南海北部陆架西区盆地地质、地球物理场特征及其深部结构

分析了南海北部陆架西区盆地的地质、地球物理场特征，计算了研究海域重、磁资料的1阶小波细节、4阶小波逼近变换。根据分析与计算可知，研究区的布格重力异常以北西低的负值，东南高的正值为特征。在东部及东南部异常等值线走向为北东；西部异常等值线以北西走向为特征；西北地区异常以北东东、北东走向的局部等值线圈闭为特征。磁场的展布十分复杂，按磁异常的变化程度可分为三个变化区，即磁异常平静区、剧变区及缓变区。磁异常的平静区位于研究区的西部，即莺歌海盆地所在位置，这一带磁异常等值线极为稀疏，异常值为负背景异常。剧变区位于海南岛，该地区的磁异常变化极为剧烈，异常特征以局部小圈闭为特征，等值线分布密集。磁异常的平缓区位于平静区及剧变区之外的其它地区。琼东南盆地、北部湾盆地的磁异常具有此特征。根据重、磁场资料以及南海北部盆地钻井取样的测试结果、同时参考穿越南海地学断面的结果，对研究区的地壳结构进行了反演计算，计算表明南海陆架盆地区域地壳结构较为复杂，研究区的地壳厚度在22－33km之间，总的趋势由陆向洋地壳厚度逐渐减薄，反映出该区域地壳具有陆壳、拉伸陆壳、过渡壳的性质，同时存在有上地幔隆起区及凹陷区。磁性底界面厚度在17－24km之间变化，其中在莺歌海盆地较深，在海南岛地区磁性界面较浅。     

贺根山镁铁-超镁铁岩与缝合带的关系——来自地球物理的证据

长期以来,对内蒙古贺根山缝合带中的镁铁-超镁铁岩,有着"蛇绿岩"、"岩浆岩"、"幔源熔-流体"等不同认识.近年来在铬铁矿中发现了金刚石等深部地幔矿物,如何认识携带这些物质的幔源熔-流体的上涌?缝合带在镁铁-超镁铁岩的形成过程中起到什么作用?解决问题的关键之一是弄清镁铁-超镁铁岩的深部产状,这需要来自地球物理观测数据的依据.本文基于航磁和重力数据的研究表明,贺根山地区的蛇绿岩块均呈现高磁异常特征,其中贺根山岩块埋深明显大于其他岩块,表现为高磁异常与低重力异常,与地表出露的蛇纹石化的镁铁-超镁铁岩带对应.对航磁化极异常与布格重力异常数据做了向上延拓处理,进行了磁源形态及底界深度的估算,并利用基于相异度算子的边缘增强方法辅助识别断裂.结果表明,贺根山岩块贯穿地壳,且附近存在超壳断裂.地表至中地壳主要由蛇纹石化的镁铁-超镁铁岩组成,下地壳主要为超镁铁质岩组成,它们充填在一组宽约30km的NEE向断裂带中,大地电磁测深剖面揭示的壳-幔电性结构进一步证实控制缝合带的是岩石圈断裂,贺根山缝合带具有明显的根部.由此推测,在地幔底辟上涌的背景下,幔源熔-流体沿着岩石圈断裂持续上升到达浅表,暗示该区板块的拼合可能是通过深部幔源物质的侵入而成的.     

准噶尔盆地北部基底结构与属性问题探讨

准噶尔盆地的基底结构与属性一直是地学界关注的焦点问题之一.横跨准噶尔盆地北部,走向近东西的克拉玛依—喀姆斯特地震剖面提供了该盆地北部详细的地壳与上地幔顶部的速度结构与构造,特别是基底顶界面的速度.沿剖面发现了数条走向近南北的“H”型超壳断裂,它们没有明显的断差,断裂处反射系数明显降低,介质的Q值减小,推测具“开裂”性质;利用盆地内1:20万重磁数据完成了重磁联合反演,获得了沿剖面的地壳与上地幔顶部的二维密度结构与二维磁性结构.根据在一定深度范围内介质的速度-密度-岩性之间的关系,确定了盆地北部基底岩性分布.结果表明,准噶尔盆地北部的基底多处为基性和超基性物质,推测为深部（上地幔）物质沿超壳断裂进入地壳内部并对地壳物质进行改造的结果.这一推断得到盆地内部高磁性、高重力异常的支持,也与盆地具有较高的地壳平均速度相一致.综合其他地球物理与地质资料综合分析,给出了综合地质解释剖面,建立了准噶尔盆地北部基底结构与属性的动力学模型.     

An integrated geodynamic model of the Nankai subduction zone and neighboring regions from geophysical inversion and modeling

I investigate large-scale deep crustal structures of the Nankai subduction zone and neighboring region using regional magnetic and gravity anomalies, heat flow measurements, and earthquake hypocenters. It is found that ages, dip angles, and geothermal states of the subducting slab have direct influences on mantle wedge serpentinization. The weakest serpentinization observed in the Nankai forearc region is associated with the youngest downgoing plate of the Shikoku Basin. Conspicuous gravity anomalies identified in the forearc region are coincidental spatially with magnetic anomalies after the reduction to the pole, a mathematical procedure that helps relocate magnetic sources and boundaries, and allows us to more easily interpret magnetic data. It is argued that these patches of magnetic and gravity anomalies are caused by the same sources of anomalous density and magnetization, and are linked directly to preexisting structures such as magnetic anomalies and their boundaries in the subducting oceanic crust. Since the gravity and magnetic anomaly patches are found to be closely related to interplate seismogenic behaviors in the Nankai subduction zone, I suggest that major magnetic boundaries in the Shikoku Basin are likely weak places for slab tears that trigger seismic segmentations along the subduction zone.     

Magnetic evidence of a crustal fault affecting a linear laccolith: The Guadiana Fault and the Monchique Alkaline Complex (SW Iberian Peninsula)

Magnetic anomalies can help reveal the structure of the upper crust in regions with intermediate or basic igneous rocks, and their continuity is essential to determine the position of crustal faults. The southwestern Iberian Peninsula constitutes the foreland of the Betic Cordillera and is characterized by an elongated E-W dipole extending 200 km toward its external zones. The anomaly is related to the outcropping Monchique Alkaline Complex, characterized by rocks of moderate magnetic susceptibility (0.029 SI) intruding into the metapelitic host rock of the South Portuguese Zone. Analysis of aeromagnetic and field magnetic anomalies serves to constrain the geometry of this laccolith. Toward the east, the magnetic dipole has a 60 km long N-S sharp boundary that coincides with the southern part of the Guadiana River. Field magnetic and gravity anomalies confirm the presence of this structure. It is produced by a sharp step in the elongated anomalous body, with an E downthrown block, interpreted as the offset produced by a deep N-S crustal fault—the Guadiana Fault. Therefore, the Guadiana River has three long linear segments near its mouth, locally coinciding with a N-S trending joint set, that support the presence of this major fault. To date, no evidence of this tectonic discontinuity, coinciding with the Spanish-Portuguese border, has been reported. Magnetic research is essential for understanding the structure of wide regions intruded by intermediate and/or basic igneous rocks.     

Interpretation of gravity and magnetic anomalies near Naples,Italy, using computer techniques

Some aspects of the analytical procedure for an automatic fitting of gravity and magnetic anomalies are discussed. An example of application relative to the Campania volcanic district near Naples, Italy, is reported. Gravity anomalies in that area mainly reflect the depth to the carbonate basement rocks. A small gravity high over Vesuvius may indicate buried volcanic layers. Magnetic anomalies near L. Patria and Castel Volturno are interpreted to be caused by buried intrusive rocks of higher susceptibility. Computer models of subsurface rock units with appropriate densities and susceptibilities have been generated to match the observed anomalies.     

A REGIONAL GRAVITY STUDY OF THE NORTHERN NORTH SEA (56–62° N)*

A Bouguer gravity anomaly map is presented of the North Sea and adjacent land areas in Norway and Denmark, covering an area situated between 56° and 62°N, 1°W and 10°E. The gravity data from the UK sector of the North Sea, the land and offshore areas of Denmark, and the land areas of Norway have been published before. However, the gravity data from the Norwegian sector of the North Sea are new. A large number (about 60) of individual gravity features can be defined in the mapped area. Most of those situated in the UK sector of the North Sea and on land in Norway have been discussed earlier; however, most of the anomalies found elsewhere which are qualitatively interpreted here have not been discussed before. An interpreted Bouguer anomaly map is presented which identifies all these features. The majority of the gravity anomalies encountered in the mapped area can be shown to be associated with one of the following geological features: (i) basement highs, (ii) large bodies of heavy basic or ultrabasic rock in the crystalline basement, (iii) large igneous intrusions within the sedimentary column and thick accumulations of volcanic rocks or their associated eruption centers, (iv) major basement faults. Large-scale geological structures such as the Central, Viking and Sogn Grabens and the East Shetland, Stord, Forth Approaches and Norwegian-Danish Basins are essentially in isostatic equilibrium and are only locally marked by relatively weak gravity minima. A residual gravity anomaly map has been produced by subtracting from the observed Bouguer anomalies the estimated gravity effect of an assumed thinned crust. This residual gravity anomaly map shows a number of features of the Bouguer anomaly field with greater clarity.     

火山岩油气藏重磁电震综合预测方法及应用

通过准噶尔盆地陆东地区数十口钻井资料的对比分析、归纳总结,提出了火山岩油气藏重磁电震综合预测方法.将正则化下延与延拓回返垂直二次导数串联形成了一个新的滤波器,该滤波器相当于首先通过正则化下延将位场曲面延拓至地下目的层段,降低火山岩埋深对磁J异常幅值的影响,然后利用延拓回返垂直二次导数对弱信号进行增强,不仅提高了位场异常...     

非均匀物性条件下多尺度窗口修正法换算磁源重力异常及在寻找DSO的应用

DSO(Direct Shipping Ore,直运块矿)是一种高品位的富铁矿.在加拿大拉布拉多(Labrador)地槽谢菲尔威利(Schefferville)铁矿成矿带,含铁建造苏克曼(Sokoman)组地层全铁含量低、具高密度、强磁性,能够引起高重力异常与高磁异常;而风化淋滤后富集的赤铁矿和针铁矿等(也称DSO)全铁含量高,具高密度、无磁性,仅能够引起高重力异常.采用一般的滤波方法不能提取DSO的重、磁异常.本文采用基于泊松(Poisson)公式的磁场换算磁源重力异常(pseudo-gravity anomaly)方法,由磁场换算磁源重力异常,再与实测重力异常对比,得到纯粹由高密度、无磁性的DSO产生的剩余重力异常,对剩余重力异常采用密度成像与2.5D反演方法解释DSO.泊松公式虽然提出时间很长,但迄今为止仅仅用在资料解释中的定性分析,本文推导并实现了密度磁性非均匀条件下经典泊松公式的形式与实现过程,提出了多尺度窗口滑动线性回归修正的磁场换算磁源重力异常方法,使该公式的数学原理能够对重、磁异常的反演解释定量化.最后本文将多尺度窗口滑动线性回归修正的换算磁源重力异常方法用于加拿大拉布拉多地槽谢菲尔威利铁矿成矿带铁矿勘探,较好地解决了寻找高密度、无磁性DSO的问题.     

月球表层及月壳物质密度分布特征

月球表层与月壳岩石密度的横向与径向的变化,反映了月表及内部成分以及月球演化等特征.本文利用月球勘探者号伽马射线谱仪探测的月表Fe, Th与Mg元素分布数据,依据前人给出的元素含量与岩石类型的关系,对月球表层进行了岩性填图,并结合岩石样品与陨石的密度测试数据建立初始密度模型,采用铁元素与岩石密度的关系对其进行修正,从而建立了月表物质密度分布模型.基于嫦娥一号激光测高数据和日本SELENE计划发布的月球重力模型,计算出月球布格重力异常,进而反演得到月壳0~40 km深度范围内岩石平均密度分布模型.分析表明,大部分区域上,月壳至少月壳上部岩石成分主要以轻质的富含铝、钙、镁质的硅酸盐类岩石为主.由此推测,原始月壳极有可能是由轻质的、富含钙、镁质硅酸盐类岩石构成的全球性月壳.现今的玄武岩与克里普岩只是覆盖于原始的月壳之上的岩层,且厚度不大.     

东北地区重磁场与地壳结构特征

分析了东北地区的重、磁场特征,同时对研究区的布格重力异常和航磁异常据进行了小波分析计算.根据分析与计算可知,东北地区重力场以北东走向为主,表现出该地区重力场的主要趋势.根据磁场的分布特征,可将研究区分为六个区域:呼和浩特以北磁场相对平静区;赤峰一带正负磁场交互变化区;海拉尔以南磁场缓变区;齐齐哈尔—依春磁场剧烈变化区;长春—沈阳负磁场平缓区;牡丹江—丹东磁场区.利用重力资料,应用调和级数法对研究区的莫霍界面进行了反演计算,得到了该地区莫霍界面深度分布.根据磁力资料采用遗传算法反演计算了研究区居里界面的深度分布.同时对研究区的地壳结构特征进行了探讨.     

Wavelet analysis and interpretation of gravity data in Sichuan-Yunnan region, China

Introduction Sichuan-Yunnan region, located in the east margin of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetean) Plateau, is a transitional zone between the rapidly upheaving Tibetean Plateau and relatively steady Yangtze Platform. Under the pressure exerted by the northward movement of Indian Plate, Sichuan-Yunnan region has been undergone strong deformation and regmagenesis, becoming one of the regions with the most intensive seismicity in the world. The research on the tectonics and seismicity there is alw…     

南极洲东部普里兹湾海域重磁场特征及地壳结构

普里兹湾位于南极洲东部大陆边缘,其深部地壳结构特征对认识白垩纪冈瓦纳古陆裂解和新生代大陆边缘形成具有重要意义.本文利用重磁、多道反射地震、声纳浮标折射地震和ODP钻井数据对普里兹湾海域的深部地壳结构进行了研究.研究结果显示,普里兹凹陷表现为典型的盆地负重力异常特征,其沉积基底较深,而在四夫人浅滩为高幅重力正异常,其沉积基底普遍抬升.在大陆架中部存在SW-NE向条带状基底的抬升,且呈朝NE向逐渐变深的趋势.在中大陆架外侧,均衡残余重力异常呈V字形负异常条带状分布,其两翼分别与四夫人浅滩和弗拉姆浅滩外的大陆坡相连.该异常带在大陆架中部向陆的偏移可能是由于古大陆架边缘的地形影响,推测其与普里兹冲积扇同属于洋陆过渡带向陆的部分,在重力模拟剖面表现为地壳向海逐渐减薄.普里兹冲积扇的地壳厚度较薄,平均为6 km,最薄处可达4.6 km,并且根据洋陆过渡带向海端的位置,推测可能属于接近洋壳厚度的过渡壳.重力异常分区的走向与兰伯特地堑在普里兹湾的构造走向基本一致,可能主要反映了二叠纪-三叠纪超级地幔柱对普里兹湾的裂谷作用的影响.该区域的自由空间重力异常和均衡残余异常均表现为超过100×10^-5m/s²的高幅正异常特征,可能由位于大陆架边缘的巨厚沉积体负载在高强度岩石圈之上的区域挠曲均衡作用所导致,可能与该区域第二期裂谷期之后的沉积间断以及快速进积加厚的演化过程有关.普里兹湾磁力异常的走向与重力异常明显不同,大致可分为东北高幅正异常区和西南低幅异常区.重磁异常在走向上的差异反映高磁异常主要来源于岩浆作用形成的铁镁质火成岩的影响,并且岩浆作用的时代不同于基底隆升的时代,而可能形成于前寒武纪或者南极洲和印度板块裂谷期间(白垩纪).     

安徽贵池矿集区深部精细结构——来自综合地球物理探测结果的认识

安徽贵池矿集区是长江中下游成矿带中重要的铜多金属矿集区,随着浅表找矿难度的加大,急需了解矿集区深部结构为深部找矿提供深部找矿提供指示.为揭示贵池矿集区深部地壳结构格架、控岩、控矿构造和岩浆系统的空间结构,深化对成矿作用的认识,在该区实施了两条长度各约60km垂直于构造走向的反射地震和MT探测剖面,通过对MT数据有针对性的去噪和反演,获得了研究区10km以浅的地电结构;通过对反射数据的层析反演静校正、叠前保幅多域去噪、精细速度分析和叠前时间偏移等处理,获取了该地区地壳结构的地震成像剖面.结合区域地质构造背景和针对性处理的区域重磁数据,对两条综合探测剖面的反演处理结果进行了分析与解释,研究发现了本区地层的构造反射特征、地壳结构特征和Moho特征,厘定了盖层与基底之间的区域滑脱面、中下地壳滑脱面和Moho面的深度和形态.发现了地壳上冲和俯冲的反射特征,可能是华夏块体与扬子块体晋宁期发生板内碰撞的痕迹.高坦断裂是一个深达地壳级的断裂,其南北两侧具有不同的重磁特征、电性结构特征和地震反射特征,该断裂可能是深部流体上涌的通道,岩浆和地幔热液沿断裂上涌并沿地层和裂隙侵入中上地壳,形成岩基或岩体,或与围岩发生强烈矿化作用形成贵池矿集区多金属矿床.     

Gravity and magnetic investigation on the distribution of volcanic rocks in the Qinggelidi area,north‐eastern Junggar Basin (north‐west China)

A detailed investigation on the location of magmatic intrusions in the Carboniferous strata of the Qinggelidi area, north‐eastern Junggar Basin, is presented based on the interpretation of gravity and magnetic data constrained by petrophysical data, seismics and surface geology. The wavelet multi‐resolution analysis based on the discrete wavelet transform is adopted to the regional‐residual separation of gravity and magnetic anomalies. A power spectrum analysis is applied to estimate the source depths corresponding to different scales. A comparative analysis on the characteristics of local gravity and magnetic anomalies improved our understanding of volcanic rock distribution in the Carboniferous strata. Generally speaking, in total 75 anomalies are recognized, among which 23 are inferred to be the responses of basalts, diabases and andesites with high density and strong magnetization. Twelve anomalies are assumed to be caused by andesites, rhyolites and volcanic breccias with medium‐low density and high magnetization. There are still five anomalies that are believed to be generated by volcanic tuffs with low density and weak magnetization. Lastly, four cross‐sections in 3D gravity and magnetic modelling are displayed to provide a more thorough image of volcanic rocks in our study area.     

Magnetic measurements over the Hawaiian ridge and their vulcanological implications

The results of an aeromagnetic survey of the Hawaiian Islands are studied in terms of the local magnetic anomalies defined and their relation to known centers of vulcanism. A quantitative analysis as to the depth of origin of the anomalies indicates that in nearly all cases they can be attributed to sub-surface intrusive rock masses at depths of the order of 2 to 6 kilometers. That the intrusive rocks defined are probably related to intrusions of magma derived from the underlying mantle is indicated by both quantitative studies of associated gravity anomalies and seismic refraction crustal measurements. On the basis of these integrated geophysical studies, it appears that there has been extensive intrusion of mantle-derived magma into the crust along the East-West trending submarine Molokai Fracture Zone and that where this fracture system intersected a Northwest-Southeast zone of tectonic weakness or fracture there was vulcanism that led to the formation of the Hawaiian Islands. Although magnetic data are lacking as yet over the entire Hawaiian Ridge from Hawaii to Midway Island, it is not an unreasonable hypothesis that the Ridge as a whole developed in a similar manner over its entire length as a progressive feature with time, in response to a secular shift in crustal stress pattern at the intersection of two major translational fault systems.     

Satellite and surface geophysical expression of anomalous crustal structure in Kentucky and Tennessee

An equivalent layer magnetization model obtained from inversion of long-wavelength satellite magnetic anomaly data indicates a very magnetic source region centered in south central Kentucky. The magnetization maximum nearly coincides with a gravity high elongated north-south and extending into Tennessee. Previous refraction profiles suggest that the source of the gravity anomaly is a large mass of rock occupying much of the crustal thickness. The outline of the source delineated by gravity contours is also discernible in aeromagnetic anomaly patterns. Taken together, the geophysical data suggest a large, localized mass of intracrustal rock which is both dense and very magnetic. A simple magnetization/density model is given which accounts for the gravity and long-wavelength aeromagnetic anomalies due to the body. We interpret it as a mafic plutonic complex, and several lines of evidence are consistent with a rift association. The body is, however, clearly related to the inferred position of the Grenville Front. It is bounded on the north by the fault zones of the 38th Parallel Lineament. The inferred mean magnetization (4 A/m) of the body is large, but not inconsistent with values reported by others for deep crustal bodies associated with long-wavelength magnetic anomalies. Such magnetization levels can be achieved with magnetic mineralogies produced by normal oxidation and metamorphic processes and enhanced by viscous build-up, especially in mafic rocks of alkaline character.     

Improved salt imaging in a basin context by high resolution potential field data: Nordkapp Basin,Barents Sea

The seismic imaging of salt diapirs in the Nordkapp Basin gave rise to considerable problems in defining their shape and volume. Independent information was added by integrating the interpretation with high resolution gravity and magnetic data. We developed a novel, iterative workflow, separated into sub‐categories: sediments, salt structures, basement and Moho. Distinctions between the sources of the anomalies from different depths was achieved by utilizing the different decay characteristics of gravity, gravity gradiometry and high resolution magnetic anomalies. The workflow was applied to the southern part of the Nordkapp Basin. It started with the sedimentary model derived from seismics, populated with measured densities and magnetic susceptibilities and a starting model for the base salt. The residual after the removal of this model was interpreted in terms of a crustal model, including flexural isostatic calculations for the Moho with the sedimentary load. The residual after the removal of crustal and early sedimentary model was used to tune the salt model. As these major and minor modelling steps depend on each other, an iterative process was applied to stepwise improve the density and magnetic susceptibility model. The first vertical gradient of gravity and the magnetic field were found to give most information about the cap rock of the diapirs. The improvement in salt imaging, integrated with results from controlled‐source electromagnetic and magneto‐telluric modelling is shown for the salt diapir Uranus, where a well, terminated in the salt, constrains the minimum of the depth to base salt.     

Interpretation of gravimetric and magnetic anomalies in the Cameros Basin (North Spain): combination of deep and shallow sources

Outstanding potential field anomalies (gravimetric and magnetic) in the Cameros Basin (N Spain) follow a WNW-ESE trend, parallel to the geological structures resulting from Mesozoic extension and Tertiary basin inversion. The positive Bouguer gravity anomaly (15 mGal) is interpreted as the result of a strong contrast between the density of Tertiary rocks of the foreland basin and the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks, combined with crustal thickening in the Iberian Chain with respect to the Ebro Basin. The dipolar magnetic anomaly, slightly shifted to the south with respect to the relative maximum of the Bouguer anomaly, can be interpreted as related to volcanic rocks within the basement, which are linked to Triassic rifting as witnessed by outcrops of basalts along the basin margins. An exhaustive analysis of rock properties (density, magnetic susceptibility and remanence) and basin geometry from other sources (seismic reflection profiles) allow to constrain variations in crustal thickness and the location of large-scale basement faults.     

INDUCED GRAVITY ANOMALIES AND ROCK-BURST RISK IN COAL MINES: A CASE HISTORY1

The use of the gravity method to predict rock bursts in mines is based on the relationship between the development of a dilatancy process in the exploited rock mass and the time-dependent gravity anomalies induced by this phenomenon. The differences between successive observations of anomalies and the time behaviour of their trend amplitudes as precursors of preceding changes of rock stability are interpreted. The centres of zones of induced rock density variation are determined by computing the position of singular points of the differences between anomalies. Two gravity surveys have been carried out in the Radbod coal mine (Germany). The first survey took place at the level of the Dickebank seam (depth 1030 m), the second in the Sonnenschein seam (depth 1090 m). The observations were made with Worden and LaCoste-Romberg (D-type) gravimeters. The differences between successive anomalies were less than 100 μGal. In the case of the Dickebank seam, the position of singular points demonstrates the effect of two approaching longwalls on a previously mined-out seam and on the gallery in which the gravity observations were made. In the case of the Sonnenschein seam, the trend amplitudes show distinct variations in the formation of the approaching longwall below the edges of all previously mined-out seams. In particular, the effect of a remnant pillar has caused the largest gravity gradients. This result corresponds to the existence of a zone of rock-burst hazard known from test drilling. The computed singular points are grouped together under the remnant pillar indicating two local hazard zones. Both results, the observed development of rock instability with time and the information about the position of the disturbed rock mass relative to the mine workings, are of importance, subsurface gravity surveying can therefore be a valuable tool for predicting rock-bursts.