含沙量对过饱和总溶解气体释放过程影响分析

高坝泄水常为高含沙水流,对含沙水体过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)释放规律的研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。为探讨泥沙含量以及紊动强度等特性对过饱和TDG释放过程的影响,设计了静置水柱、搅拌诱发紊动以及明渠水流3种实验条件,通过对不同含沙量工况下过饱和TDG释放过程的观测研究,分别计算各工况下的释放系数。结果表明,泥沙含量和紊动强度均对过饱和TDG的释放起着促进作用,而且随着含沙量和紊动强度的增大,释放系数逐渐增大。本研究对于过饱和TDG数值模拟研究中释放系数的取值具有指导意义,同时也可为过饱和TDG影响的减缓措施研究提供基础数据和参考依据。     

紫坪铺坝下游过饱和溶解气体原型观测研究

在总结国内外关于水电站大坝下游总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和问题的研究现状的基础上,对紫坪铺坝下游河段的过饱和气体进行了原型观测,指出下泄流量与下游TDG饱和度有着较好的相关关系;河道水深是影响过饱和气体消减速率的重要因素;在同样单宽流量下,含沙水体比清水有更高的TDG饱和度。这一研究为更深入的开展高坝下游过饱和溶解气体的产生及消减过程理论研究提供了依据,对高坝下游水生生物保护具有重要作用。     

含沙水体污染物生物降解反应动力学研究

以含多组分的生活污水为模拟污染物,通过实验方法对含沙水体中污染物生物降解规律进行了研究,得出了污染物生物降解速率常数与含沙量的关系式。研究结果表明:(1)低浓度污染物在含沙水体中的生物降解过程符合一级反应动力学过程;(2)对同一粒径组泥沙而言,含沙量越大,污染物生物降解速度越快。即泥沙的存在促进了污染物的降解;(3)污染物生物降解速率常数随着含沙量的增大而增大,两者存在非线性的函数关系。含沙量增大到一定值时,降解速率常数趋于最大值。     

黄河下游"2004·8"洪水分析

2004年8月,黄河中游地区出现强降雨过程,依据防洪方案,小浪底水库泄放了一次高含沙洪水过程。洪水在下游表现为含沙量高、花园口洪峰增值突出、洪峰流量沿程衰减较小等特点。分析认为造成花园口洪峰增值的主要原因是由于高含沙水流比前期清水水流阻力较小,使其流速大大快于前期的槽蓄水流的流速,在演进的过程中,不断“挤压”峰前的清水和部分前期槽蓄量,形成叠加。通过分析对今后高含沙洪水的研究、监测与调度等提出了建议。     

长试管静置沉降实验结果对湖盆细粒沉积纹层成因的启示*

沉积结构与沉积构造的研究是目前细粒沉积学中的重要内容。同时,富有机质泥/页岩的纹层成因也一直是困扰人们的难题。影响湖盆细粒沉积物纹层形成的因素很多,其中盐度、有机质含量是非常重要的因素,尤其是油页岩在淡水与咸水环境均可发育,其纹层的形成与水体盐度有何关系需要深入探讨。通过长试管静置实验,模拟并观察在静水条件下,黏土矿物、富有机质泥质沉积物在淡水、微咸水及咸水3种湖盆水体环境中的沉降过程与沉降速率,通过实验观察绘制沉降过程曲线并计算沉降速率。研究表明: 在淡水中富有机质泥的沉降速率明显高于黏土矿物的沉降速率;而在微咸水与咸水中,黏土矿物的沉降速率明显比富有机质泥要高;同时,2种类型的细粒沉积物在3类水体环境中各自的沉降速率也存在不同的规律。通过分析实验结果,指出在不同水介质条件下,絮凝作用类型的差异与浮力作用的影响是造成细粒沉积速率差异的主要原因。而有机质、黏土矿物及水体盐度共同控制细粒沉积物的沉降速率,一旦这些条件发生变化,那么就容易形成类似或不同的纹层,尤其是有机质丰度与盐度变化时,更容易形成不同成分的纹层。因此,油页岩的形成除需要相对安静水体环境外,还与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、絮凝过程及水体盐度变化的综合响应有关,而并非单独与水体盐度相关。另外,受沉积作用影响,湖盆不同区域的细粒沉积构造类型有差异。     

长试管静置沉降实验结果对湖盆细粒沉积纹层成因的启示*

沉积结构与沉积构造的研究是目前细粒沉积学中的重要内容。同时,富有机质泥/页岩的纹层成因也一直是困扰人们的难题。影响湖盆细粒沉积物纹层形成的因素很多,其中盐度、有机质含量是非常重要的因素,尤其是油页岩在淡水与咸水环境均可发育,其纹层的形成与水体盐度有何关系需要深入探讨。通过长试管静置实验,模拟并观察在静水条件下,黏土矿物、富有机质泥质沉积物在淡水、微咸水及咸水3种湖盆水体环境中的沉降过程与沉降速率,通过实验观察绘制沉降过程曲线并计算沉降速率。研究表明: 在淡水中富有机质泥的沉降速率明显高于黏土矿物的沉降速率;而在微咸水与咸水中,黏土矿物的沉降速率明显比富有机质泥要高;同时,2种类型的细粒沉积物在3类水体环境中各自的沉降速率也存在不同的规律。通过分析实验结果,指出在不同水介质条件下,絮凝作用类型的差异与浮力作用的影响是造成细粒沉积速率差异的主要原因。而有机质、黏土矿物及水体盐度共同控制细粒沉积物的沉降速率,一旦这些条件发生变化,那么就容易形成类似或不同的纹层,尤其是有机质丰度与盐度变化时,更容易形成不同成分的纹层。因此,油页岩的形成除需要相对安静水体环境外,还与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、絮凝过程及水体盐度变化的综合响应有关,而并非单独与水体盐度相关。另外,受沉积作用影响,湖盆不同区域的细粒沉积构造类型有差异。     

地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中沉积物胶体释放规律

以天津滨海地区北大港水库为研究对象,采用室内柱试验,研究地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中不同位置沉积物胶体释放以及盐分释放/截留的动态特征,同时对沉积物胶体释放、盐分释放/截留机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明:水库不同位置地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中,盐分的归宿不同:接近水库入口处的沉积物能将盐分截留下来,而出水口沉积物却将盐分释放转移到水体。随孔隙体积数的增加,沉积物胶体累计释放量逐渐增加,入库口、库中心、出库口最大累计释放量分别为3.275 mg/g、0.386 mg/g和1.382 mg/g;胶体累计释放量随孔隙体积数的变化曲线符合直线型,胶体释放速率变化很小。盐分的释放或截留是沉积物颗粒的粒径、胶体含量、含盐量等多种因素作用的结果,水库水体与沉积物中的盐分处于动态平衡状态,当沉积物中含盐量高于平衡浓度时,其盐分会向水体中释放,同时吸附在胶体上的盐分也会随着胶体的释放而释放;反之,水体中的盐分会向沉积物中迁移被截留下来,沉积物粒径越小,越易吸附水中的盐分。胶体的释放规律可以用双电层理论得到很好的解释。     

湖水-沉积物界面内源物质交换动态复水模拟研究

分布式采集了玄武湖底长期暴露的底泥,分析了底泥营养物的分层分布及其理化特性对湖泊水质的影响强度。通过动态换水试验,研究了复水过程中暴露底泥营养盐的释放过程和上覆水总磷、总氮浓度变化对水土界面物质交换的作用关系以及对水体富营养化程度的影响机制。实验及模拟表明:由于湖泥表层长期暴露,有机及结合态营养盐降解为无机态营养盐,即使复水过程中使用清水,但由于干涸湖床沉积物总磷T-P、总氮T-N的垂直分布,也将严重导致内源营养盐释放总量持续增加,在相对长时间内,上覆水总磷浓度仍维持在较高(01mg/L)水平。研究成果为实施生态修复,治理复水后湖体富营养化提供了理论和实验依据。     

水体中三氮转化规律及影响因素研究

以城市污染水体为对象,研究了水体中氨氮（NH3-N）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO3^--N）、硝酸盐氮（NO3^-N）的转化及去除规律。结果表明,温度对水体中三氮（氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮）的去除具有重要的影响,在夏季实验中三氮的转化及去除速率明显高于冬季;而在温度相似的情况下,光照则成为影响三氮转化去除速率的决定因素,还发现,在黑暗条件下,水体中亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮出现明显的累积现象,而在光照情况下则没有。由此推断,在光照条件下藻类生物的同化作用在三氮转化和去除中起了主要作用,藻类生物同化导致的三氮转化和去除速率明显高于硝化-反硝化过程。     

岩爆破坏过程能量释放的数值模拟

岩爆是地下岩石开挖中的一种工程灾害现象,是岩体结构发生破坏时,由于内部储存的弹性能释放并转换为动能而造成动力形式的破坏。岩爆破坏过程中的能量释放与岩体在应力峰值前后的应力-应变特性紧密相关。另外,施工中开挖速度引起的加载速率的变化也会对岩爆的产生有明显影响。以岩体全过程应力-应变曲线试验为基础分析岩爆破坏过程。分析中采用的模型考虑了岩石峰值后应力-应变特性及加载速率的影响。运用数值方法对岩石洞室的开挖过程进行了模拟,在模拟中对岩体破坏的发生及弹性能释放过程进行了分析。数值分析结果显示,岩体洞室开挖过程中岩石破坏由岩体表面向岩体内部发展,岩石的弹性能释放率也随着破坏的发展而不断增加。分析结果还显示,岩体破坏时的弹性能释放速率会随着开挖速率的提高而明显增加。     

多沙河流平面二维泥沙数学模型研究

针对冲积河流河床演变速度快、边界调整幅度大的特点,采用积分方法数值求解水流泥沙基本方程,建立了适合于多沙河流泥沙及河床演变规律的二维数学模型,在数值方法方面考虑了物质守恒性及对多变边界的适应性,采用了比较简单的动边界处理模式。通过工程实例的计算验证,证实了模型所采用的基本方法是合理的,模型有较强的河床边界适应能力,可用以解决有关多沙河流河床演变预测及浑水洪水预报的有关问题。     

不同坡度草地含沙水流水力学特性及其拦沙机理

参照黄土区侵蚀降雨和坡面片蚀产沙特征,采用恒流泥沙输送装置模拟坡面上方来水来沙,探讨不同坡度草地含沙水流的水力学特性及其对上方来沙的拦蓄机理。结果表明,草地坡面的水流弗劳德数随坡度增大而增加,而阻力系数与坡度呈反势。按明渠水流的一般标准,不同坡度草地水流均为层状缓流。草地坡面拦沙效应随坡度增大而减小,且径流前期的减沙作用较后期更为显著。不同坡度草地坡面的出流泥沙平均直径和大颗粒(>10μm)泥沙含量均显著小于上方来沙,这说明草地的拦沙效应主要体现在对大粒径泥沙的拦蓄上。     

考虑泥沙冲淤对水流控制方程的改进与模拟

以一维数学模型为例,通过数值实验及渭河实际资料的验证,发现在含沙量较大的情况下,水流连续方程里的浑水与床面的交换项对流量影响是明显的,计算中应予考虑.解释了在像黄河这样的多沙河流中存在的“水变沙”、“沙变水”的现象.由此可见,在模拟含沙量较大河流的水沙数学模型中,应完整考虑水流连续方程的微元河段的水量变化率、进出通量变化及浑水与床面的交换通量这三项.     

含沙量对草地坡面径流泥沙沉积和水力特性的影响

通过室内模拟试验,在坡度为3°和9°、流量为20和60L/min条件下研究了不同浓度(0～350kg/m3)含沙水流流经草地的泥沙沉积过程及其水力学特性。结果表明,坡面泥沙沉积量随含沙量的增加而增大,3°时泥沙沉积率与含沙量呈正相关,而9°时沉积率与含沙量呈反势。坡度对泥沙沉积影响显著,而在相同坡度条件下,两种流量试验的泥沙沉积量无明显差异。相同坡面坡上部位流速小于坡下部位,且含沙量对坡面流速影响较小。在相同坡度和流量条件下,水流雷诺数随含沙量的增大而减小。3°时水流阻力系数和曼宁糙率均随含沙量的增加而增大,而9°时含沙量对阻力影响不明显,因此在土壤侵蚀较严重地区进行坡面水文过程演算时需考虑含沙量对缓坡糙率的影响。     

Deposits of depletive high-density turbidity currents: a flume analogue of bed geometry, structure and texture

Flume experiments were performed to study the flow properties and depositional characteristics of high‐density turbidity currents that were depletive and quasi‐steady to waning for periods of several tens of seconds. Such currents may serve as an analogue for rapidly expanding flows at the mouth of submarine channels. The turbidity currents carried up to 35 vol.% of fine‐grained natural sand, very fine sand‐sized glass beads or coarse silt‐sized glass beads. Data analysis focused on: (1) depositional processes related to flow expansion; (2) geometry of sediment bodies generated by the depletive flows; (3) vertical and horizontal sequences of sedimentary structures within the sediment bodies; and (4) spatial trends in grain‐size distribution within the deposits. The experimental turbidity currents formed distinct fan‐shaped sediment bodies within a wide basin. Most fans consisted of a proximal channel‐levee system connected in the downstream direction to a lobe. This basic geometry was independent of flow density, flow velocity, flow volume and sediment type, in spite of the fact that the turbidity currents of relatively high density were different from those of relatively low density in that they exhibited two‐layer flow, with a low‐density turbulent layer moving on top of a dense layer with visibly suppressed large‐scale turbulence. Yet, the geometry of individual morphological elements appeared to relate closely to initial flow conditions and grain size of suspended sediment. Notably, the fans changed from circular to elongate, and lobe and levee thickness increased with increasing grain size and flow velocity. Erosion was confined to the proximal part of the leveed channel. Erosive capacity increased with increasing flow velocity, but appeared to be constant for turbidity currents of different grain size and similar density. Structureless sediment filled the channel during the waning stages of the turbidity currents laden with fine sand. The adjacent levee sands were laminated. The massive character of the channel fills is attributed to rapid settling of suspension load and associated suppression of tractional transport. Sediment bypassing prevailed in fan channels composed of very fine sand and coarse silt, because channel floors remained fully exposed until the end of the experiments. Lobe deposits, formed by the fine sand‐laden, high‐density turbidity currents, contained massive sand in the central part grading to plane parallel‐laminated sand towards the fringes. The depletive flows produced a radial decrease in mean grain size in the lobe deposits of all fans. Vertical trends in grain size comprised inverse‐to‐normal grading in the levees and in the thickest part of the lobes, and normal grading in the channel and fringes of the fine sandy fans. The inverse grading is attributed to a process involving headward‐directed transport of relatively fine‐grained and low‐concentrated fluid at the level of the velocity maximum of the turbidity current. The normal grading is inferred to denote the waning stage of turbidity‐current transport.     

Patterns of deposition from experimental turbidity currents with reversing buoyancy

Turbidity currents are turbulent, sediment‐laden gravity currents which can be generated in relatively shallow shelf settings and travel downslope before spreading out across deep‐water abyssal plains. Because of the natural stratification of the oceans and/or fresh water river inputs to the source area, the interstitial fluid within which the particles are suspended will often be less dense than the deep‐water ambient fluid. Consequently, a turbidity current may initially be denser than the ambient sea water and propagate as a ground‐hugging flow, but later reverse in buoyancy as its bulk density decreases through sedimentation to become lower than that of the ambient sea water. When this occurs, all or part of the turbidity current lofts to form a buoyant sediment‐laden cloud from which further deposition occurs. Deposition from such lofting turbidity currents, containing a mixture of fine and coarse sediment suspended in light interstitial fluid, is explored through analogue laboratory experiments complemented by theoretical analysis using a ‘box and cloud’ model. Particular attention is paid to the overall deposit geometry and to the distributions of fine and coarse material within the deposit. A range of beds can be deposited by bimodal lofting turbidity currents. Lofting may encourage the formation of tabular beds with a rapid pinch‐out rather than the gradually tapering beds more typical of waning turbidity currents. Lofting may also decouple the fates of the finer and coarser sediment: depending on the initial flow composition, the coarse fraction can be deposited prior to or during buoyancy reversal, while the fine fraction can be swept upwards and away by the lofting cloud. An important feature of the results is the non‐uniqueness of the deposit architecture: different initial current compositions can generate deposits with very similar bed profiles and grading characteristics, highlighting the difficulty of reconstructing the nature of the parent flow from field data. It is proposed that deposit emplacement by lofting turbidity currents is common in the geological record and may explain a range of features observed in deep‐water massive sands, thinly bedded turbidite sequences and linked debrites, depending on the parent flow and its subsequent development. For example, a lofting flow may lead to a well sorted, largely ungraded or weakly graded bed if the fines are transported away by the cloud. However, a poorly sorted, largely ungraded region may form if, during buoyancy reversal, high local concentrations and associated hindered settling effects develop at the base of the cloud.     

Performance of limestones laden with mixed salt solutions of Na2SO4–NaNO3 and Na2SO4–K2SO4

The behaviour of two types of limestones having a different porosity, Maastricht and Euville limestone, laden with aqueous solutions of equimolar mixtures of sodium sulphate/sodium nitrate or sodium sulphate/potassium sulphate was investigated. At 50 % RH, the efflorescences on Maastricht samples during the first 30 h of drying consisted of similar amounts of thenardite and darapskite in case of an equimolar mixture of sodium sulphate/sodium nitrate while those on Euville samples under the same conditions contained mainly darapskite. After drying at 20 °C and 85 % RH, thenardite, formed through the precipitation and dehydration of mirabilite, was mostly detected in the efflorescences on both Maastricht and Euville samples. Re-wetting by increasing the RH from 50 to 85 % resulted in substantial damage on Maastricht stone laden with an equimolar mixture of sodium sulphate/sodium nitrate as a consequence of high supersaturation of mirabilite. In case of a contamination with equimolar amounts of sodium sulphate and potassium sulphate, the efflorescence on both limestones during drying at 50 % RH contained predominantly aphthitalite. The observed crystallisation behaviour is compared to the theoretical behaviour. The results indicate a strong influence of stone properties on the crystallisation behaviour of salt mixtures.     

Distribution of suspended sediment concentration in wide sediment‐laden streams: A novel power‐law theory

The diffusion equation of suspended sediment concentration in a wide sediment‐laden stream flow is dependent on the vertical gradient of streamwise velocity and the sediment diffusivity. This study aims at investigating the influence of the streamwise velocity laws on the suspended sediment concentration distributions, resulting from the solution of the diffusion equation. Firstly, the sediment concentration distributions are obtained numerically from the solution of the diffusion equation using different velocity laws and compared with the experimental data. It is found that the power‐law approximation produces good computational results for the concentration distributions. The accuracy of using a power‐law velocity model is comparable with the results obtained from other classical velocity laws, namely log‐law, log wake‐law and stratified log‐law. Secondly, a novel analytical solution is proposed for the determination of sediment concentration distribution, where a power‐law, wall‐concentration profile is coupled with a concentration wake function. The power‐law model (for velocity and concentration) is calibrated using the experimental data, and then a generalized wake function is obtained by choosing a suitable law. The developed power‐law model involving the wake function adjusted by an exponent predicts the sediment concentration distributions quite satisfactorily. Finally, a new explicit formula for the suspended‐load transport rate is derived from the proposed theory, where numerical computation of integrals, as needed in the Einstein theory, is avoided.