山东夏季降水异常的前兆信号特征

利用山东省内1960-2003年40个观测站的夏季降水资料和NCEP/NCAP再分析资料,分析了山东夏季降水空间分布、时间尺度的演变特征以及山东夏季降水异常时大气环流、热带对流活动的异常特征,结果表明:山东夏季降水总体呈现由鲁南向鲁北递减的趋热,空间分布具有一致性。涝年的前期冬季极涡向东扩展,东亚大槽和东亚冬季风较常年偏强;旱年前期冬季极涡偏向西半球,东亚大槽和东亚冬季风较常年偏弱。涝年热带印度洋、南海至西太平洋地区对流增强,热带东太平洋地区对流减弱,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北;旱年则相反。涝年前期冬季由于冬季风较强及低纬度地区冷涌活跃,加强了低纬地区的对流活动,增强了Hadely环流,加强了能量及水汽向中、高纬度地区的输运,从而引起山东降水增多。     

山东夏季降水异常的前兆信号特征

利用山东省内1960～2003年40个观测站的夏季降水资料和NCEP/NCAP再分析资料,分析了山东夏季降水空间分布、时间尺度的演变特征以及山东夏季降水异常时大气环流、热带对流活动的异常特征,结果表明:山东夏季降水总体呈现由鲁南向鲁北递减的趋热,空间分布具有一致性.涝年的前期冬季极涡向东扩展,东亚大槽和东亚冬季风较常年偏强;旱年前期冬季极涡偏向西半球,东亚大槽和东亚冬季风较常年偏弱.涝年热带印度洋、南海至西太平洋地区对流增强,热带东太平洋地区对流减弱,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北;旱年则相反.涝年前期冬季由于冬季风较强及低纬度地区冷涌活跃,加强了低纬地区的对流活动,增强了Hadely环流,加强了能量及水汽向中、高纬度地区的输运,从而引起山东降水增多.     

基于BP-CCA法的福建春季降水因子分析

利用BP-CCA方法,分析了1961-2005年间500 hPa高度场和北太平洋海温场与福建春季降水量之间的关系,结果表明:这一方法为寻找降水预测的前兆信号提供了一条可行的途径,同时得出前兆因子对福建春雨都有不同程度的影响,其中以西太平洋副热带高压、ENSO现象以及太平洋西风漂流区影响最大.     

黄淮地区汛期降水预测的一种前兆信号

为探讨黄淮地区汛期降水预测的物理因子,应用奇异值分解(SVD)技术研究了冬季北太平洋地区上空100hPa高度场与黄淮地区汛期降水场的时空结构及相互关系。结果表明其SVD分解的第一模态有较高的相关,一般1月份40~60°N,160°E~160°W的北太平洋地区上空100hPa高度场偏低(高)时,则黄淮地区汛期降水偏少(偏多),可作为预测黄淮地区汛期降水的一种前兆信号。     

中国西北东部地区春季降水及其水汽输送特征

文中使用 1 96 2～ 2 0 0 2年逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料 ,考察了中国西北东部地区春季降水及其水汽输送的气候特征和异常变化。分析表明 ,该地区春季降水时段集中、变率较大 ,具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征 ;水汽主要来源于南部季风区 ,输送路径集中于青藏高原和偏南方向 ,偏东方向输送相对较弱 ,而且西太平洋副高和高原对输送路径具有显著影响 ;多雨年的异常水汽输送主要来源于偏东方向海洋上的异常向西输送和前期由菲律宾及其北部海区的向北输送 ;对异常水汽通量进行分解后发现 :由环流异常引起的平均水汽输送在多数年份的降水正异常过程中起主导作用 ,而平均环流对异常水汽的前期输送对于局地降水异常也有一定贡献 ;多雨年的环流异常集中表现为高度场上位于中国东北地区的正异常中心 ,这有利于偏东、偏南的异常水汽输送到西北东部。结果初步认为西北东部地区的空中水汽资源具有一定的补偿能力和利用潜力 ,该地区是维系西北内陆地区空中水资源乃至水分循环过程的水汽输送关键区     

青海春季降水的气候变化特征及其对春旱的影响

利用青海省1961--2003年38个气象台站春季降水资料,采用线性趋势分析和小波变换分析方法分析了青海高原春季降水的变化趋势和时一频特征。结果表明：近43年来,青海高原大部分地区春季降水量的总趋势是增加的,增加幅度最大的地区是青海高原南部地区;对于10年及以上相对较大的时间尺度,青海高原农业区春季降水干、湿交替的特征非常明显,经历了6个干、湿交替的阶段。在1961--1962年、1980--1982年、1994--1996年、1999--2000年4个阶段中几乎在所有周期上均表现为负位相,不同周期的振荡同位相叠加,从而形成了春季强的干旱阶段。     

黑龙江初夏降水的主模态特征及其前兆海洋信号分析

基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 采用EOF分解、滑动t检验、相关系数等方法对黑龙江省初夏降水及其前兆信号进行了诊断分析。结果表明, 黑龙江全省初夏降水距平的空间分布以总体一致型为主, 此外, 还呈现东西反向型。总体一致型模态时间系数在1993年前后有明显的突变点。分析突变点前后降水主成分与500hPa位势高度、200 hPa纬向风、850 hPa矢量风以及前期海温的关系, 发现在突变前后影响初夏降水的同期主要系统均为东北冷涡和高空西风急流轴, 但冬季(北半球, 下同)澳大利亚周边海温对初夏降水的影响在突变前后存在明显变化。突变前在澳洲西北部, 暖海温造成东亚南高北低环流, 东北冷涡强, 高空急流偏北; 突变后在澳洲东北部, 冷海温导致东亚“+, -, +”波列, 东北冷涡弱, 高空急流偏南。      

江西春季降水异常的环流特征及其对ENSO事件的响应

利用江西省83个气象观测站1961—2018年春季(3—5月)逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,对江西春季降水异常的大气环流特征及其对ENSO事件的响应进行了研究。结果表明:江西春季降水异常偏多年,中层500 hPa中高纬地区受欧亚型环流(EU型)影响,乌拉尔山附近阻塞高压系统活动频繁,贝加尔湖地区低槽偏强,西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高,下同)偏强,有利于北方冷空气南下并与偏南暖湿气流在江西上空交汇;低层850 hPa菲律宾以东西太平洋地区为异常反气旋环流控制,造成南海水汽向江西地区输送加强。而江西春季降水异常偏少年,其环流特征表现则与之相反。ENSO是影响江西春季降水的重要强迫信号,厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)衰减年,春季东亚地区低层850 hPa西太副高偏强(弱),有(不)利南海上空水汽向江西地区输送,低层辐合(辐散)和高层200 hPa辐散(辐合)形成的动力抬升条件是造成江西地区降水偏多(少)的主要原因。     

遵义地区降水型滑坡和泥石流前兆强信号研究

本文对贵州省68个土壤湿度站和降水资料做的相关性分析,结果表明土壤湿度与降水的相关性体现在集中降水的同步对应关系和持续性降水的滞后相关关系上,土壤湿度与前期降水的正相关关系随前期降水日数的累积而增加,且在4-6日左右达到稳定。基于遵义地区28例降水型滑坡泥石流灾害个例分型讨论了土壤湿度增量的垂直分布和水平分布特征,说明在引入模型时应该主要考虑表层（10~20cm）的土壤湿度的变量累计,根据降水类型的不同需要分型讨论变量引入模型的统计时段。在以上研究基础上,建立了能够同时反映降水和土壤湿度中短期变化特征的降水型滑坡泥石流前兆“强信号”指标模型。模型分集中降水型和分散降水型两种情况,并包括降水变量和土壤湿度变量两项,分散型模型的统计时段为灾害日前两日内,集中型模型的统计时段为灾害日前6日内,权重系数根据研究地区的降水类型、土壤类型和田间持水量等相关因素的配置综合考虑和调整的后确定的经验系数。对遵义地区23个个例建立模型并检验的结果较好。     

青海省春季降水变化特征研究

利用青海省37个测站1959-1999年春季(3—5月)降水资料,采用EOF、RFOF及波谱分析等方法,对春季降水异常空间结构及时间演变特征做了研究。分析发现青海省春季降水异常变化主要表现为东部农业区、柴达木盆地、青南高原、祁连山区、小唐古拉山5种空间型。从各气候区的春季降水时间变化趋势看：除柴达木盆地的德令哈从80年代降水呈下降趋势外,其余地区的降水从80年代呈不同程度的上升趋势。从波谱分析可知,青海省春季降水的变化以短周期为主。     

THE VARIATION OF THE SPRING PRECIPITATION IN GUANGZHOU AND ITS PRECURSORY SIGNALS

Guangzhou spring rainfall mainly exhibits interannual variation of Quasi-biannual and interdecadal variation of 30 yrs, and is in the period of weak rainfall at interdecadal time scale. SST anomalies (SSTA) of Nino3 are the strongest precursor of Guangzhou spring rainfall. They have significant positive correlation from previous November and persist stably to April. Nino3 SSTA in the previous winter affects Guangzhou spring rainfall through North Pacific subtropical high and low wind in spring. When Nino3 SSTA is positive in the previous winter, spring subtropical high is intense and westward, South China is located in the area of ascending airflow at the edge of the subtropical high, and water vapor transporting to South China is intensified by anticyclone circulation to the east of the Philippines. So Guangzhou spring rainfall is heavy. When Nino3 SSTA is negative, the subtropical high is weak and eastward, South China is far away from the subtropical high and is located in the area of descending airflow, and water vapor transporting to South China is weak because low-level cyclonic circulation controls areas to the east of the Philippines and north wind prevails in South China. So Guangzhou spring rainfall is weak and spring drought is resulted.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPRING KUROSHIO SSTA AND SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA

Based on the data of SST and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the relationship is analyzed of spring SSTA in the Kuroshio region with summer precipitation in China, summer 500 hPa field and water vapor transport, using the methods of Morlet wave, correlation and composite analysis. The results show that annual and interdecadal change of spring SST in the Kuroshio region is distinct. Spring SST displays a significantly increasing trend and there exist different periodic oscillations in the Kuroshio region, with the 23-year periodic oscillation being the most obvious. Troughs and ridges in the mid- and higher- latitudes turn deeper in high Kuroshio SSTA years. At the same time, the western Pacific subtropical high strengthens and stretches westwards. As a result, the warm / wet air from the west of the subtropical high locates in the mid- and lower- reaches of the Yangtze River and south China and summer rainfall in the above regions increases accordingly. Composite anomalous water vapor flux fields indicate that the vapor transport from the South China Sea and western Pacific and the vapor from the north converge over the mid- and lower- reaches of the Yangtze River and south China, which results in the increase of the summer rainfall in the mid- and lower- reaches of the Yangtze River and south China. On the contrary, the summer rainfall in the mid- and lower- reaches of the Yangtze River and south China decreases correspondingly in low Kuroshio SSTA years.     

春季黑潮区海温异常与我国夏季降水的关系

利用海温资料、NCEP/NCAR 53 a(1951～2003年)再分析资料和全国160个站的月降水资料,采用小波、合成和相关分析等方法,分析了春季黑潮区域海表温度异常与我国夏季(6～8月)降水及其与夏季500 hPa高度场、水汽输送的关系。结果表明:春季黑潮区域海表温度具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,海温的增加趋势非常显著,存在不同尺度的周期振荡,其中23 a左右的周期最显著。春季黑潮海温偏高时,中高纬地区的槽和脊加深,西北太平洋副热带高压加强、西伸,导致副热带高压西侧的暖湿气流输送到长江中下游及华南地区,从而使长江中下游及华南地区的夏季降水增多;水汽输送合成场表明来自南海、西太平洋的水汽输送较气候平均年偏强,向长江流域以北的水汽输送减少,使长江中下游及华南地区夏季降水增多;相反,海温偏低时,长江中下游及华南地区的夏季降水减少。     

广州春季锋面降水的物理化学特征

通过对一次典型华南春季锋面层状云降水的物理特征与化学性质的分层密集观测分析，认识到：（１）本次降水雨滴浓度不高，滴径较小，因而雨强较小；（２）雨水ｐＨ值较低，平均为４．７８；离子成分中以ＮＨ，ＳＯ，ＮＯ的含量最高，其次是Ｃｌ－与Ｎａ＋；（３）在贴地层内，雨水在下落过程中离子成分是增加的，ｐＨ值逐渐升高，增加最多的离子成份是ＮＨ；（４）在降水开始后雨水ｐＨ值起伏上升，而后持续下降，雨水中Ｃｌ－与Ｎａ＋关系密切。     

ABRUPT CHANGES OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS INTERANNUAL VARIATION DURING LATE SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER

1INTRODUCTIONThesubtropicalhighpressureisthemostimportantcirculationsysteminlowlatitudes.ItisthereforeoneofthehighlyconcernedsubjectsformeteorologistsbothathomeandabroadtoaddresstheissueofthewesternPacificsubtropicalhigh(tobesimplifiedasWPSH),especiallyforsummer.Thestudyisroughlydividedintothreeaspects[1]:ThefirstonedealswiththepatternwithwhichtheWPSHvaries,whichstudiestheshape,structure,natureandtemporal/spatialchangesetc.;thesecondonediscussesawidescopeoffactorsgoverningtheactivityof…     

INTERDECADAL CHANGE IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOUTH CHINA SPRING RAINFALL AND PRECEDING-SUMMER WARM POOL OCEAN HEAT CONTENT

South China spring rainfall (SCSR) is a unique feature during the seasonal transition from the winter half-year to summer half-year. Abnormal SCSR has great impacts on crop harvests. Seeking previous predictability sources, particularly persistent precursors, is of practical importance in the seasonal prediction of SCSR. The present study investigates the relationship between SCSR and preceding-summer warm pool ocean heat content (WPHC). The SCSR-WPHC relationship is not stationary and has a remarkable interdecadal change around 1983. Before 1983, SCSR and preceding-summer WPHC have a close relationship, with a temporal correlation coefficient (TCC) of ?0.54. After 1983, the relationship disappears, with a TCC of ?0.18. It is further found that the WPHC-associated sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) pattern in the simultaneous spring during the two periods presents dissimilar evolutionary features. Before 1983, a La Ni?a-like SSTA presents a fast transition during the winter and alters to a developing El Ni?o during the following spring. The warm SSTA is confined to a limited region over the eastern Pacific. Therefore, the rainfall and circulation responses over the equatorial Maritime Continent are relatively weak. In turn, the Rossby wave response in terms of the cyclonic anomaly to the Maritime Continent diabatic heating is weak and confined to the South China Sea and Philippine Sea, which leads to high pressure and suppressed rainfall over south China, establishing an intimate SCSR–WPHC relationship. However, after 1983, because the La Ni?a-like SSTA pattern can persist for more than a year, the rainfall diabatic heating over the Maritime Continent during springtime is enhanced, resulting in a much larger cyclonic response over East Asia but insignificant rainfall anomalies over south China. Therefore, the SCSR–WPHC relationship becomes weak. Wavelet analysis suggests that the change in the dominant period of WPHC variation is probably responsible for the different SSTA evolutions and corresponding atmospheric responses.     

中国西北干旱区年降雨量的时空变化

通过对中国西部地区６８个站３０年年降雨量的分析，把中国西部划分为６个降雨量性质不相关的区。通过对西北３个区的分析，把年降雨量划分为８种不同的空间分布类型。分析表明，控制中国西北干旱区的天气系统主要为西风系统。在过去的３０年间，西北干旱区的气候并非都是变得越来越干，不同的地区变化情况不同。     

EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND ITS DIURNAL VARIATION ON DIURNAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL: A PARTITIONING ANALYSIS BASED ON SURFACE RAINFALL BUDGET

The effects of sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation on diurnal variation of rainfall are examined in this study by analyzing a series of equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments which are imposed with zero large-scale vertical velocity.The grid rainfall simulation data are categorized into eight rainfall types based on rainfall processes including water vapor convergence/divergence,local atmospheric drying/moistening,and hydrometeor loss/convergence or gain/divergence.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the increase in SST from 27°C to 29°C during the nighttime,whereas they are decreased during the daytime.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased as the SST increases from 29°C to 31°C but the decreases are larger during the nighttime than during the daytime.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased by the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with diurnal difference of 1°C during the nighttime,but the decreases are significantly slowed down as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1°C to 2°C.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST during the daytime.     

广西早春旱大气环流特征及其成因分析

研究了广西早春旱的大气环流特征和成因的物理原因。指出，澳大利亚高空的高压、副热带高压、热带对流活动及欧亚大陆高压脊等是影响广西早春旱的主要天气系统。早春旱年的南半球及中低纬度的环流系统主要是强澳大利亚高空高压、强副热带高压；中高纬是强高空西风急流，欧亚大陆高压脊偏西，冷空气活动路径偏东。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ENSO AND ITS INFLUENCE ON RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINY SEASON IN FUJIAN

1INTRODUCTIONInsummarizingclimotologicalfactorsforprecipitationintherainingseasonsofChina,Lietal.presentedfiveanomaliesthatcouldaffecttheseasonalprecipitation,namely,SSTintheequatorialeasternPacific,thermalconditionsovertheQinghai-TibetanPlateau,Asianmonsoon,mid-latitudeblockinghighandWestPacificsubtropicalhigh.NotonlysubjecttothedirecteffectofmaritimethermalconditionsoftheWestPacific,thesubtropicalhighisalsoinfluencedbythegeneralcirculationandunderlyingsurfacefromtheotherfourfactors…