（3）春季,在浙江中部海域观测到了丰富的温跃层、逆温跃层以及盐跃层现象。（4）台湾暖流水向上爬坡对跃层的变化有一定的影响,使得跃层厚度变小,跃层强度加强,但是强度并不足以冲破跃层到达表层。     

浙江沿岸春季上升流的数值研究

采用三维斜压非线性数值模式ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System),在浙江沿岸特殊地形的基础上综合考虑风场、台湾暖流、潮流以及长江径流等可变因子,对春季浙江沿岸上升流进行了数值研究。研究结果表明,浙江沿岸春季存在上升流,且上升流以带状分布在浙江近岸海域,在渔山列岛附近(28.40°N,122.00°E)以及舟山群岛附近(30.70°N,122.60°~123.00°E)存在2个上升流中心。风、台湾暖流和潮动力是影响浙江沿岸春季上升流的重要因子,其中风和台湾暖流对浙江沿岸整条上升流带均有影响;潮动力仅对28.60°N 纬度线以北至舟山群岛附近的上升流以及2个上升流中心的强度存在影响;长江径流对2个上升流中心、舟山群岛及长江口附近的上升流有一定影响。通过对浙江沿岸海域流场的分析可以发现,舟山群岛附近底层各等深线上水体向岸运动的速度比周围海域的大,跨越底层各等深线向上涌升的趋势更明显,间接反映了舟山群岛附近的上升流强度相对较强。对于舟山群岛附近的上升流而言,30 m深度以浅的海域,科氏力、水平平流作用与垂直粘性力是上升流形成的主要动力, 30 m深度以深的海域,上升流形成的主要动力为科氏力与压强梯度力,此时水平平流作用和垂直粘性力对上升流的影响较弱。     

长江口及济州岛邻近海域温、盐、密度的跃层现象

本文根据CTD观测资料,分析了研究海区的温、盐、密度跃层的分布与变化,讨论了逆温逆盐层的分布区域,并从跃层角度出发,分析了深层水的涌升,黄海冷水团的上边界以及台湾暖流在东海北部的影响范围。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.