区域台网地震前兆数据库故障应对初探

从前兆区域台网对台网及节点子台前兆数据库使用维护的需要着手,系统分析前兆数据库使用中几类常见故障,给出应对解决方案,并详细介绍了区域台网数据库备份及故障后台站数据库数据恢复的方法。突破地震前兆数据库传统冷备份的局限,引入逻辑备份的方法,实现了数据信息库间传输,为提升台网数据库维护能力发挥了较好的作用。     

利用CDMA 1X+VPN技术实现十三陵地震前兆观测系统信息集成

依托“中国地震数据观测网络”项目,中国地震局地震预测研究所建立了以十三陵地震中心台为前兆台网部,8个无人值守的前兆台站为一体的前兆观测系统。 这套系统利用中国联通的CDMA 1X网络将台站接入到Internet网络,并利用VPN(Virtual Private Network)技术在Internet网络上开辟一条安全、 稳定传输隧道,实现了前兆台站、 观测设备与十三陵前兆台网部的信息集成。 文中以十三陵地震前兆观测系统为例,主要介绍了如何利用CDMA 1X 无线网络和VPN(Virtual Private Network)技术实现前兆观测系统信息集成。 十三陵地震前兆观测系统的正常运行证明,利用CDMA 1X +VPN技术的前兆观测系统组网模式可以做到投资少、 见效快、传输可靠等优势,值得推广应用。     

文安Ms5.1级地震前锦州地震台的某些前兆异常

本文系统地展示和分析了文安5.1级地震前锦州地震台及其子台沈家台的前兆异常。     

区域地震通信网子台通信控制改造

为提高区域地震通信网数据通信的质量，解决子台通信控制（ＣＣＵ）的诸多不适应，决定对其改造，以目前在通信中广泛采用的个人计算机取代子台通信控制器（ＣＣＵ）。本文就个人计算机在通信中的接口安排、传输方式进行了研究，并通过区域地震通信网子台数据传输的实践证实了个人计算机在通信中的广泛用途和诸多优点。     

电信传输地震台网传输信道的干扰及排除方法

电信传输地震台网是为地震科学研究,及地震预报获取高质量的地震观测资料和地震前兆观测数据而建立的。将台网中各子台的信号传输汇集到记录、分析、处理中心,都是采用有大(?)载波话路传输、无线传输、无线→微波接力传输、无线→有线接力传输信道而进行的。众所周知,任何一种遥测信道,在传输有用信号的同时都会有各种干扰信号混入。这些干扰     

上海地震台阵电缆的铺设

前言一般来说 ,台阵各子台地震计所检测的地震信号是通过有线或无线的方式传输汇集到位于台阵附近的数据中心。如德国格兰芬堡台阵分为 3个子台阵 ,采用有线的方式先将各子台阵每一子台的地震信号传输到子台阵中心 ,然后再将汇集到各子台阵的地震信号再分别传输到埃尔兰根的台阵中心。又如加拿大黄刀台阵的初期 ,各子台的地震信号输出采用悬挂在木制三角架上的电缆传输到附近的控制中心。 1 986年加拿大政府对黄刀台阵进行了重大更新 ,除了在台阵安装不同频带的地震计外 ,还采用高分辨的数字化输出 ,并将地震数据通过 UHF数字无线遥测传输…     

无线技术在前兆台站中的应用

主要研究青海省无人值守前兆台站采用无线传输技术解决数据的传输问题,该技术克服了传统地震前兆信息采集和传输等方面的弱点,使用无线路由器作为数据终端,实现无人值守前兆台站监测的自动化、无线化,最终达到数据资料在互联网上共享并为用户服务的目的。     

“十五”网络项目中测震台站CDMA数据传输方式浅析

中国数字地震观测网络项目建设的一个重要特点是"网络到台站,IP到仪器",从台站数据的采集到数据传输,台网中心数据的接收与实时处理,全部建立在网络化的平台上.因此,保证数据传输的连续性是一个重要的前提,本文从CDMA数据传输方式的特点出发,详细分析了数字地震项目建设过程中测震台网试运行的数据特点,研究表明:测震台站CDMA数据传输模式的连续率较低,在条件许可的情况下,地震数据的传输应尽量采用专用信道.     

广东地震台网台站数据传输质量对比分析

根据广东地震台网(下简称广东台网)台站数据传输采用多种方式的现状,统计和分析了2009年1月1日至2014年12月31日期间44个台站的数据传输质量。阐述了6种传输方式的基本原理,分析了各种传输方式的质量和产生断记的原因,提出如何解决传输过程中所遇到的各种问题。从信号的传输质量、运维成本、地震速报和未来地震预警需求等多方面着手,分析总结了各种传输方式的优劣,为提高台网运行率和台站数据传输质量,提出了"以SDH为主、多种传输方式并存"传输方式。     

新疆乌鲁木齐区域数字遥测地震台网

新疆乌鲁木齐区域数字遥测地震台网(以下简称区域台网)是在模拟遥测地震台网的基础上改造、扩建而成的。区域台网由数字汇集中心、4个中继站、12个遥测子台和9个准实时远程子台组成。中国地震局港震公司提供地震计、数据采集器和应用软件，新疆地震局与厂家共同研制无线同步传输设备。区域台网的技术系统采用了先进的数字地震观测技术，具有宽频带、大动态、高精度、高分辨率的特点，以无线实时传输台网为主，远程扩展子台为辅，构成了全国最大的省级台网。2001年4月22日，乌鲁木齐区域数字遥测地震台网通过了中国地震局专家组验收。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.