Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from three paddy rice based cultivation systems in Southwest China

To understand methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from permanently flooded rice paddy fields and to develop mitigation options, a field experiment was conducted in situ for two years (from late 2002 to early 2005) in three rice-based cultivation systems, which are a permanently flooded rice field cultivated with a single time and followed by a non-rice season (PF), a rice-wheat rotation system (RW) and a rice-rapeseed rotation system (RR) in a hilly area in Southwest China. The results showed that the total CH4 emissions from PF were 646.3±52.1 and 215.0±45.4 kg CH4 hm-2 during the rice-growing period and non-rice period, respectively. Both values were much lower than many previous reports from similar regions in Southwest China. The CH4 emissions in the rice-growing season were more intensive in PF, as compared to RW and RR. Only 33% of the total annual CH4 emission in PF occurred in the non-rice season, though the duration of this season is two times longer than the rice season. The annual mean N2O flux in PF was 4.5±0.6 kg N2O hm-2 yr-1. The N2O emission in the rice-growing season was also more intensive than in the non-rice season, with only 16% of the total annual emission occurring in the non-rice season. The amounts of N2O emission in PF were ignorable compared to the CH4 emission in terms of the global warming potential (GWP). Changing PF to RW or RR not only eliminated CH4 emissions in the non-rice season, but also substantially reduced the CH4 emission during the following rice-growing period (ca. 58%, P<0.05). However, this change in cultivation system substantially increased N2O emissions, especially in the non-rice season, by a factor of 3.7 to 4.5. On the 100-year horizon, the integrated GWP of total annual CH4 and N2O emissions satisfies PF>>RR≈RW. The GWP of PF is higher than that of RW and RR by a factor of 2.6 and 2.7, respectively. Of the total GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions, CH4 emission contributed to 93%, 65% and 59% in PF, RW and RR, respectively. These results suggest that changing PF to RW and RR can substantially reduce not only CH4 emission but also the total GWP of the CH4 and N2O emissions.     

中国南京与美国德克萨斯稻田甲烷排放的比较

Field measurements of methane emission from rice paddies were made in Nanjing, China and in Texas, USA, respectively. Soil temperature at approximately 10 cm depth of the flooded soils was automatically recorded. Aboveground biomass of rice crop was measured approximately every 10 days in Nanjing and every other week in Texas. Seasonal variation of soil temperature in Nanjing was quite wide with a magnitude of 15.3℃ and that in Texas was narrow with a magnitude of 2.9℃. Analysis of methane emission fluxes against soil temperature and rice biomass production demonstrated that the seasonal course of methane emission in Nanjing was mostly attributed to soil temperature changes, while that in Texas was mainly related to rice biomass production. We concluded that under the permanent flooding condition, the seasonal trend of methane emission would be determined by the soil temperature where there was a wide variation of soil temperature, and the seasonal trend would be mainly determined by rice biomass production if there are no additional organic matter inputs and the variation of soil temperature over the rice growing season is small.     

Temporal Variation and Source Identification of Black Carbon at Lin'an and Longfengshan Regional Background Stations in China

Black carbon(BC) is a component of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)), associated with climate, weather, air quality,and people's health. However, studies on temporal variation of atmospheric BC concentration at background stations in China and its source area identification are lacking. In this paper, we use 2-yr BC observations from two background stations, Lin'an(LAN) and Longfengshan(LFS), to perform the investigation. The results show that the mean diurnal variation of BC has two significant peaks at LAN while different characteristics are found in the BC variation at LFS, which are probably caused by the difference in emission source contributions. Seasonal variation of monthly BC shows double peaks at LAN but a single peak at LFS. The annual mean concentrations of BC at LAN and LFS decrease by 1.63 and 0.26 μg m–3 from 2009 to 2010, respectively. The annual background concentration of BC at LAN is twice higher than that at LFS. The major source of the LAN BC is industrial emission while the source of the LFS BC is residential emission. Based on transport climatology on a 7-day timescale, LAN and LFS stations are sensitive to surface emissions respectively in belt or approximately circular area, which are dominated by summer monsoon or colder land air flows in Northwest China. In addition, we statistically analyze the BC source regions by using BC observation and FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model(FLEXPART) simulation. In summer, the source regions of BC are distributed in the northwest and south of LAN and the southwest of LFS. Low BC concentration is closely related to air mass from the sea. In winter, the source regions of BC are concentrated in the west and south of LAN and the northeast of the threshold area of stot at LFS. The cold air mass in the northwest plays an important role in the purification of atmospheric BC. On a yearly scale, sources of BC are approximately from five provinces in the northwest/southeast of LAN and the west of LFS. These findings are helpful in reducing BC emission and controlling air pollution.     

Surface Trace Gases at a Rural Site between the Megacities of Beijing and Tianjin

The North China Plain （NCP） has recently faced serious air quality problems as a result of enhanced gas pollutant emissions due to the process of urbanization and rapid economic growth. To explore regional air pollu- tion in the NCP, measurements of surface ozone （O3）, nitrogen oxides （NOx）, and sulfur dioxide （SO2） were car- ried out from May to November 2013 at a rural site （Xianghe） between the twin megacities of Beijing and Tianjin. The highest hourly ozone average was close to 240 ppbv in May, followed by around 160 ppbv in June and July. High ozone episodes were more notable than in 2005 and were mainly associated with air parcels from the city cluster in the hinterland of the polluted NCP to the southwest of the site. For NOx, an important ozone precur- sor, the concentrations ranged from several ppbv to nearly 180 ppbv in the summer and over 400 ppbv in the fall. The occurrence of high NOx concentrations under calm condi- tions indicated that local emissions were dominant in Xianghe. The double-peak diurnal pattern found in NOx concentrations and NO/NOx ratios was probably shaped by local emissions, photochemical removal, and dilution re- sulting from diurnal variations of surface wind speed and the boundary layer height. A pronounced SO2 daytime peak was noted and attributed to downward mixing from an SO2-rich layer above, while the SO2-polluted air mass transported from possible emission sources, which differed between the non-heating （September and October） and heating （November） periods, was thought to be responsible for night-time high concentrations.     

THE RADIATIVE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS OVER CHINA AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO SOURCE EMISSION

In this paper,the RIEMS 2.0 model,source emission in 2006 and 2010 are used to simulate the distributions and radiative effects of different anthropogenic aerosols over China.The comparison between the results forced by source emissions in 2006 and 2010 also reveals the sensitivity of the radiative effects to source emission.The results are shown as follows:(1) Compared with those in 2006,the annual average surface concentration of sulfate in 2010 decreased over central and eastern China with a range of-5 to 0 μg/m~3;the decrease of annual average aerosol optical depth of sulfate over East China varied from 0.04 to 0.08;the annual average surface concentrations of BC,OC and nitrate increased over central and eastern China with maximums of 10.90,11.52 and 12.50μg/m~3,respectively;the annual aerosol optical depths of BC,OC and nitrate increased over some areas of East China with extremes of 0.006,0.007 and 0.008,respectively.(2)For the regional average results in 2010,the radiative forcings of sulfate,BC,OC,nitrate and their total net radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere over central and eastern China were-0.64,0.29,-0.41,-0.33 and-1.1 W/m~2,respectively.Compared with those in 2006,the radiative forcings of BC and OC in 2010 were both enhanced,while that of sulfate and the net radiative forcing were both weakened over East China mostly.(3)The reduction of the cooling effect of sulfate in 2010 produced a warmer surface air temperature over central and eastern China;the maximum value was 0.25 K.The cooling effect of nitrate was also slightly weakened.The warming effect of BC was enhanced over most of the areas in China,while the cooling effect of OC was enhanced over the similar area,particularly the area between Yangtze and Huanghe Rivers.The net radiative effect of the four anthropogenic aerosols generated the annual average reduction and the maximum reduction were-0.096 and-0.285 K,respectively,for the surface temperature in 2006,while in 2010 they were-0.063 and-0.256 K,respectively.In summary,the change in source emission lowered the cooling effect of anthropogenic aerosols,mainly because of the enhanced warming effect of BC and weakened cooling effect of scattering aerosols.     

Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice-wheat rotation as affected by crop residue incorporation and temperature

Field measurements were made from June 2001 to May 2002 to evaluate the effect of crop residue application and temperature on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions within an entire rice-wheat rotation season.Rapeseed cake and wheat straw were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 2.25 t hm-2 when the rice crop was transplanted in June 2001. Compared with the control, the incorporation of rapeseed cake enhanced the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the rice-growing season by 12.3%, 252.3%, and 17.5%,respectively, while no further effect was held on the emissions of CO2 and N2O in the following wheatgrowing season. The incorporation of wheat straw enhanced the emissions of CO2 and CH4 by 7.1%and 249.6%, respectively, but reduced the N2O emission by 18.8% in the rice-growing season. Significant reductions of 17.8% for the CO2 and of 12.9% for the N2O emission were observed in the following wheatgrowing season. A positive correlation existed between the emissions of N2O and CO2 (R2 = 0.445, n =73, p ＜ 0.001) from the rice-growing season when N2O was emitted. A trade-off relationship between the emissions of CH4 and N2O was found in the rice-growing season. The CH4 emission was significantly correlated with the CO2 emission for the period from rice transplantation to field drainage, but not for the entire rice-growing season. In addition, air temperature was found to regulate the CO2 emissions from the non-waterlogged period over the entire rice-wheat rotation season and the N2O emissions from the nonwaterlogged period of the rice-growing season, which can be quantitatively described by an exponential function. The temperature coefficient (Q10) was then evaluated to be 2.3±0.2 for the CO2 emission and 3.9±0.4 for the N2O emission, respectively.     

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agro-Ecosystems and Their Contribution to Environmental Change in the Indus Basin of Pakistan

There is growing concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have been responsible for global warming through their effect on radiation balance and temperature. The magnitude of emissions and the relative importance of different sources vary widely, regionally and locally. The Indus Basin of Pakistan is the food basket of the country and agricultural activities are vulnerable to the effects of global warming due to accelerated emissions of GHGs. Many developments have taken place in the agricultural sector of Pakistan in recent decades in the background of the changing role of the government and the encouragement of the private sector for investment in new ventures. These interventions have considerable GHG emission potential. Unfortunately, no published information is currently available on GHG concentrations in the Indus Basin to assess their magnitude and emission trends. The present study is an attempt to estimate GHG （CO2, CH4 and N2O） emissions arising from different agro-ecosystems of Indus Basin. The GHGs were estimated mostly using the IPCC Guidelines and data from the published literature. The results showed that CH4 emissions were the highest （4.126 Tg yr^-1） followed by N20 （0.265 Tg yr^-1） and CO2 （52.6 Tg yr^-1）. The sources of CH4 are enteric fermentation, rice cultivation and cultivation of other crops. N2O is formed by microbial denitrification of NO3 produced from applied fertilizer-N on cropped soils or by mineralization of native organic matter on fallow soils. CO2 is formed by the burning of plant residue and by soil respiration due to the decomposition of soil organic matter.     

Vertical Evolution of Boundary Layer Volatile Organic Compounds in Summer over the North China Plain and the Differences with Winter

The vertical observation of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) is an important means to clarify the mechanisms of ozone formation. To explore the vertical evolution of VOCs in summer, a field campaign using a tethered balloon during summer photochemical pollution was conducted in Shijiazhuang from 8 June to 3 July 2019. A total of 192 samples were collected, 23 vertical profiles were obtained, and the concentrations of 87 VOCs were measured. The range of the total VOC concentration was 41–48 ppbv below 600 m. It then slightly increased above 600 m, and rose to 58 ± 52 ppbv at 1000 m.The proportion of alkanes increased with height, while the proportions of alkenes, halohydrocarbons and acetylene decreased. The proportion of aromatics remained almost unchanged. A comparison with the results of a winter field campaign during 8–16 January 2019 showed that the concentrations of all VOCs in winter except for halohydrocarbons were more than twice those in summer. Alkanes accounted for the same proportion in winter and summer. Alkenes,aromatics, and acetylene accounted for higher proportions in winter, while halohydrocarbons accounted for a higher proportion in summer. There were five VOC sources in the vertical direction. The proportions of gasoline vehicular emissions + industrial sources and coal burning were higher in winter. The proportions of biogenic sources + long-range transport, solvent usage, and diesel vehicular emissions were higher in summer. From the surface to 1000 m, the proportion of gasoline vehicular emissions + industrial sources gradually increased.     

Distribution and source apportionment of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from atmospheric particulate matter PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in Beijing

A total of 11 PM2.5 samples were collected from October 2003 to October 2004 at 8 sampling sites in Beijing city. The PM2.5 concentrations are all above the PM2.5 pollution standard （65 μg m^-3） established by Environmental Protection Agency, USA （USEPA） in 1997 except for the Ming Tombs site. PM2.5 concentrations in winter are much higher than in summer. The 16 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） listed as priority pollutants by USEPA in PM2.5 were completely identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） with variable wavelength detector （VWD） and fluorescence detector （FLD） employed. The PM2.5 concentrations indicate that the pollution situation is still serious in Beijing. The sum of 16 PAHs concentrations ranged from 22.17 to 5366 ng m^-3. The concentrations of the heavier molecular weight PAHs have a different pollution trend from the lower PAHs. Seasonal variations were mainly attributed to the difference in coal combustion emission and meteorological conditions. The source apportionment analysis suggests that PAHs from PM2.5 in Beijing city mainly come from coal combustion and vehicle exhaust emission. New measures about restricting coal combustion and vehicle exhaust must be established as soon as possible to improve the air pollution situation in Beijing city.     

Impact of Aircraft NOx Emission on NOx and Ozone over China

A three-dimensional global chemistry transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of subsonic aircraft NOx emission on NOz and ozone over China in terms of a year 2000 scenario of subsonic aircraft NOx emission. The results show that subsonic aircraft NOx emission significantly affects northern China, which makes NOx at 250 hPa increase by about 50 pptv with the highest percentage of 60% in January, and leading to an ozone increase of 8 ppbv with 5% relative change in April. The NOx increase is mainly attributed to the transport process, but ozone increase is produced by the chemical process. The NOx increases by less than 10 pptv by virtue of subsonic aircraft NOx emission over China,and ozone changes less than 0.4 ppbv. When subsonic aircraft NOx emission over China is doubled, its influence is still relatively small.     

可持续发展背景下的黑碳减排

 黑碳气溶胶是环境大气中浓度较低的一种气溶胶粒子组分,因其对光的吸收作用,及其对空气质量和人体健康的影响,而成为当前国际气候变化和环境研究中关注的热点问题之一。本文围绕黑碳的减排问题,介绍黑碳的来源、全球分布,讨论全球温室气体减排和区域空气质量控制对黑碳减排的影响,综述控制和改善燃烧条件、减少开放式生物质燃烧和黑碳封存等减排黑碳的措施。文章还分析了黑碳未能成为全球减排共识的原因,并对中国有关黑碳减排的政策选择提出了建议。     

Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980�C2010 period

Several different inventories of global and regional anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions are assessed for the 1980?C2010 period. The species considered in this study are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and black carbon. The inventories considered include the ACCMIP historical emissions developed in support of the simulations for the IPCC AR5 assessment. Emissions for 2005 and 2010 from the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are also included. Large discrepancies between the global and regional emissions are identified, which shows that there is still no consensus on the best estimates for surface emissions of atmospheric compounds. At the global scale, anthropogenic emissions of CO, NO_x and SO₂ show the best agreement for most years, although agreement does not necessarily mean that uncertainty is low. The agreement is low for BC emissions, particularly in the period prior to 2000. The best consensus is for NO_x emissions for all periods and all regions, except for China, where emissions in 1980 and 1990 need to be better defined. Emissions of CO need better quantification in the USA and India for all periods; in Central Europe, the evolution of emissions during the past two decades needs to be better determined. The agreement between the different SO₂ emissions datasets is rather good for the USA, but better quantification is needed elsewhere, particularly for Central Europe, India and China. The comparisons performed in this study show that the use of RCP8.5 for the extension of the ACCMIP inventory beyond 2000 is reasonable, until more global or regional estimates become available. Concerning biomass burning emissions, most inventories agree within 50?C80%, depending on the year and season. The large differences between biomass burning inventories are due to differences in the estimates of burned areas from the different available products, as well as in the amount of biomass burned.     

东南亚生物质燃烧对我国霾和降水的影响

基于生物质燃烧排放源清单、地面观测和数值模式对东南亚中南半岛生物质燃烧气溶胶的排放特征,以及其在2020年春季对我国云南地区霾天气和南方前汛期降水过程的影响进行了分析.结果 表明:中南半岛生物质燃烧气溶胶排放主要集中于每年3-4月,排放峰值时段集中于3月下旬至4月上旬,主要排放区域为缅甸东部和老挝北部.中南半岛生物质燃...     

"黑碳的农业与生活源排放对东亚气候、空气质量的影响及其气候-健康效益评估"项目中期研究进展

国家重点研发计划“黑碳的农业与生活源排放对东亚气候、空气质量的影响及其气候-健康效益评估”课题的中期研究进展可归纳如下:1)针对观测和实验平台,课题组进行了针对飞机气路的重新设计和改装,加装了用于航测的大气黑碳(BC)、气溶胶光学、细颗粒物粒径谱、颗粒物组分及气体组分来源示踪相关仪器,对飞机设备进行了质量控制,并设计了针对课题研究的新飞行方案。搭建了多套源排放模拟燃烧实验平台和监测系统。2)开展了基于飞机和飞艇的针对华北、华中、长三角及山东地区的黑碳垂直廓线观测。通过空地联合观测,捕捉到了华北和华中等地跨区域的黑碳大气传输过程,探讨了传输的机制。3)组织了多次农村能源消耗调查。基于室内实验初步研究了民用燃料(煤和生物质)排放气溶胶的数浓度和单颗粒气溶胶(包括黑碳)组成、混合状态、实时演化特性。初步构建了中国民用燃煤和生物质燃烧的多污染物(包括黑碳)1 km×1 km排放清单。4)建立了黑碳的光学特性和混合特性模型。采用在线大气化学耦合模式(WRF-Chem)针对黑碳气溶胶对气象要素和边界层发展的影响进行模拟,探讨了黑碳-边界层相互作用机制对地面臭氧浓度的影响,揭示了黑碳对空气污染加剧/减弱影响的物理和化学机制。改进了地球系统模式,为后期开展黑碳气溶胶辐射效应的研究打下了坚实的技术基础。5)在北京和成都市开展了黑碳浓度对居民中不同类人群的呼吸及循环系统死亡率的影响研究,开展了黑碳浓度对居民急诊就诊人数的影响研究,分析了黑碳的健康效应。     

武汉市大气污染源排放清单及分布特征研究

以武汉市为研究区域,基于实地调查获得典型行业污染源活动水平,以大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南为参考,利用排放因子法建立2014年武汉市大气污染源排放清单,并结合经纬度、人口密度分布、土地利用类型、道路长度等数据将排放清单进行了3 km×3 km网格化处理.结果表明,2014年武汉市SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO、BC、OC、VOCs和NH₃排放量分别为10.3、17.0、16.3、7.1、63.1、0.6、0.4、19.8和1.6万t.固定燃烧源为SO₂排放的主要来源,其贡献率约64%;移动源为NO_x的主要来源,其贡献率约51%;颗粒物排放主要来源于扬尘源和工艺过程源;CO和VOCs主要来源于工艺过程源,BC和OC排放均以移动源和生物质燃烧源为主,NH₃排放主要来自农业源.污染物排放主要集中在青山区至新洲区一带.     

非洲地区大气气溶胶光学厚度时空变化及亚速尔高压对沙尘越大西洋传输的影响

研究了非洲地区大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的时空变化及沙尘气溶胶越大西洋海区的传输。结果表明：1）源于撒哈拉沙漠的沙尘及其随赤道东风向西输送使得沙尘气溶胶成为非洲沙漠地区和紧邻的大西洋海区的主要气溶胶组分;AOD高值区和沙尘气溶胶光学厚度高值区在1—7月随赤道辐合带北移同步向北移动,而在8—12月则向南回撤。2）刚果盆地大气气溶胶主要为热带雨林和稀树草原排放的有机碳（OC）和黑碳（BC）气溶胶;其中与生物质燃烧源排放有关的OC、BC高值主要集中在干季（6—9月）的后半段（8—9月）;而生物源OC排放全年连续,其排放峰值出现于雨季开始时;生物质燃烧排放高值期与生物源排放高值期前后相继,形成干季（尤其是后半段）时期的OC、BC光学厚度高值。3）亚马逊河入海口地区主要气溶胶组分为海盐气溶胶,9—11月该区风力输送增强,风向由东南风转变为东风,海盐进入亚马逊河入海口处,形成AOD和海盐气溶胶光学厚度高值区。4）撒哈拉沙漠沙尘气溶胶向大西洋传输的偏北月份为7—9月、偏南月份为1—3月;2000—2016年海区沙尘气溶胶的传输路径存在向南移动的变化趋势,与同期亚速尔高压的增强和沙尘传输路径以北北风分量的增强以及赤道辐合带的移动一致。上述研究结果揭示了利用大气气溶胶时空变化特征反映区域大气环流和气候变化的可能性。     

Analysis of VOC emissions using PCA/APCS receptor model at city of Shanghai,China

Qualification of the sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on city air pollution are crucial issues to develop an effective air pollution control strategy in many polluted large cities of China. In this study, the VOC concentrations measured in Shanghai, China from 2006 to 2008 are analyzed. A receptor model (PCA/APCS; Principal Component Analysis/Absolute Principal Component Scores) is applied for identifying the contributions of individual VOC sources to VOC concentrations. Using the PCA/APCS technique, five and four surrogated VOC sources are classified in the center of Shanghai city in summer and in winter. In summer, the five VOC sources include PCs1 (liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas leakage and gasoline evaporation), PCs2 (vehicle related emissions), PCs3 (solvent usages), PCs4 (industrial productions), and PCs5 (biomass/biofuel/coal burning and other natural sources). In winter, the four VOC sources include PCw1 (liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas leakage and gasoline evaporation), PCw2 (solvent usages and industrial productions), PCw3 (vehicle related emissions), and PCw4 (biomass/biofuel/coal burning). The result suggests that during summer, 24, 28, 17, 18, and 13% of the measured VOC concentrations were estimated due to the PCs1, PCs2, PCs3, PCs4, and PCs5 VOC sources, respectively. During winter, 17, 48, 23, and 12% of the measured VOC concentrations were attributed to the PCw1, PCw2, PCw3, and PCw4 VOC sources, respectively. For aromatic concentrations, 35% of the concentrations were resulted from solvent usage (PCs3), following by industrial productions (PCs4) of 27%, and vehicle emissions (PCs2) of 19%. For alkene concentrations, the two largest contributors were due to gasoline industrial and vehicle emissions in both summer and winter. For alkane concentrations, the largest sources were due to gasoline industrial emissions (PCs1) and vehicle emissions (PCs2) in summer. In winter, vehicle emissions (PCw3), solvent usages/industrial productions (PCw2), and gasoline industrial emissions (PCw1) were the major sources. For halo-hydrocarbon concentrations, biomass/biofuel/coal burning and other natural sources were the major sources in both summer and winter.     

Trace elements in tropical African savanna biomass burning aerosols

As a part of the FOS/DECAFE experiment, aerosol particles emitted during prescribed savanna fires were collected in January 1991 at Lamto (Ivory Coast), either close to the emission or in ambient air. Analytical transmission electron microscopy pointed out the presence of sub-micrometer soots, salt condensates, vegetation relicts and soil derived particles. The samples were also analyzed for their total particulate matter (TPM) content and elemental composition by PIXE or XRF. At the emission, high concentrations of soil derived elements (Fe and Al) pointed out an intense remobilization process during the fires. Biomass burning emissions contributed to more than 90% of the measured concentrations, of P, Cl, S, K, Cu and Zn, which were found primarily in the fine fraction with the exception of P. Near the emission, K was mainly present as KCl, evolving to K₂SO₄ in the ambient samples. Trace elements emission factors were obtained for the first time for the African savanna burning and their annual emissions were estimated: our median K emission factor (0.78 g/kg of C) is higher than estimates for other ecosystems (0.2–0.58 g/kg of C); Zn emissions (0.008 Tg/year) account for 4 to 11% of the global anthropogenic emissions.     

秸秆燃烧对北京秋季气溶胶浓度和短波辐射影响的模拟研究

利用地面细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学—天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7～11日的一次重霾事件及其天气形势、边界层气象特征、输送路径、PM2.5及其化学成分浓度变化等特征,以及秸秆燃烧对华北和北京地区细颗粒物浓度和地面短波辐射的影响。与观测资料的对比结果显示,模式可以很好地模拟北京地区地面气象要素和PM2.5质量浓度,考虑秸秆燃烧排放源可以明显改进北京PM2.5浓度模拟的准确性,但在重度污染情况下,模式总体上低估气溶胶光学厚度和高估地面短波辐射。10月7～11日北京地区重霾事件主要是不利气象条件下人为污染物累积和区域输送造成,也受到华北地区南部秸秆燃烧的影响。河南北部、河北南部和山东西部大面积秸秆燃烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物在南风的作用下输送至北京,秸秆燃烧对北京地区地面PM2.5、有机碳（OC）、硝酸盐、铵盐、硫酸盐和黑碳（BC）的平均贡献率分别为24.6%、36.8%、23.2%、22.6%、7.1%和19.8%,秸秆燃烧产生的气溶胶可以导致北京地面平均短波辐射最大减小超过20 W m－2,约占总气溶胶导致地表短波辐射变化的24%。     

露天生物质燃烧对地面PM2.5浓度的影响评估

利用MODIS火点、土地类型、植被覆盖、生物质载荷和排放因子等数据产品,开发了露天生物质燃烧排放模型,并将其嵌入空气质量模式WRF-CUACE,通过敏感性试验定量评估了露天生物质燃烧对中国地面PM_2.5浓度的影响。研究设计了3种模拟方案,比较模式评估结果发现修订后的方案能更好地模拟PM_2.5浓度。结果表明:2014年10月露天生物质燃烧主要集中在我国东北、华南和西南地区,其对PM_2.5月平均浓度的贡献达30~60 μg·m-3,局地甚至超过100 μg·m-3;华北、华东和华南地区生物质燃烧对PM_2.5月平均浓度的贡献达5~20 μg·m-3。从相对贡献看,东北大部分地区生物质燃烧对地面PM_2.5浓度的贡献超过50%,华南地区达20%~50%,西南局部地区甚至超过60%;华北、华中以及华东地区相对较低,平均相对贡献达10%~20%。生物质燃烧越严重的地区,其产生的PM_2.5中二次气溶胶的贡献占比越小,反之亦然。