Characteristics of pCO_2 in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and their effects on carbon cycle in the western Arctic Ocean

The global warming has obviously been causingthe Arctic sea ice shrinking and thinning during thelast 30 years, which would increase free ice waters andenhance biological productivity. These changes willimpact the source and sink of carbon in the ArcticOcean and subarctic waters as well as a feedback tothe global change[1—3]. The Chukchi Sea is located in the southwest ofthe western Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea in thenorthwest of the North Pacific Ocean. Both seas are 1997—2001) and…     

Neogene Through Quaternary Tectonic Reactivation of SW Iberian Passive Margin

Southwest Portugal, the Gulf of Cadiz and Morocco are under the potential threat of natural hazards linked to seismicity and tsunami generation. We report the results of two multi-channel seismic (MCS) surveys carried out in 1992 and 1998 along the continental margin and oceanic crust of SW Iberia. This MCS data set shows the evidence of the compressional deformation which involves both the continental and the oceanic crust of the study area. The area of deformation extends from the southern border of the Tagus Abyssal Plain to the Seine Abyssal Plain, encompassing the continental margin of SW Portugal. Most of the structures observed are probably related to a Mid-Miocene phase of Africa-Europe plate convergence. In this paper we discuss the recent advances on the identification of the tectonic structures that are still active and that may generate great earthquakes and tsunamis. The tectonic structures identified are located respectively at the Guadalquivir Bank, along the eastern border of the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain and along the southern continental slope of SW Portugal.BIGSETS Team: L. Mendes Victor, C. Corela, A. Ribeiro, D. Cordoba, J. J. Danobeitia, E. Grácia, R. Bartolomé, R. Nicolich, G. Pellis, B. DellaVedova, R. Sartori, L. Torelli, A. Correggiari, L. Vigliotti.     

Characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and their effects on carbon cycle in the

Characteristics of the pCO₂ distribution in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and their relationships with the ambient hydrological conditions were discussed using variations of the partial pressure of CO₂ in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and the Chukchi Sea. Data in this study are from a field investigation during the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 1999. Compared to the high productivity in the Bering Continental Shelf, much lower levels of chlorophyll a were observed in the Bering Abyssal Plain. The effect of hydrological factors on the pCO₂ distribution in surface seawater of the Plain in summer has become a major driving force and dominated over biological factors. The Plain also presents a High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC). In addition, the pCO₂ distribution in the Bering Abyssal Plain has also been found to be influenced from the Bering Slope Current which would transform to the Anadyr Current when it inflows northwestward over the Plain. The Anadyr Current would bring a high nutrient water to the western Arctic Ocean where local nutrients are almost depleted in the surface water during the summer time. Resupplying nutrients would stimulate the growth of phytoplankton and enhance capacity of absorbing atmospheric CO₂ in the surface water. Otherwise, in the Bering Sea the dissolved inorganic carbon brought from freshwater are not deposited down to the deep sea water but most of them would be transported into the western Arctic Ocean by the Alaska Coastal Current to form a carbon sink there. Therefore, the two carbon sinks in the western Arctic Ocean, one carried by the Anadyr Current and another by the Alaska Costal Current, will implicate the western Arctic Ocean in global change.     

Early spreading history of the Indian Ocean between India and Australia

A revised model of seafloor spreading between India and Australia from the inception of spreading 125 m.y. to the change to a new system at 90 m.y. stems from the wider recognition of the M-series of magnetic anomalies off the southwestern margin of Australia, from a revised pole of opening between Australia and Antarctica, and by the extension in the central Wharton Basin of the Late Cretaceous set of magnetic anomalies back to 34. The phase of spreading represented by the later anomalies has been extended back to 90 m.y. in order to give a resolved pole that describes the rotation of India from Australia consistent with the M-series anomalies, DSDP site ages, and fracture zone trends. An abandoned spreading ridge in the Cuvier Abyssal Plain indicates a ridge jump within the first ten million years of spreading. Elsewhere, two kinds of ridge jump (one to the continental margin of Australia or India, the other by propagation of the spreading ridge into adjacent compartments thereby causing them to fuse), are postulated to account for other observations.     

Shear wave constraints on crustal structure of the pole abyssal plain

A study of the crustal structure in the Pole Abyssal Plain of the Arctic Ocean was carried out using P-waves constrained with converted shear waves. The data, recorded with a single ocean bottom seismometer (O.B.S.) on three channels, were modelled for travel time and amplitude variations with WKBJ synthetic seismograms. The study confirms that converted shear waves can be usefully employed to place limits on P-wave data.Shear wave velocities of sediments ranging from 0.3 km/s on the sea bed to 0.9 km/s at the sediment-basement interface with corresponding P-wave velocities of 1.6 to 2.1 km/s were obtained. The resulting Poisson's ratios for the sediments varies between 0.48 and 0.39, and indicate a poorly consolidated sedimentary layer. Well determined P- and S-wave velocities from the PPP and PSP phases give a Poisson's ratio of 0.31 for the lower crust in agreement with results from other studies.The models developed lead to the conclusion that there is considerable lateral heterogeneity in structure, and that the thickness of the crust (layers 2 and 3) under the Pole Abyssal Plain varies between 3.2 km and 4.1 km. The crust here is therefore much thinner than average oceanic crust, a thinning which may be related to the slow spreading rate at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge.     

Improved 2-D attenuation analysis for Northern Italy using a merged dataset from selected regional seismic networks

A merged, high-quality waveform dataset from different seismic networks has been used to improve our understanding of lateral seismic attenuation for Northern Italy. In a previous study on the same region, Morasca et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am 98:1936–1946, 2008) were able to resolve only a small area due to limited data coverage. For this reason, the interpretation of the attenuation anomalies was difficult given the complexity of the region and the poor resolution of the available data. In order to better understand the lateral changes in the crustal structure and thickness of this region, we selected 770 earthquakes recorded by 54 stations for a total of almost 16,000 waveforms derived from seismic networks operating totally or partially in Northern Italy. Direct S-wave and coda attenuation images were obtained using an amplitude ratio technique that eliminates source terms from the formulation. Both direct and early-coda amplitudes are used as input for the inversions, and the results are compared. Results were obtained for various frequency bands ranging between 0.3 and 25.0 Hz and in all cases show significant improvement with respect to the previous study since the resolved area has been extended and more crossing paths have been used to image smaller scale anomalies. Quality-factor estimates are consistent with the regional tectonic structure exhibiting a general trend of low attenuation under the Po Plain basin and higher values for the Western Alps and Northern Apennines. The interpretation of the results for the Eastern Alps is not simple, possibly because our resolution for this area is still not adequate to resolve small-scale structures.     

河南及邻区瑞利波群速度噪声层析成像

本文选取河南及邻区39个宽频带和甚宽频带地震台站记录的2014年1月～2015年12月垂直分量的连续波形资料,通过波形互相关和叠加运算得到台站间的经验格林函数,并用时频分析方法提取了498条瑞利波群速度频散曲线,进而采用噪声层析成像方法反演获得了河南及邻区8～25s的瑞利波群速度分布图像。结果表明,8s周期的群速度分布与地表构造特征密切相关,平原地区表现为低速异常,而基岩出露的山区呈现为高速异常;14s、20s周期的群速度在山区表现的高速异常与8s相似,说明中上地壳与地壳浅部结构有一定的相关性和继承性;8～20s周期的群速度在华北平原地区存在低速异常范围随周期增加而减小的现象。华北平原地区在下地壳表现出的低速异常,可能与大陆地壳减薄有关。大致以太行-武陵重力梯度带为界,下地壳表现出的西部低速、东部至研究区中部高速异常差异,体现了地壳东薄西厚的结构特征。     

Argo浮标温盐剖面观测资料的质量控制技术

Argo浮标可用来监测全球大洋从海表到2000 m深层的变化,鉴于Argo浮标的剖面观测数据存在位置错误、可疑剖面、异常数据以及盐度漂移等诸多问题,必须对Argo浮标资料进行有效的质量控制.本文基于Argo观测剖面资料与法国海洋开发研究院(IFREMER)提供的可靠历史观测数据集,提出了一种Argo资料质量控制的新途径.该方法通过寻找Argo浮标不同剖面位置与其"最佳匹配"历史剖面资料对比判别的途径,可以有效地识别Argo观测误差,特别是能够将由于Argo位置环境变化引起和由Argo浮标自身漂移引起的两类Argo浮标盐度偏移现象进行有效甄别,减少了对Argo浮标盐度剖面偏移的误判,有效节约了Argo浮标质量控制时间.本文还提出基于"三倍标准差"的异常数据检测方法,并将其与传统异常数据检测法相结合进行剖面异常数据剔除,有效实现了对异常数据的剔除.基于本文提出的Argo资料质量控制方法,对中国Argo实时资料中心网站提供的全球Argo浮标剖面进行了质量控制再分析,进一步剔除和订正了其中的一些数据误差,生成了经新的质量再控制后的全球Argo浮标剖面资料集.通过将质量再控制处理前后的数据与Ishii资料进行比较发现,处理后的数据比处理前的数据误差减小,表明本文提出的方法合理有效.     

The application of well logging and seismic modeling to assess the degree of gas saturation in Miocene strata (Carpathian Foredeep, Poland)

The presence of natural gas in the pore space of reservoir rocks results in a significant decrease in P-wave velocity. Even low gas saturation can generate seismic anomalies (DHI) and false image of gas accumulation of economic importance. This article presents an attempt to evaluate gas saturation from 2D seismic section in the Miocene sandstone strata in the south-eastern part of the Carpathian Foredeep. The ESTYMACJA program and the Biot-Gassmann model were used to study the dependence between elastic parameters and saturating fluids (water and gas) recorded in wells. Series of calculations was carried out using a method of fluid substitution for various gas saturation. The applicability of seismic data for evaluating gas saturation of reservoir beds was assessed with the use of 1D modelling (synthetic seismograms) and 2D modelling (theoretical seismic section) calculated for different gas saturation. The proposed methodology can be used to identify low and high gas-saturated zones and contour the reservoir.     

Noninvasive determination of the location and distribution of DNAPL using advanced seismic reflection techniques

Recent advances in seismic reflection amplitude analysis (e.g., amplitude versus offset-AVO, bright spot mapping) technology to directly detect the presence of subsurface DNAPL (e.g., CCl4) were applied to 216-Z-9 crib, 200 West Area, DOE Hanford Site, Washington. Modeling to determine what type of anomaly might be present was performed. Model results were incorporated in the interpretation of the seismic data to determine the location of any seismic amplitude anomalies associated with the presence of high concentrations of CCl4. Seismic reflection profiles were collected and analyzed for the presence of DNAPL. Structure contour maps of the contact between the Hanford fine unit and the Plio/Pleistocene unit and between the Plio/Pleistocene unit and the caliche layer were interpreted to determine potential DNAPL flow direction. Models indicate that the contact between the Plio/Pleistocene unit and the caliche should have a positive reflection coefficient. When high concentrations of CCl4 are present, the reflection coefficient of this interface displays a noticeable positive increase in the seismic amplitude (i.e., bright spot). Amplitude data contoured on the Plio/Pleistocene-caliche boundary display high values indicating the presence of DNAPL to the north and east of the crib area. The seismic data agree well with the well control in areas of high concentrations of CCl4.     

喜马拉雅地区的均衡重力异常与地震活动性

根据1950—1975年的地震资料,用地震迭加法绘制了喜马拉雅中、东部地区地震活动性图。并与该地区均衡重力异常进行定量比较。结果表明:在喜马拉雅地区地震活动性随均衡重力异常下降(上升)而增强(减弱),大的负均衡重力异常往往与高地震活动性有关。较强的地震活动通常出现在均衡重力异常水平梯度变化较大的地区,缅甸西北地区地震释放的能量为喜马拉雅中部地区的二倍,结合该地区大地构造,探讨了造成高地震活动性和均衡重力异常的可能原因。      

2003年呼和浩特城区流体异常特征及其地震地质意义

通过对2003年3月呼和浩特城区出现流体异常的落实和跟踪监测, 讨论了水温和水汞异常的成因, 并分析了大青山地震带的地震动态。 地下流体和地震地质资料表明, 呼和浩特城区3月中旬出现的地下流体异常是区域地壳活动的结果, 是呼-包盆地地壳活动引起新华广场断裂的活动, 断裂活动破坏了地下浅层的隔水层, 深层热水上涌形成了流体异常。 呼和浩特城区流体异常与6月10日托克托县M_S4.2地震都是岩石圈深部活动在地壳内的反映, 2003年3月以来呼和浩特城区出现的流体异常应该是地震的前兆。 西龙王庙的流体异常还未完全结束。     

河北文安MS5.1地震前首都圈及邻近地区震源动力学参数时空变化特征

Source spectra,corner frequency and zero frequency amplitudes in near-source conditions were measured using waveform data from 989 earthquakes with magnitudes larger than ML2.0 observed by the Beijing Digital Telemetry Seismic Network in the Capital Circle Region of China and its surrounding areas from January 2002 to June 2006 by the Brune model.Relevant formulas that were used for the calculation of dynamic source parameters include rupture radius,seismic moment,seismic energy,stress drop,and apparent stress.Scaling relations and characteristics of temporal-spatial variations of these dynamic parameters before the MS5.1 Wenan earthquake in Hebei Province that occurred on July 20,2006 were analyzed.Results show that apparent stress,stress drop,and the ratio of seismic energy to the rupture radius had relatively high values in some areas before the Wenan earthquake.These high-value concentration areas were mainly distributed in the North China Plain seismic zone.As is seen from the time curves,parameters,such as apparent stress,stress drop,and ratio of seismic energy to rupture radius underwent significant ascending processes before the Wenan earthquake,but the variation in the corner frequency showed a descending trend.This result might be related to the enhancement of stress in the North China Plain seismic zone before the earthquake.     

DELINEATION OF SHALLOW SALT DOMES AND SURFACE FAULTS BY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS AT A DEPTH OF APPROXIMATELY 2 METRES*

The feasibility of using temperature measurements at a depth of about 2 m for locating and delineating salt domes and faults has been investigated both theoretically and in experimental field surveys. It is shown that measurable temperature anomalies in the soil are to be expected over shallow salt domes. In a field survey over a salt-dome area bordering the Groningen gas field, a large number of temperature measurements were made in small holes (2 m deep, 3 cm in diameter) within a relatively short time (some weeks). The results clearly indicate several temperature anomalies with differential temperatures of about 1°C. Comparison of our thermal contour map with interpretations of available seismic or gravity data, or with direct evidence from wells, showed an excellent correlation. Seismic data even support the shape of the thermal contours. Results in similar agreement with gravity or well data were obtained over salt ridges in a tropical area. Experiments showed that the technique worked as well in lakes and marshes as on dry land. In addition, some experimental evidence collected so far over shallow and surface faults is presented. In several cases, strong thermal anomalies coincided with known surface faults. A thermal model for a surface-fault zone is suggested which accounts satisfactorily for the observed thermal data. It suggests some diagnostic value for the fault's geometry. For shallow faults, however, lack of knowledge of subsurface detail prevented any unambiguous correlation with observed thermal anomalies. Accordingly any geological use of thermal analysis over shallow faults remains debatable. The field technique is simple, needs little correction and can, where useful, easily be included in routine gravity work to provide additional local information.     

非测震学前兆异常的震情窗口效应

通过对１９７６年唐山７．８级、１９８３年菏泽５．９极和１９８９年大同６．１级．１９９１年大同５．８级四次地震的非测震学前兆异常（短水准、地电、水氡含量、水位等）的研究，发现在这些地震以前，邢台地区的非测震学前兆观测值均有异常出现，显示出该地区不仅有地震活动性的窗口效应，而且有非测震学前兆异常的震情窗口效应。其它地区也有相类似的情况存在。这对区域应力场研究和前兆场特征的研究具有重要意义，对强震的预报     

2012年宁蒗5．7级地震的震兆和前兆异常特征

2012年6月24日宁蒗5．7级地震发生前,地震活动性存在中期异常,地下流体存在中短临异常。地震活动性方面存在滇西地区5级以上地震东西迁移规律性活动、滇西地区4级以上地震成条带分布和程海断裂发生4级窗口地震等中期震兆异常。水氡、固体二氧化碳、水温和流量存在中短临前兆异常。地下流体前兆中期、短期和短临阶段都出现同步性异常。     

A STUDY OF ABYSSAL FRACTURES IN THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD BY GEOPHYSICAL METHODS*

According to data presented by YU.A. Kosigin, 84% of all endogenous mineral deposits are in some direct or indirect relation with the fractures of the earth's crust. Therefore the discovery and the study of the spatial disposition of the fractures is the most important object for geophysicists. Abyssal fractures are of particular interest. By geophysical methods one can find the geometrical parameters of abyssal fractures such as their extent, the depth of formation, the breadth of the zones, and the amplitude of the relative displacement of separated blocks. The methods determining these parameters are widely known. A calculation of the difference in the levels of the erosion cuts of the blocks are of particular interest under shield conditions. A method to calculate this difference by gravity interpretation of “step” anomalies and by using the gradient model of the earth's crust is proposed. A comparision of the results of gravimetry and magnetometry with those of deep seismic soundings shows that the fractures of the first and the second order in the Ukrainian shield cut the earth's crust and part of the upper mantle so they can be qualified as abyssal fractures. In the Ukrainian shield the spatial regularities of the fractures determined by geophysical methods can be used for the prognosis of the ore deposits.     

基于数据挖掘的甘肃武都殿沟泉氡异常与地震活动统计关系研究

殿沟泉气氡浓度在汶川地震后经常出现成簇高频震荡异常。应用数据挖掘方法,采用正规化、聚类、特征值计算等方法对氡观测数据和地震目录进行预处理,提取气氡异常、震级、震源深度和地震分区等参数,在此基础上采用贝叶斯网络模型开展殿沟泉氡异常与周边区域地震活动统计关系研究。利用聚类开展的地震分区结果显示与构造分区基本吻合,反映出不同构造单元地震活动的丛集性特征;贝叶斯网络模型结果表明泉点气氡异常与周边地震活动有关,特别是与汶川地震主震区龙门山断裂中段和临近区青川断裂区域的地震活动有关。研究结果有助于了解泉点气氡对周边地震响应的差异性特征,对未来该泉点气氡异常的判断与地震预测有参考意义。为地震前兆异常分析和地震活动分区提供了一种新的技术思路和方法。     

华北地区地震带活跃时段相关性分析

通过对1485年以来山西地震带、河北平原地震带及郯庐地震带5级以上地震时序的分析,认为这三个地震带活跃时段依次滞后,并且对滞后原因进行了探讨;之后对1900年以来三地震带作时序分析,认为山西地震带和河北平原地震带彼此交替活跃,郯庐带与河北平原带则同步活跃。山西地震带ML4级以上地震与山东内陆5级左右地震相关性较好,山东...     

2022年6月1日芦山MS 6.1地震前地电阻率异常分析

利用归一化速率变化方法（NVRM）分析处理了芦山M_S 6.1地震震中距450 km范围内的成都地震基准台、冕宁地震台、红格地震台、甘孜地震台等4个台站的地电阻率观测数据,结果显示：红格地震台NS、EW测道及甘孜地震台NE测道原始数据震前出现年变趋势性下降,下降幅度为1%—3%;红格地震台NVRM曲线震前出现正异常,冕宁地震台、甘孜地震台出现负异常,曲线转折下降过程中发生芦山M_S 6.1地震。虽然整体而言提取出的地电阻率震前异常在时间上与此次地震对应关系较好,但甘孜地震台、红格地震台与此次地震震中间距离均大于300 km,提取出的异常是否为此次地震异常,还需进一步探究。