西昆仑地区苦水湖富锂盐湖水化学特征及成盐元素来源

苦水湖是近年来在青藏高原西昆仑山腹地新发现的富锂盐湖,查明其水化学组成特征对丰富青藏高原盐湖型锂矿床基础资料具有重要的现实意义.然而受区域自然地理条件限制,对包含该盐湖卤水及补给水系的基础性研究还很少.综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图解和离子比例关系分析方法探讨了湖表卤水及湖周补给水系水化学组成、演化及主要离子来源.结果表明,由"补给源"到"汇",各离子组成发生了显著变化,水化学类型由碳酸钙镁型向硫酸钠亚型过渡转变,水化学的演化由岩石风化控制向蒸发结晶控制演变.根据离子比例关系,识别出3个主要离子来源:东北径流补给以碳酸盐岩、硅酸岩风化溶质来源为主;南部甜水海水系以盐岩溶解补给为主;湖周冷泉中的溶质则可能主要来自于同生沉积卤水与浅层地下水混合,或长英质火山岩、碳酸盐岩等的深部水-岩作用淋滤.      

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河及其尾闾盐湖锂成矿物源：来自水化学和锶、硫同位素证据

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河尾闾盐湖（一里坪干盐滩、东台吉乃尔盐湖、西台吉乃尔盐湖和察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段）赋存了我国目前最大的卤水锂矿床。那棱格勒河及其尾闾盐湖锂的物源仍存在一定争议,主要有围岩风化、古湖残留、含盐系地层淋滤、油田水、深部水等,目前缺乏有力的地球化学证据。本文系统采集了那棱格勒河流域及其尾闾盐湖不同水体样品16件,分析了其主、微量元素含量及锶、硫同位素组成。结合前人的研究成果,对区域水体中锂的来源进行了探讨,得出结论如下：那棱格勒河水锂含量（0. 45~0. 79 mg/L）比楚拉克阿拉干河支流（0. 00~0. 05 mg/L）高出一个数量级,其高锂含量主要受洪水河支流的补给;洪水河高锂含量与其上游热泉水的补给有关,该热泉水锂、锶含量高、 87 Sr/ 86 Sr比值偏高, δ 34 S值偏低,与青藏高原典型热泉水地球化学特征（锂含量0. 4~34. 8 mg/L,锶含量0. 07~4. 24 mg/L, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr比值0. 71224~0. 71259, δ 34 S值- 10. 6‰~7. 6‰）较一致。那棱格勒河水（0. 71170）和尾闾盐湖卤水（0. 71143~0. 71156）相似的 87 Sr/ 86 Sr比值,以及研究区河、湖水硫同位素组成符合主要蒸发浓缩过程 δ 34 S值逐渐下降的变化趋势,均证明研究区尾闾盐湖卤水锂资源主要受那棱格勒河的补给;而古湖残留水、盆地西部含盐系地层淋滤水或油田水具有明显不同的水化学特征和锶、硫同位素组成,这些水体对研究区尾闾盐湖锂补给的贡献较小,可忽略不计。     

罗布泊盐湖晶间卤水运动特征及其动力学分析

根据地下水运动的一般规律，阐述了罗布泊盐湖钙芒硝储卤层及富钾卤水的特性，并讨论了该卤水层的变化特性。在罗布泊干盐湖区采用^14C测年技术、人工放射性同位素技术和化学示踪技术，研究晶间卤水循环速率、卤水渗流方向及渗透流速与实际流速，揭示罗布泊盐湖晶间卤水处于缓慢的流动及交替状态。探讨了新构造活动、古气候变化、地层静压力作用、深部地层水及大气降水补给作用等因素对罗布泊盐湖晶间卤水运动的控制和影响，提出了晶间卤水的运动模式。     

阿尔金山两侧盐湖物质来源、成钾作用及其控制因素研究

塔里木盆地东部的罗布泊盐湖和柴达木盆地西部的盐湖分别位于阿尔金山两侧,均产出有大量富钾卤水,在油气藏开采中还伴随产出富钾油田水.为探讨阿尔金山两侧盐类资源富集机制及其控制因素,综合分析了罗布泊盐湖、柴达木盆地西部盐湖以及油田水的水化学和氢氧同位素地球化学特征,发现:富钾卤水的形成除依靠地表汇入水体的蒸发浓缩作用外,罗布泊晶间水、柴达木晶间水和油田水氢氧同位素均可演化至δD=-30‰,δ18 O=7.5‰左右,可能是深部流体上涌补给的结果.同时,根据87 Sr/86 Sr值并结合δ11 B、3 He/4 He同位素特征确认了盐湖成矿与深部流体有关,且指示罗布泊盐湖更具深源特征.深部流体对于两侧盆地成盐富钾有关键性作用,罗布泊盐湖可能接受深部流体补给,柴达木盆地西部富钾盐湖卤水多数可接受油田水的补给,而少部分可能接受深部流体补给.     

察尔汗盐湖 S_3盐层晶间卤水 K~+随时间变化规律的统计研究

<正> 柴达木盆地东南部的察尔汗盐湖含盐地层主要由4层石盐和4层粉砂(粘土)组成。盐层中主要矿物为石盐,次为光卤石及少量石膏和钾石盐等。顶部石盐层(S_3)的晶间空隙中,赋存丰富的含钾卤水——晶间卤水。它与盐湖及其外围周边水有密切的水力联系。一般是周边水补给晶间卤水;而晶间卤水与盐湖间则随湖水水位高低而互为补给。区内气候干旱,年蒸发量远大于年降水量。鉴于察尔汗盐湖在我国可溶性钾盐储量中的重要地位,研究S_3盐层晶间卤水K~+随时间变化的规律,具有一定的理论意义和现实的经济意义。     

柴达木盆地盐湖形成演化与水体来源关系的地球化学初步模拟:Pitzer模型的应用

利用Pitzer模型，对柴达木盆地盐湖、地表河水以及地表河水同深部来源的CaCl2水体以不同的比例混合后进一步演化的结晶路线进行了研究。结果表明，柴达木盆地硫酸镁亚型盐湖的结晶路线可分为四类，氯化物型盐湖的结晶路线可分为两类，他们的形成不可能是地表河水蒸发演化到一定阶段的产物。地表河水同深部来源CaCl2水体以不同比例混合掺杂后水体水化学类型及析盐途径各不相同，它们同盒地内不同盐湖的水化学类型及其析盐途径具有很好的对应关系，说明柴达木盆地盐湖的形成同盒地内存在的两种水体－地表河水和深部来源CaCl2水体有着密切的关系。     

中国含盐盆地卤水溴元素分布与物源

中国含盐盆地赋存丰富的盐湖卤水和深部卤水资源,卤水中富集溴(Br)元素,具有潜在的开发利用价值。Br作为盐湖卤水中重要的资源元素,目前对其分布规律和物质来源的系统对比研究鲜有报道。本文以柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖四个区段晶间卤水为研究对象,分析整个湖区Br元素分布规律和物质来源,对比中国不同含盐盆地卤水Br资源变化和物源联系,并总结不同卤水开发利用价值。结果表明：① 察尔汗盐湖Br含量呈东高西低特征且不同区段差异明显;② 别勒滩和达布逊区段卤水低Br受河流补给并经蒸发富集,而察尔汗和霍布逊区段高Br受北部断裂带上涌富Ca泉水补给;③ 中国含盐盆地(柴达木盆地、库车盆地、江汉盆地、吉泰盆地)大部分深部卤水高Br值主要受水- 岩反应、沉积物及有机质中Br的解吸获得;④ 盐湖晶间卤水虽远不及深部卤水Br含量高,但其优点在于便于开发、综合利用率高,尤其浓缩卤水及老卤中的Br含量可预见性的高于工业开采品位,是当下和今后值得关注的资源。     

罗布泊盐湖钾盐矿床形成的地球化学研究

文章阐述了罗布泊盐湖主要钾盐矿床富钾卤水的化学特性。采用元素地球化学技术、同位素地球化学技术，研究晶间卤水的起源、补给方向、富集机理等卤水演化过程，揭示出罗布泊盐湖晶间卤水主要起源于大气降水，盐分的富集以蒸发作用为主。开展罗布泊不同钾盐矿区的对比研究，探讨了卤水物质来源、卤水演化过程及阶段的差异。硫同位素确定了卤水硫酸盐和固体硫酸盐的同源性，且硫物质的演化以溶解、沉积作用为主。     

罗布泊盐湖区固体钾盐沉积特征、分布及成因探讨

文章对罗布泊盐湖区杂卤石、光卤石、钾盐镁矾等不同类型固体钾盐矿物特征、分布及成因进行了分析总结。杂卤石主要产于罗北凹地内部沉降区,以交代成因类型为主,代表了以硫酸盐型卤水为主体的罗布泊盐湖残余卤水钾镁富集到一定程度与石膏、钙芒硝发生水-盐反应的产物。光卤石沉积主要产于断陷带（近）地表,为深部氯化物型卤水经断裂向上运移至地表、与浅部卤水掺杂经蒸发浓缩而成。钾盐镁矾主要产于南小团地区,其形成可能与凹陷基底反转、罗北凹地高浓度卤水回灌有关。罗布泊盐湖区不同类型的固体钾盐沉积是构造-物源-气候3种成钾要素在特定时间窗下耦合的产物：在干旱气候条件下,构造活动一方面导致盆地地貌分异形成更加封闭的成钾次级凹地,为钾盐沉积提供可容纳空间;另一方面活化断裂为深部流体补给盐湖提供通道,为钾盐沉积提供不同类型的物质来源,改变盐湖卤水化学组成最终形成不同类型钾盐矿物。     

察尔汗盐湖物质来源的研究

柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖是一个以氯化物为主的盐湖,然而今天补给该盐湖的水是碳酸盐和硫酸盐型的。所以,该盐湖的物质来源问题是研究其成因的根本问题,也一直是中外学者感兴趣。同时又感到非常棘手的问题,他们提出了各种假说。本文综合了六化学、岩相古地理、Sr和Br的地球化学、古生态、同位素和构造方面的资料,对前人提出的各种假说逐一进行了论证,最后的结论是,察尔汗盐湖的盐类物质有三个来原:通过河流补给的地表化学风化淋滤物质、通过断层补给的油田水和柴达木古湖的遗留物质。否定了海水来源和第三纪含盐系风化淋滤来源的假说。 中更新世末,察尔汗湖从柴达木古湖中完全蚀立出来,并继承了部分从古湖遗留下来的盐类物质。在察尔汗湖蚀立过程中和独立后早期,构造运动比较强烈,通过断层补给的油田水较多,后来随着构造运动的减弱,油田水补给量逐渐减少,而地丧化学风化淋滤物质的补给一直是比较稳定的。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.