第四节 变性水团分析

所谓水团分析，主要是指划分水团的边界，确定水团的基本特征以及分析研究水团的消长变化规律。本海区大多属于浅海区域。浅海水团易受海洋外部因素的影响，变性显著，因此，浅海水团的分析实际就是水团的变性分析。所谓水团的变性，主要是指水团特征的示性水平从高向低的过渡，并逐渐丧失其示性特征的这一过程。     

长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的初步分析

所谓水团分析，主要是指划分水团的边界，确定水团的基本特征以及分析研究水团的消长变化规律。本文研究的海区大多属于浅海区域。浅海水团易受海洋外部因素的影响，变性显著，因此，浅海水团的分析实际就是水团的变性分析。所谓水团的变性，主要是指水团特征的示性水平从高向低的过渡，并逐渐丧失其示性特征的这一过程。     

聚类分析法在浅海水团分析中的应用及黄、东海变性水团的分析

本文引入变性水团概念,用聚类分析确定黄、东海浅海海域变性水团的边界及其变化。根据给定的标准进行聚类,确定了水团的个数、边界及混合区。 由聚类方法所得结果看出,在该海区中有八个变性水团。根据温、盐相对指标,将这些水团分为九种不同的特征。也可以把这些水团划分为三种盐度类型。在温—盐点聚图上,不同变性水团的温盐点,分布于一条曲线附近,它体现出逐级变性的特点。各变性水团的变化范围都很大,这说明该海区中水团变性强烈。在暖季中的增温降盐和冷季中的降温增盐,可认为是整个黄海和东海水体变性的特征。所有季节性水团都经历一个形成与消亡的过程。 文中讨论了变性水团和海洋环境的相互关系。水团变性是热力因素和动力因素共同作用而产生的。通过变性水团的分析,作者认为,在该海区水团的变性中,热力因素起着主要作用。变性水团界线的舌状分布与流向之间的关系是很明显的,可作为分析环流的旁证。最后描述了变性水团和底层中心渔场之间的关系。     

长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的初步分析

一、前言 所谓水团分析,主要是指划分水团的边界,确定水团的基本特征以及分析研究水团的消长变化规律。本文研究的海区大多属于浅海区域。浅海水团易受海洋外部因素的影响,变性显著,因此,浅海水团的分析实际就是水团的变性分析。所谓水团的变性,主     

长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的初步分析

基于变性水团的概念,本文把聚类分析用于确定长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的边界。由聚类分析得到的结果表明,在该海区有十个水团。对它们的特征、分布与变化进行了初步分析。作者得出的结论是:1、在十个水团中,有四个大洋性水团,六个变性水团。2、该海域水团变性的特点为暧季增温、降盐、降氧,而冷季则相反。3、水团变性是由海区内、外因素综合作用而发生的,而后者在浅水区域起主要作用。4、水团边界的舌状分布与流向之间有明显关系。因之,海流的方向及强度,大致可依水团舌状分布而判断。5、底层中心渔场基本上位于各变性水团之间的混合区或其附近。     

划分变性水团边界的温盐点聚对照法与东海西部海区变性水团的分析

温盐点聚对照法是根据温盐点聚图而确定变性水团边界的一种分析方法。用这种方法分析东海西部海区中的变性水团,可以得到如下结果:在该海区中除四个原型水团之外,还有两个变性水团。具有区域性特征的变性回归线,仅在寒冷季节存在。可以看出,变性交换区与顺时针环流的存在密切相关。提出了检验该海区各变性水团消长变化的模式。最后,描述了混合带与中心渔场位置之间的关系。     

变性水团分析

一、概述 所谓水团分析,主要是指划分水团的边界,确定水团的基本特征以及分析研究水团的消长变化规律。本海区大多属于浅海区域。浅海水团易受海洋外部因素的影响,变性显著,因此,浅海水团的分析实际就是水团的变性分析。所谓水团的变性,主要是指水团特征的示性水平从高向低的过渡,并逐渐丧失其示性特征的这一过程。例如一个具有高盐特征的水团,受到大陆径流和降水的影响,导致盐度降低,并逐渐丧失高盐特征的     

从混合变性过程看水团隶属函数的建立

将研究海区中的水团,视为论域中的模糊子集。用关于海水中保守浓度的混合理论,来讨论水团在混合变性过程中隶属函数的可能形式,可为变性水团隶属函数的建立提供依据。本文的结果可推广应用于浅海,文中给出了实例和讨论。     

变性水团隶属函数的椭圆拟合法

应用模糊子集的概念描述浅海区变性水团。讨论了变性水团的隶属函数在θ—s图解上“落影”的形式。文中给出用椭圆拟合法建立隶属函数的实例。     

从混合变性过程看水团隶属函数的建立

将研究海区中的水团,视为论域中的模糊子集。用关于海水中保守浓度的混合理论,来讨论水团在混合变性过程中隶属函数的可能形式,可为变性水团隶属函数建立提供依据。本文的结果可推广应用于浅海,文中给出了实例和讨论。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

The Diel Behaviour of Small Demersal Fish on Soft Sediments on the West Coast of Scotland using a Variety of Techniques: with Special Reference to Lesueurigobius friesii (Pisces; Gobiidae)

Abstract. The diel behaviour of communities of small demersal fishes was studied in situ on the west coast of Scotland using trawling, diving, underwater television and underwater time-lapse photography techniques. Lumpenus lampretaeformis and Pomatoschistus norvegicus were shown to have crepuscular behaviour patterns. Lesueurigobius friesii was a day active fish, spending the night close to or within its burrow and feeding through the day. Disruptions to this behaviour pattern occurred at high abundances of gadoids and during the spawning season. The fish community as a whole showed a crepuscular periodicity. The various observational methods are discussed. There did not appear to be any close association between Lesueurigobius friesii and the decapod Nephrops norvegicus.     

Anatomical and ultrastructural comparison of the eyes of two species of aquatic,pulmonate gastropods: The bioluminescent Latia neritoides and the non‐luminescent Ancylus fluviatilis

Light‐adapted eyes of two freshwater gastropods with similar habitat preferences (Latia neritoides (Gray 1850) and Ancylus fluviatilis (Müller 1774)) were compared with each other in relation to optics, anatomy, and ultrastructure. Individuals of L. neritoides not only possess significantly larger eyes than similarly sized A. fluviatilis, they also have a more voluminous layer of photorecep‐tive membranes and appear capable of discerning at least some crude shapes. The eye of A. fluviatilis, on the other hand, has a very shallow retina which is so closely apposed to the lens that it can be little more than an indicator of light and darkness. Both types of eye are generously endowed with screening pigment granules and exhibit no signs of light‐induced damage. Although the lenticular F‐values for L. neritoides (1.78) and A. fluviatilis (1.74) alone are hardly indicative of an adaptation to a dark environment, the greater amount of photic vesicles and the substantial development of muscle fibres in the eye of L. neritoides suggest that the latter can adjust its vision more rapidly to changing light levels than that of A. fluviatilis. Since L. neritoides (but not A. fluviatilis) has the ability to secrete a bright green luminescent mucus, a faster accommodation system would serve the species well. There is, however, no proof that in Latia bioluminescence alone has been responsible for the development of a more capable eye. Most of the differences between the eyes of L. neritoides and A. fluviatilis can be explained by the distinctly greater nocturnal activity of L. neritoides in combination with the ability to produce bright light in the latter species.     

Development of storm surge which led to flooding in St. Bernard Polder during Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina caused devastating flooding in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Storm surge surrounded the polder that comprises heavily populated sections of the Parish in addition to the Lower 9th Ward section of Orleans Parish. Surge propagated along several pathways to reach levees and walls around the polder's periphery. Extreme water levels led to breaches in the levee/wall system which, along with wave overtopping and steady overflow, led to considerable flood water entering the polder. Generation and evolution of the storm surge as it propagated into the region is examined using results from the SL15 regional application of the ADCIRC storm surge model. Fluxes of water into the region through navigation channels are compared to fluxes which entered through Lake Borgne and over inundated wetlands surrounding the lake. Fluxes through Lake Borgne and adjacent wetlands were found to be the predominant source of water reaching the region. Various sources of flood water along the polder periphery are examined. Flood water primarily entered through the east and west sides of the polder. Different peak surges and hydrograph shapes were experienced along the polder boundaries, and reasons for the spatial variability in surge conditions are discussed.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

Phosphorite from the Continental Margin off Madras, Bay of Bengal

A recent survey reveals that phosphorites occur over an area of 800 km2 between 100 and 500 m depths on the outer continental shelf and upper slope ESE off Madras. Appreciable subsurface continuity of phosphorites is not indicated. They mostly occur over two terraces recorded between the 100 and 200, and 350 and 400m isobaths. Sampled phosphorites may be classified under four types: (1) dense conglomeratic phosphorites in the size range 2 5 cm, (2) dark gray phosphatic nodules in the size range 1 3 cm, (3) creamy white calcareous algal nodules with phosphatic laminations in the size range 0.5 3 cm, and (4) recent gastropod shells with phosphatic studs. Conglomeratic phosphorites confined mostly to the upper terrace were recov ered along with calcareous pelecypod and gastropod fossils belonging to Cretaceous to Oligocene age. Gray phosphatic nodules occur over upper as well as lower terraces. The algal nodules are mostly confined to the upper terrace and are less abundant. Acoustic profiles (3.5 kHz) and the recovery of fossils indicate that the upper terrace is a karstic surface of a carbonate platform, probably of Cretaceous to Oligocene age. Petrographic study of the conglomeratic phosphorite shows skeletal matter set in phosphatic matrix and what appears to be the phosphatized limestone. Selective phosphatization of foraminiferal tests is common. Dark gray phosphatic nodules show brownish-gray laminations containing phosphatized skeletal fragments set in phosphatic matrix. Creamy white calcareous algal nodules exhibit alternate gray phosphatic and white calcitic laminations. All the phosphorite types are composed of carbonate fluorapatite and calcite as major minerals, followed by quartz and aragonite. Phosphorous pentoxide content of conglomeratic type varies from 15% to 20%, dark gray nodules from 16% to 19.98%, and calcareous algal nodules from 8.10% to 17.54%. The significant enrichment of Mo and Pb in phosphorites is attributed to their fixation in organic matter under reduced condition. SEM studies indicate a microbial origin for the gray phosphatic and algal nodules. Studies suggest four episodes of phosphatization with intervening reworking and redoposition, probably commencing from the Eocene period. Phosphatization during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene period also can be ruled out.     

江苏省宜兴西溪、骆驼墩篮蚬与环棱螺研究

江苏宜兴西溪、骆驼墩篮蚬(Corbicula)与环棱螺(Bellamya)计有10种,其中篮蚬8种,环棱螺2种,属种虽然不多,但是个体数量极多。可分成4个组合类群:一是Corbicula fluminea-Corbicula largillierti组合。这个组合类群地质历程长,适应性强,个体数量多,分布广泛;最早发现于青海柴达木盆地第三系,代表古老类群。二是Corbicula obrutschewi-Corbicula takasaga组合,这个组合类群壳体较大,轮廓三角形,壳长略大于壳高;C. obrutschewi产于河北张家口岔道村附近的下更新统;C. takasaga发现于台湾新竹的上新统苗栗组;但在中、上更新统时期未发现本组合代表,可是到全新世时,宜兴的西溪、骆驼墩又出现本组合代表,似乎是返祖现象。三是Corbicula celsusapica-Corbicula yixingensis组合。本类群壳体中等大小,厚而膨凸,轮廓高圆三角形,壳高大于壳长,壳顶宽大而高耸,铰板宽,壳顶腔很深;Corbicula celsusapica发现于浙江湖州上更新统,C. yixingensis到目前仅见于宜兴。本组合为长江下游的宜兴和浙江湖州新生代晚期的特有种。四是Bellamya quadrata-Bellamya viviparoides组合。本组合在上更新统至现在的河流、湖泊均有,其中B. quadrata化石发现于江苏新沂上更新统,B. viviparoides化石发现于江苏句容上更新统下蜀组。