基于数据新旧程度和预测取值区间调整的沉降组合预测方法

工后沉降预测是建筑物地基或路基的安全性评价及其加固维护方案决策的重要依据。为此,引入组合预测思想,首先通过探讨实测沉降数据新旧程度对工后沉降预测效果的影响规律,引入新鲜度函数,建立出考虑实测沉降数据新旧程度对沉降预测影响的分析模型;其次,通过研究沉降组合预测可能取值的变化规律,引进平行修正的思路,建立出有利于提高沉降组合预测精度的组合预测可能取值区间的调整方法;然后,在此研究基础上,提出了同时考虑实测沉降数据新旧程度和组合预测可能取值区间调整,对沉降预测效果影响的改进工后沉降组合预测新方法。最后,通过工程实例计算与比较分析,表明了改进的工后沉降组合预测方法的合理性与可行性。     

高速铁路桥梁桩基工后沉降组合预测研究

通过现场沉降监测,获取了高速铁路桥梁桩基沉降的大量实测数据。据此分析了成桥过程中桩基沉降发展的规律及其沉降曲线特点。对桩基最终沉降,采用单项预测模型进行了拟合预测,通过预测效果的评价指标分析,指出了客运专线铁路无碴轨道铺设条件评估技术指南中评价预测模型合理性仅局限于相关系数指标的不足,建议引入均方误差MSE、平均绝对百分比误差MAPE和平均绝对误差MAE指标进行综合检验、评价,并提出了这些评价指标相应的参考值。引入组合预测模型进行高速铁路桥梁工后沉降预测,对比分析现有组合预测模型的特点,提出了高速铁路桥梁桩基工后沉降预测应遵循的具体步骤和原则。研制了桥梁桩基沉降加权组合预测电算程序BriFSCF,可大大提高预测准确度和效率。通过工程实例验证表明,最小二乘准则下的最优组合预测方法效果较好,可作为预测的优选模型。其结果可供高速铁路合理铺设轨道时间的确定、工后沉降计算参考和利用。     

黄土高填方场地工后沉降预测模型性能评估方法

工后沉降预测结果是黄土高填方场地变形稳定性评价和建筑物规划布局的重要参考依据。为遴选适合黄土高填方场地的工后沉降预测模型,基于某典型黄土高填方工程的实测沉降数据,分析了工后沉降曲线的变化规律和发展趋势,建立了17种回归参数模型,提出了模型预测效果的评价指标和方法。结果表明：（1）该工程填方区工后沉降历时曲线呈“缓变型”变化,土方填筑完工初期无陡增段,随时间增加沉降速率逐步降低,尚未出现沉降趋于稳定的水平段;（2）将外推预测误差、内拟合误差和后验误差比最小化作为综合控制目标,可遴选出理想的回归参数模型;（3）MMF模型（Ⅱ型）和双曲线模型具有较高的预测精度、较好的稳定性和较强的适应性,在17种模型中的预测效果最佳;（4）沉降数据的变化越平稳,模型预测效果越好;（5）增大建模数据的时间跨度,会提升预测精度,但增大至一定值后,预测精度提升效果不再显著。     

黄土路基沉降量预测方法的研究

归纳对比了评估指南所提出的几种常用沉降预测模型的优缺点,提出检验任一拟合方法是否是通过实测沉降数据预测最终沉降量的最优方法,除检验其拟合精度外,还必须检验其预测精度,并基于所提出的拟合指标及预测指标,分析郑西客运专线实测数据后提出了适用于黄土路基沉降预测的预测方法。并根据组合预测的思想,通过加权系数调整各单一预测模型的比例,基于最小二乘法进行求解,建立了组合预测模型。探讨了其拟合及预测精度,指出使用组合预测模型可综合利用各种方法所提供的信息,有效地减少单个预测模型受随机因素的影响,较大地提高预测精度,其拟合精度比任何单一预测模型高得多。但用其预测之前,必须将参与组合的模型进行筛选,预测精度与所选取的筛选准则是否合理息息相关,如何选择一个比较合理的筛选准则使得在保证被筛选用于最优组合模型的预测模型其权系数均大于0的前提下,误差平方和最小,仍需进一步研究。     

软土路基沉降变权重组合S型曲线预测方法研究

通过对软土路基沉降发展规律及其沉降曲线特点进行深入研究,在S型单项预测模型基础上,基于5种S型增长曲线模型,引进组合预测的思想,重点探讨了软土路基沉降发展的预测方法与理论,并建立了软土路基沉降预测的变权重组合S型增长模型,通过数学规划方法求解,从而可根据有限的实测沉降观测数据预测软土路基沉降发展过程。工程实例分析表明,利用该模型与方法得到的预测曲线与实测曲线吻合良好,能够满足工程要求,此外,变权重组合预测模型比其它单项模型具有明显的优越性,为软土路基沉降发展预测提供了一种有效而实用的方法。     

竖向排水井地基工后沉降预测

预测工后沉降是排水固结预压加固软土地基的关键问题之一。根据等应变竖向排水井地基固结理论,提出了沉降曲线的近似计算方法。通过实测沉降资料与近似理论曲线的拟合,获得竖向排水井地基的最终沉降量和平均固结度,从而预估其工后沉降量。将该方法分别应用于真空预压和堆载预压处理的竖井地基,进行工后沉降预测,结果表明该方法是可行的     

软土地基沉降曲线拟合的Logistic—Gompertz叠加曲线模型应用研究

为了提高软土地基沉降模型的拟合精度,通过对实测数据的分析,研究了软土地基沉降发展规律。在前人研究的基础上将Logistic预测模型和Gompertz预测模型进行叠加,建立了地基沉降历时曲线的Logistic-Gompertz叠加曲线模型,并给出模型的求解方式。通过工程实例讨论了新模型的拟合效果,对比计算结果表明所建立的新模型拟合精度不仅比Logistic模型和Gompertz模型要高,而且可靠性也优于各个单一的模型。新模型具有一定的科学性和适用性,是一种分析地基沉降观测资料的有效方法。     

Asaoka法预测软土地基沉降时存在的问题和对策

采用Asaoka法对深圳某工程实例的地基工后沉降进行预测,发现选取不同的起始点和时间间隔时,其预测结果相差有3倍之多。因此,用数学方法对预测地基沉降的Asaoka法的表达式进行分析,探讨其拟合参数的误差对沉降预测结果的影响,提出了拟合参数误差放大系数的概念,并对预测结果的可靠性进行分析和评估。分析结果表明:影响Asaoka法沉降预测结果稳定性的一个主要原因是其预测沉降的表达式对拟合参数β_1过于敏感,而且敏感性随着β_1的增大而增大,因此,在保证线性拟合良好的前提下,增大离散点的时间间隔,可减小β_1,从而有效减轻β_1的误差对预测结果的影响;采用Asaoka法预测沉降时,不能单凭线性拟合的好坏来判断一个预测结果的可靠性,还需要考虑拟合参数的误差放大系数的大小。     

含分数阶的灰色模型及其在地基沉降预测中的应用

基于灰色理论建立的传统沉降预测模型均为整数阶,存在不连续、与实测数据差异较大的缺陷。鉴于此,本文以灰色模型为研究对象,通过改变模型中的整数阶微分为分数阶微分来改进灰色模型的预测效果。本模型与传统模型的最大区别在于增加了分数阶阶次的识别,首先结合灰色理论得到无输入的常微分方程;接着对其引入输入项,并将常微分方程做变换得到含分数阶的微分方程;最后将该模型与实测数据进行对比,且与传统灰色理论沉降预测模型进行误差计算,发现本文建立的沉降预测模型可以较好地预测地基沉降。     

铁路客运专线路基沉降预测的新方法

路基的工后沉降控制是高速铁路建设的重要问题之一,利用铁路客运专线路基现场观测数据,找出相应的路基沉降规律有利于指导设计与施工。在分析武广铁路客运专线路基大量数据的基础上,将三点法的基本思想引入到双曲线模型,建立了基于双曲线模型的三点法。其具体做法是：在实测沉降曲线上选取3个适当的点作为预测样本,代入双曲线模型进行预测。为了检验新方法,运用常用的双曲线方法、三点法、Asaoka法、星野法、泊松曲线法进行对比分析,并且提出了新方法的取点控制条件。研究表明：基于双曲线模型的三点法的预测误差小、相关系数高、与实测数据吻合较好,具有一定的实用价值,为铁路客运专线无砟轨道铺设的沉降预测问题提供了参考。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。