高寒金露梅灌丛草甸植被反射率特征

根据祁连山海北高寒金露梅灌丛草甸2004年观测的太阳总辐射和反射辐射资料,分析了高寒金露梅灌丛草甸植被反射率（A）的变化特征。结果表明,金露梅灌丛草甸A在日间或一年间均表现出＂U＂型变化规律,晴天、昙天和阴云天气状况下的早晚略有差异,中午前后的A值三者无明显差异。季节不同下垫面性质不同的影响,A的分布不同。海北高寒金露梅灌丛草甸A的月平均在植物生长季内5～9月为0.15,植物非生长季的10月～翌年4月为0.20,年平均A为0.18。     

高寒植被类型及其植物生产力的监测

监测并分析了高寒草甸二种不同植被类型的生态环境条件、植物种类组成、生物量变化规律及其差异。研究表明：距离相近且海拔高度基本相同的矮蒿草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸二种群落内部,由于受地形部位影响,虽然降水基本相同,但地表受热及蒸发量不同,土壤湿度存在明显差异。受上述环境条件特别是受土壤温湿度条件的限制,二种群落内的植物种类不同,地下、地上生物量的变化也不同,一般在山地阴坡主要分布着以金露梅灌丛为优势种外,多以线叶蒿草、小蒿草、羊茅、及其它杂草类为伴生种的金露梅灌丛草甸植被类型,而主要分布于滩地的矮蒿草草甸多以垂穗披碱草等植物为伴生种的湿中性植被类型,属典型的高寒草甸植被类型。生物量监测结果的比较分析表明,群落的地上生物量为：矮蒿草草甸 > 金露梅灌丛草甸;地下生物量随植被类型的不同,其峰值与谷值出现时间不一致。年内地下净生产量为：金露梅灌丛草甸 > 矮蒿草草甸。地下生产量周转值为：矮蒿草草甸 > 金露梅灌丛草甸。     

三种高寒草甸植被分布及与湍流交换通量关系的比较

对海北定位站分布的金露梅灌丛草甸、矮嵩草草甸、藏嵩草沼泽化草甸3种高寒植被类型群落结构、感热(H)和潜热(LE)通量比较观测表明,3种植被类型年地上净初级生产力表现出矮嵩草草甸(318.600g/m2)>藏嵩草沼泽化草甸(258.341g/m2)>金露梅灌丛草甸(217.695g/m2)。植物种类组成有矮嵩草草甸(54种)>金露梅灌丛草甸(47种)>沼泽草甸(24种)。3种植被类型区近地表大气能量交换过程中,LE和H的月际变化明显,而且随植被类型的不同月际变化差异显著。3种不同植被类型在年内均表现出H LE>0,表明在青海海北高寒草甸地区,太阳辐射强烈,近地层湍流输送明显,地表为一热源。3类型高寒草甸植被的年地上净生产量基本与波文比(β)呈现正效应,与LE H呈现明显的反效应。植物种类组成基本与LE H有反效应,与β呈明显的正效应。     

雅鲁藏布江源头区的植被及其地理分布特征

雅鲁藏布江源头区是国家级重要生态功能区,该区域自然背景资料极为缺乏。2002—06和2002—11,结合遥感影像数据,对源头区主要河谷典型地理环境位点植被进行了2次地面踏勘。结果表明：源头区主要植被类型有高寒草原、高寒草甸、高寒灌丛以及高寒垫状植物和流石坡植物。高寒草原类型主要有紫花针茅(Stipa pur purea)草原、青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)草原、固沙草(Orinus thoroldii)草原、藏白蒿(Artemisia younghusbandii)草原、藏沙蒿(Artemisia weiibyi)草原。高寒草甸主要类型有高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸、藏北嵩草(Kobresia littledalei)、三角草(Trikeraia hookeri)草甸。高寒灌丛的主要建群种有小叶金露梅(Potentilla parvifolia)、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)和变色锦鸡儿(Caragana versicolor)。在雪线附近有由多种高寒植物组成的垫状植物群落和流石坡稀疏植物。对群落的物种组成,分布区的土壤、水分等生态要素以及植被地理格局进行了概括性描述。     

青藏高原典型植被土壤溶解性氮与植物量相关性分析

研究区域位于中国生态网络海北高寒草甸生态系统定位研究站,选取青藏高原典型植被禾草-矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸,对其土壤速效无机氮(IN)/溶解性有机氮(DON)储量与植物量相关性进行分析,发现三种草地土壤IN储量同地上植物量具有正相关性,其中灌丛相关系数高于草甸;地带性植被(禾草-矮嵩草草甸)土壤IN储量同地上植物量之间的相关性高于其偏途演替阶段(小嵩草草甸);土壤溶解性有机氮的消耗同地上植物量的形成具有一定程度的正相关性,其中小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸达到中度相关水平,禾草-矮嵩草草甸为低度相关水平;地下根系现存量同IN/DON之间均没有明显的相关关系.说明土壤IN/DON对地上植物量的形成可能具有一定程度的贡献,如果这一论断成立,那么研究其对植物量形成的贡献形式及过程将成为亟待解决的问题.     

祁连山高寒灌丛苔藓持水性能

苔藓层的持水性能是衡量林地蓄水能力大小的重要指标,对森林生态水文过程的研究极为重要。以祁连山南坡高寒灌丛苔藓层为研究对象,采用野外与室内实验相结合的方法,对苔藓层持水性能进行了研究。结果表明:5种灌丛中,山生柳灌丛苔藓蓄积量最大,依次为鬼箭锦鸡儿、金露梅、高山柳和沙棘灌丛。灌丛苔藓单位面积最大持水量为13 790~18 980 g·m-2,苔藓最大持水率为386.94%~782.51%,表明高寒灌丛苔藓具有很强的吸水性能。苔藓持水量随着浸泡时间的增加而增加,浸泡开始0.5 h后苔藓持水量显著增加,12 h后趋于稳定,苔藓持水量与浸泡时间呈显著自然对数关系。灌丛苔藓层吸水速率在浸泡2 h内急速下降,2~6 h内呈缓慢下降,6 h后吸水速率趋于饱和,苔藓的吸水速率与浸泡时间呈极显著幂函数关系。研究结果可为高寒山区生态环境保护提供资料,并为流域生态水文模型提供有效参数和经验公式。     

裸斑对青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草甸生态系统呼吸和甲烷吸收的影响

研究裸斑对青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草甸生态系统呼吸和甲烷通量的影响,对准确评估多年冻土区小流域和区域尺度碳交换具有重要意义。本文以青藏高原风火山高寒草甸中裸斑和高植被覆盖斑块为研究对象,通过对比不同地形条件下(不同坡向和海拔)二者生态系统呼吸和甲烷通量的差异来研究裸斑对高寒草甸生态系统呼吸和甲烷通量的影响。结果表明:(1)裸斑显著减少了高寒草甸的生态系统呼吸,裸斑和高植被覆盖斑块生长季生态系统呼吸的平均速率分别为2.26和6.17 g CO_(2 )m~(-2) d~(-1),这主要是二者微生物量碳和蔗糖酶活性差异造成的;(2)裸斑和高植被覆盖斑块在生长季内均表现为甲烷的汇,二者生长季甲烷吸收的平均速率分别为25.4和6.61μg CH_(4 )m~(-2) h~(-1);在坡中和坡顶,裸斑的甲烷吸收速率显著大于高植被覆盖斑块,而在坡底,二者的甲烷吸收速率相近;土壤湿度是调控高寒草甸甲烷吸收空间变异的主要因素。研究结果深化了裸斑对青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草甸碳交换影响的认识,可为小流域以及区域尺度碳交换的准确评估提供科学依据。     

祁连山东段山地典型灌丛枯落物及土壤水源涵养功能研究

为探讨高寒地区灌丛枯落物层及土壤层的水源涵养功能,以祁连山东段6种典型灌丛的枯落物和土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内浸泡相结合的方法,对枯落物及土壤水文特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)6种灌丛枯落物的蓄积量范围为0.23～3.61 t·hm-2,大小排序为山生柳>硬叶柳>绣线菊>金露梅>头花杜鹃>千里香杜鹃.(2)枯...     

盐水入侵及有机碳输入对河口淡水沼泽CH_4、N_2O通量影响的短时效应

为了探究盐水入侵及外源有机碳输入对河口潮汐淡水沼泽湿地生态系统甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)通量的影响,运用中型实验生态系模拟法,通过添加人造海水和醋酸盐,结合气相色谱测定,对闽江河口短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)潮汐淡水沼泽湿地生态系统CH_4和N_2O通量进行测定与分析。结果表明:1)盐分输入在短时内(24 h)显著抑制湿地CH_4排放通量(P0.05),有机碳输入显著促进CH_4排放通量(P0.05),盐水入侵耦合有机碳输入对CH_4排放无显著影响。2)盐分输入、有机碳输入及两者的耦合作用在短时内(24h)对湿地N_2O通量无显著影响。3)4种处理形式综合作用下,湿地CH_4排放通量与土壤电导率显著负相关(P0.05),N_2O通量与土壤pH表现为显著正相关(P0.05),与土壤Eh显著负相关(P0.05)。4)短时内各添加处理对CH_4和N_2O综合增温潜势无显著影响。     

基于 137Cs和 210Pbex方法的高寒草甸坡面土壤侵蚀示踪

高寒草甸是青藏高原主要的草地类型之一。为了解高寒草甸坡面土壤侵蚀特征,以兴海盆地高寒草甸坡面为研究区,分析了高寒草甸坡面上 137Cs和 210Pbex的分布特征;利用 137Cs和 210Pbex示踪方法,通过转换模型估算了高寒草甸坡面土壤侵蚀速率,并对两种方法估算的结果进行了对比。结果表明:(1)选取的高寒草甸背景土壤剖面上 137Cs质量活度最大值分布在 2～4 cm层位, 210Pbex质量活度最大值出现在最表层。(2)研究区坡面 137Cs和 210Pbex质量活度和通量在不同的坡位有明显的差异。(3)根据 210Pbex估算的土壤侵蚀速率高于基于 137Cs估算的土壤侵蚀速率,表明研究区近几十年土壤侵蚀可能呈增加趋势。(4)根据 137Cs和 210Pbex估算的土壤侵蚀速率具有极显著的正相关关系( r = 0.94,P <     

草盛期不同类型高寒草甸CO2释放速率的比较研究

Potentilla fruticosa scrub, Kobresia humilis meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4 September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO2 emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO2 emission rates from various treatments were 672.09±152.37 mgm^-2h^-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41±191.99 mgm^-2h^-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36±174.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95±237.02 mgm^-2h^-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48±205.67 mgm^-2h^-1 for GC (grass treatment); 268.97±99.72 mgm^-2h^-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore, Kobresia humilis meadow, Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO2 emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, in Kobresia hurnilis meadow,heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from GG; 49% and 51% from GC. In addition, root respiration from Kobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO2m^-2h^-1,contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period, Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 gm^-2 and 243.89 gm^-2 respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO2 emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and CO2 emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture maybe the inhibitory factor of CO2 emission from Kobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research     

Comparative study on CO2 emissionsfrom different types of alpine meadowsduring grass exuberance period

Potentilla fruticosa scrub, Kobresia humilis meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4 September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO2 emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO2 emission rates from various treatments were 672.09±152.37 mgm-2h-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41±191.99 mgm-2h-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36±174.83 mgm-2h-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95±237.02 mgm-2h-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48±205.67 mgm-2h-1 for GC (grass treatment); 268.97±99.72 mgm-2h-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm-2h-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore, Kobresia humilis meadow, Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO2 emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, in Kobresia humilis meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from GG; 49% and 51% from GC. In addition, root respiration from Kobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO2m-2h-1, contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period, Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 gm-2 and 243.89 gm-2, respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO2 emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and CO2 emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture may be the inhibitory factor of CO2 emission from Kobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research.     

青海海北高寒草甸五种植被生物量及环境条件比较

分析了高寒草甸不同植被类型植物种类组成、生物量变化规律及其差异。研究表明不同植被类型的分布与土壤湿度和温度有很大的关系。藏篙草草甸、金露梅灌丛草甸、矮篙草草甸、正恢复的矮篙草草甸、小嵩草草甸这5种不同植被类型所对应的土壤湿度依次降低，而所对应的土壤温度依次升高；植物种类数量表现为矮嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞小篙草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸＞藏篙草草甸。地上生物量高低依次为小嵩草革甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸＞藏篙草草甸；地下生物量则表现出金露梅灌丛革甸＞矮嵩草甸＞小篙草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸的特征，而其在年内的周转值表现出金露梅灌丛草甸＞正承复的矮嵩草草甸＞小篙草草甸＞矮篙草草甸;土壤有机质的季节变化表现为0—40cn整层土壤有机质含量小嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸，0—10cm的表层土壤有机质金露梅灌丛草甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞小嵩草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸。     

Comparative study on Co<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions from different types of alpine meadows during grass exuberance period

Potentilla fruticosa scrub,Kobresia humilis meadow andKobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4 September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO₂ emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO₂ emission rates from various treatments were 672.09±152.37 mgm^-2h^-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41± 191.99 mgm^-2h^-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36±174.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95±237.02 mgm^-2h^-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48±205.67 mgm^-2h^-1 for GC (grass treatment); 268.97±99.72 mgm^-2h^-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore,Kobresia humilis meadow,Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow andKobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO₂ emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, inKobresia humilis meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, inPotentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from GG; 49% and 51% from GC. In addition, root respiration fromKobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO₂m^-2h^-1, contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period,Kobresia humilis meadow andPotentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 gm^-2 and 243.89 gm^-2, respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO₂ emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture may be the inhibitory factor of CO₂ emission fromKobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research.     

人类活动影响下淡水沼泽湿地温室气体排放变化

利用静态箱/气相色谱法,研究了三江平原淡水沼泽湿地及垦殖农业利用下CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放变化。不同类型湿地生长季土壤呼吸速率以季节性积水的小叶章草甸最大,湿地垦殖后土壤呼吸速率明显增大。不同类型沼泽湿地CH₄排放在时空两个方面都有明显的变化,与土壤水分条件、植物群落类型和生长状况有密切关系。沼泽湿地及垦殖后农田土壤在植物生长季都为N₂O的源,常年积水沼泽湿地在植物生长季N₂O排放通量值较小,而土壤水分常年处于非饱和的草甸灌丛土壤N₂O排放相对较高,垦殖后农田土壤N₂O排放通量最大,沼泽湿地土壤N₂O排放通量与土壤温度呈正相关关系,而垦殖后农田土壤不显著。     

甘肃河西山地土壤有机碳储量及分布特征

山地土壤具有强异质性和较高的碳密度,研究山地土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征和影响因素,对理解未来气候变化情景下该区土壤碳-大气反馈具有重要意义。河西山地地形复杂,水热梯度明显,是研究土壤有机碳空间格局的理想区域。利用河西山地126个土壤剖面数据,分析了0~100 cm土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征及其与环境因素的关系。结果表明:河西山地0~100 cm土壤有机碳密度均值15.04±7.24 kg·m^-2,区域土壤有机碳储量1.37±0.66 Pg,其中50%储存在高寒草甸和亚高山灌丛草甸。研究区土壤有机碳密度从高到低依次为亚高山灌丛草甸(41.15±18.47 kg·m^-2)、山地草甸草原(40.26±9.59 kg·m^-2)、山地森林(34.57±14.52 kg·m^-2)、高寒草甸(29.19±14.58 kg·m^-2)、山地草原(19.28±11.33 kg·m^-2)、荒漠草原(9.83±4.14 kg·m^-2)、高寒草原(8.59±2.47 kg·m^-2)、高寒荒漠(5.89±3.18 kg·m^-2)、草原化荒漠(5.16±3.06 kg·m^-2)、温带荒漠(5.00±3.35 kg·m^-2)。土壤有机碳的空间分布与地形和气候因子显著相关。土壤有机碳密度随着海拔的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,阴坡土壤有机碳密度显著高于阳坡和半阴坡。土壤有机碳密度随年平均降水量增多而增多,随年平均温度的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。     

Display-sites selection by houbara bustard (Chlamydotis [undulata] macqueenii) in Mori, Xinjiang, People''s Republic of China

Display-site selection by houbara bustards was studied in Mori, Xinjiang, China during the breeding seasons from April to June 2000. Most of the habitats chosen for displaying were short sub-shrubby and open areas close to high shrub patches. The displaying males clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The vegetation density and number of plant species at display sites were significantly lower from that at randomly selected sites. The average distance to the closest shrub patch was significantly shorter at display sites than at random sites. Plant species richness, vegetative density, vegetative cover and distance to the shrub patches are possibly the most important factors that determined the display-sites selection of houbara bustard.     

2001—2017 年三江源区典型草地群落碳源/ 汇模拟及动态变化分析

碳源/汇是解释地球大气碳循环过程的重要指标,探究三江源的碳源/汇特征对于理解该地 区植被对全球气候变化的响应具有重要意义。三江源以脆弱的草地生态系统为主,且对全球气候 变化非常敏感。该地区生态环境极其脆弱,大部分地区条件恶劣导致实测数据稀缺,很难对该地 区的碳源/汇时空格局进行完整剖析。因此通过以三江源 5 种典型草地群落（金露梅、紫花针茅、风 毛菊、小蒿草、及青藏薹草群落）为研究对象,基于 BIOME-BGC 模型,利用地理数据、气象数据和植 被生理参数等数据,得出 2001—2017 年三江源草地群落的净初级生产力（NPP）、净生态系统生产 力（NEP）模拟值,并对草地群落 NPP、NEP 变化特征与气温、降水相关性以及碳利用效率变化等特 征进行了综合分析。结果表明：三江源区 NPP、NEP 在空间格局上,表现为由东南向西北数值逐渐 递减趋势;5 种典型草地群落多年 NPP 均呈现逐年增高趋势,其平均值为 196.06 g C·m ^-2·a ^-1。其 中,金露梅群落 NPP 平均值最高为 342.00 g C·m^-2·a^-1,青藏薹草群落 NPP 平均值最低为 55.93g C·m^-2·a^-1;5 种草地群落 NEP 的多年平均值为 49.02 g C·m^-2·a^-1,金露梅、紫花针茅及青藏薹草 3 种植 被群落的 NEP 值呈缓慢的上升趋势,风毛菊和小蒿草群落呈缓慢下降趋势。研究发现三江源草地 生态系统具有显著的碳汇作用,且不同群落 NPP、NEP 对气温和降水的响应程度有所差异,5 种群 落 NPP 与气温均呈显著正相关,但 NPP、NEP 与降水量的相关性较低;5 种群落均具有较强固碳潜 力,除金露梅外其余植被群落的碳利用率均在 0.625 以上。