创新区域中心城市旅游联动发展模式——以武汉、长沙、南昌三市为例

在我国"中部崛起"的发展战略决策中,组合武汉、长沙、南昌三省会城市,开展区域中心城市旅游发展联动合作,共同构建长江中游旅游金三角地带,打造具有国际影响的著名旅游目的地,最终形成"华中旅游极",是中部地区旅游业发展和崛起的重要战略举措.三市进行区域旅游合作,除了采取传统的普遍意义上的合作形式,更重要的是创新区域旅游联动发展的合作形式,共同建立区域联动的板块发展、区域定位的地域分工、点圈结构的多边合作、互为目的地的市场互动、科学融资的资本促动等多元合作方式和多样合作模式.但真正要开展实质性的合作,还要通过制定三市区域旅游合作发展规划,确立"内联外拓"的发展战略,设置综合性或专门性的公共信息或旅游信息交换平台,建立人才培育的合作交流机制,构建合作的保障体系.     

Post-Soviet urban renewal and its discontents: gentrification by demolition in Baku

ABSTRACT

Gentrification is being increasingly discussed as a driver of urban change globally, including in the former Soviet Union. However, the translation of the gentrification phenomenon into post-Soviet cities like Baku remains poorly understood. This article explores how a particular form of state-led “gentrification by demolition” is unfolding in Baku. We assert the ongoing relevance of using the framework of gentrification to analyze the processes. We go on to use the case of the recently demolished Sovetsky district to carefully expand the geography of the gentrification discourse. We argue that Baku’s own “landscape of gentrification” is shaped by anumber of preconditions. It bears the marks of the legacy of post-socialist cities. However, it more resembles muscular state-led “gentrification by demolition” that is characteristic of Chinese cities. It also echoes Soviet city-building legacies in its use of spectacle and “grand gesture” to legitimize and buy support for gentrification policies.     

中国入境旅游热点城市知名度认知的空间相关性

 旅游知名度是游客旅游决策的主控影响因素之一,也是旅游目的地获取潜在客源的重要手段。以我国入境旅游热点城市知名度为研究内容,从入境游客认知视角,在大样本入境游客实证调查资料的支持下,运用Moran指数和相关性检验,分析了我国入境旅游热点城市知名度认知的空间相关性,检验结果显示：我国入境旅游热点城市知名度认知具有正向空间自相关属性,其空间分布特征具有明显的类型与等级差异。相关性检验结果显示：入境旅游热点城市知名度认知存在地域相邻高度相关;沿海入境旅游热点城市知名度认知存在高度相关;入境旅游热点城市知名度认知具有明显的类型或等级相关;国际焦点关注的入境旅游热点城市认知与其它城市之间存在高度相关。     

跨地区生计及其变迁视角下流动人口城镇住房分层的特征及其影响因素

在跨地区生计及其变迁的视角下,将流动人口在流入地和流出地城镇的住房状况有机结合,借助2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据和相匹配的城市特征数据,运用描述统计和多层次回归模型,探究流动人口城镇住房分层的特征及其影响因素。结果发现,流动人口的城镇住房已形成了一个从低到高依次由无城镇产权房、有城镇产权房（流出地或流入地城镇产权房）和多区域城镇产权房构成的“三阶四级式”的“金字塔型”结构。模型结果显示,流动人口个体及家庭的社会经济条件和流出地的区位禀赋是其实现城镇住房自有的重要基础和财务支撑,流入城市的经济发展水平、房价和城市规模仅对流入地和多区域城镇产权房有显著影响。因此,本文挑战了流动人口住房条件差的刻板印象,并吸引人们关注流动人口跨地区生计及其变迁对其城镇住房的影响,拓展了当代中国城镇住房分层研究的视角。     

中国地级市间流动人口永久定居意愿的空间特征和影响因素

促进流动人口市民化成为当前国家推进新型城镇化进程中着力解决的重点问题,而永久定居意愿是促进流动人口市民化的关键内在驱动力。论文从地级市间流动人口的永久定居意愿出发,利用全国流动人口动态监测调查数据和多元线性回归模型开展实证研究。结果发现：① 地级市间流动人口的永久定居意愿有着整体水平偏低、空间不均衡的特点;永久定居意愿流形成以上海市、深圳市和北京市为主,内陆部分城市群的核心城市为辅的多极格局;随着永久定居意愿的增强,对城市的选择愈发聚焦在少数几个一线城市。② 模型结果显示,流入地级市与流出地级市间的工资与失业率的差距显著影响地级市间流动人口的永久定居意愿;女性、年长、受教育程度高、短距离迁移、停驻时间长以及举家迁移等的流动人口具有更高的永久定居意愿;流入城市的住房开始取代就业成为定居决策过程中最为重要的经济因素变量。     

两栖生计下中国流动人口城镇购房意愿的空间特征和影响因素

流动人口的城镇购房意愿和空间偏好直接关系到流动人口市民化的路径选择与城镇化的高质量发展.基于2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据和统计数据,对比研究了流动人口流入地和流出地城镇购房意愿的空间特征和影响因素.研究发现:①流动人口城镇购房意愿具有层次性和两栖性特征,还有小部分流动人口拥有多地城镇购房意愿.②流入地和流出地...     

Spatial distribution and morphologic characteristics of gullies in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China: Hebei watershed

Gully erosion in the Black Soil Region of China has posed a threat to food security. This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution and morphologic characteristics of gullies in the region and their topographic thresholds. A 28 km² watershed was surveyed and 117 gullies measured. The results showed that: (1) Gullies were distributed equally on both hillslope and valley floor positions, with a total gully density of .66 km/km². (2) The mean depth, width, and cross-sectional area of gullies were .74 m, 2.39 m, and 2.43 m², respectively. These characteristics varied among gullies according to their topographic positions and slope gradients. Individual gully volume (V) was well predicted from gully length (L) by V = 2.08L^0.96 (r² = .66). Total gully volume (V) of each sub-watershed was predicted from mean slope gradient (S) and drainage area (A) as V = 275800S ? 8600A (r² = .73). (3) Gully erosion was more serious in steeper sub-watersheds and steeper hillslope positions. Gullies were wider in regions with relatively larger drainage areas, except for those developed in the main valley. The topographic threshold for gully initiation was S = .10A^?0.34, which indicated gully erosion was dominated by surface runoff. (4) Human activities, such as road construction, played a significant role in gully erosion.     

中国城市流动人口户籍迁移意愿的空间格局及影响因素——基于2012年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据

基于2012年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据和相关统计年鉴数据,对中国地级以上城市流动人口的户籍迁移意愿、空间格局及影响因素进行了系统分析。研究发现,中国城市流动人口户籍迁移意愿的整体水平并不高;等级高、规模大的城市流动人口的户籍迁移意愿高,而等级低、规模小的城市流动人口的户籍迁移意愿低;沿海城市群流动人口的户籍迁移意愿高,其他城市流动人口的户籍迁移意愿低,但内陆部分省会城市和交通区位与资源禀赋较好的中小城市也已经形成了一批流动人口的户籍迁移意愿高值区。中国城市流动人口户籍迁移意愿的空间分布特征受到流入城市和流动人口自身双重力量的影响,流入城市因素的正向影响作用大于流动人口自身因素。其中,流入城市的社会、经济发展水平和流动人口在流入城市的社会融合程度是核心要素,对城市流动人口户籍迁移意愿的提升具有正向的促进作用,而流动人口过于集中在次级劳动力市场的就业特征和较高的家庭财富与收入对户籍迁移意愿的提升却具有显著的抑制作用。最后,提出了相关政策启示。     

Very high CO2 exchange fluxes at the peak of the rainy season in a West African grazed semi-arid savanna ecosystem

Africa is a sink of carbon, but there are large gaps in our knowledge regarding the CO₂ exchange fluxes for many African ecosystems. Here, we analyse multi-annual eddy covariance data of CO₂ exchange fluxes for a grazed Sahelian semi-arid savanna ecosystem in Senegal, West Africa. The aim of the study is to investigate the high CO₂ exchange fluxes measured at the peak of the rainy season at the Dahra field site: gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration peaked at values up to ?48 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 and 20 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1, respectively. Possible explanations for such high fluxes include a combination of moderately dense herbaceous C4 ground vegetation, high soil nutrient availability and a grazing pressure increasing the fluxes. Even though the peak net CO₂ uptake was high, the annual budget of ?229 ± 7 ± 49 g C m^?2 y^?1 (±random errors ± systematic errors) is comparable to that of other semi-arid savanna sites due the short length of the rainy season. An inter-comparison between the open-path and a closed-path infrared sensor indicated no systematic errors related to the instrumentation. An uncertainty analysis of long-term NEE budgets indicated that corrections for air density fluctuations were the largest error source (11.3% out of 24.3% uncertainty). Soil organic carbon data indicated a substantial increase in the soil organic carbon pool for the uppermost .20 m. These findings have large implications for the perception of the carbon sink/source of Sahelian ecosystems and its response to climate change.     

基于Q方法的旅游目的地形象偏好结构

采用Q方法,通过收集并分析受访者对不同类型旅游目的地形象的偏好排序,发现其形象间存在兼容性和不相容性,且存在5种典型旅游目的地形象偏好结构,分别是：自然生态旅游偏好型、城市旅游偏好型、自然文化旅游偏好型、漫游体验旅游偏好型和探索冒险旅游偏好型。相似性分析表明：5种偏好类型均不喜欢厚重的文化体验,而偏爱轻松及互动式的文化体验。5种旅游目的地形象偏好结构对应特征明显、区分度高,对于旅游营销及旅游线路的设计具有较高的参考性价值。     

流出地空间资本与流动人口的住房选择分化

流动人口的住房直接关系到流动人口的市民化水平与城镇化高质量发展。基于2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,论文探究了流动人口的流出地空间资本对其流入地住房选择的影响及其群体差异性。研究发现：流动人口在流入地的住房选择以租住房为主,产权房和免费房为辅,流出地的空间资本是造成流动人口流入地住房选择分化的重要因素。流出地城市规模与住房选择并不是简单的线性相关关系;流出地聚落等级和流出地人文发展水平对流入地住房产权获得有促进作用,但当流出地为乡镇和县城时,流动人口倾向于通过市场途径获取住房。采用删除各流入地地级市中数量较少样本的方法做了稳健性检验,表明上述结论是稳健可信的。异质性分析结果表明,流出地空间资本对流动人口在流入地住房选择的影响在不同代际、受教育程度和收入水平间存在较为显著的差异。论文着眼于流动人口流出地空间资本的影响效应,拓展了流动人口住房选择分化研究的视角,研究结果对进一步优化面向流动人口的住房政策和推进流动人口市民化具有重要政策含义。     

Morphology and controlling factors of step-pools in rills based on field investigation in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley,China

Rill erosion is well developed in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley. The appearance of step-pools in rills (SPRs) is an early stage of erosion and necessary condition for rill development. We measured length, width, depth of plunge pools, and length, height, and slope of step walls. We observed the developmental environment of every SPR in the field. Through research on relationships among SPR parameters, morphological characteristics, and control factors, we conclude that (1) correlations of step slope with pool length and width, and of step length with pool width are not evident (p > 0.1); correlations of pool length with step height and length are evident (p < 0.1); correlations of step slope with pool depth, and of step height with pool width are significant (p < 0.05); and correlations of pool depth with step length and height are highly significant (p < 0.01). Plunge-pool length is affected by soil properties and step height, but not by step gradient. (2) SPR formation shows a coupling effect of a single factor or many factors, such as terrain conditions, vegetation, confluence area, soil properties, and boundary conditions, and the shapes and scales of SPRs notably change with differences of the main control factors.     

基于融入-隔离双向对比的流动人口主观社会融合及其影响因素研究——以福厦泉城市群为例

基于2017年流动人口动态监测数据,选取福厦泉城市群,构建融入-隔离对比的指标体系,探讨了流动人口在流入地的主观社会融合及其影响因素。研究发现：① 流动人口在流入地的主观社会融合程度较高,但融入与隔离并存,且以融入为主。② 流动人口主观社会融合受流迁模式、社会网络、生计资本、制度政策和人口特征等因素综合影响：宏观上基本公共服务均等化能显著地增强融入、削弱隔离,淡化了户籍制度造成的融入障碍;中观上在流入地加强社会交往和积极参加组织活动、改善住房和提高收入确实有助于流动人口在流入地增强融入、减弱隔离,但基于流出地方向的土地预期收益、家庭困难及乡土依恋等主客观因素则增强了流动人口在流入地的主观隔离、削弱了主观融入;微观上近距离、长时段和家庭化迁移的流动人口主观融入程度较高,受教育程度的提高有助于流动人口削弱主观隔离,更好地融入流入地。研究认为应促进流动人口客观融合并使其与主观融合相匹配,改变以流动人口融入当前流入地实现市民化的单向思维,统筹考虑流入地与流出地的双向影响,将流动人口市民化工作重心由落户转向基本公共服务的无差别覆盖,实现流动人口从主观“愿意”到客观“能够”的社会融合。     

Modeling the morphology of gully cross sections in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley

Abstract

Characterizing gully cross sections (GCs) is essential for calculating the volume and erosion rate of the gully. However, little research has focused on modeling the morphology of GCs. This study investigated 456 GCs with a laser distance meter located at the mouth, middle, and head of 152 gullies in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley of China; mapped them with AutoCAD software; fitted them with 2nd–6th degree polynomial functions, and discussed the correlation between the coefficients and the morphology of GCs. The results showed that: (1) using a 2nd-degree polynomial function (y = ax² + bx + c) to describe the morphology of GCs produced a better result than other polynomial functions; (2) the coefficient a of 2nd-degree polynomial function was correlated with depth (r = ?0.226, p < 0.01), gradient (r = 0.545, p < 0.01), and activities; and (3) the symmetry axis (?b/2a) of 2nd-degree polynomial function increased with gully change from left-deflection to right-skewed, and the absolute value showed the asymmetrical degree (r = 0.216, p < 0.01). This study will not only help to understand the morphology and evolution of gullies, but will also provide a scientific basis for prevention of gully erosion.     

浙江省旅游生态安全的时空格局及障碍因子

以浙江省为案例地,构建了基于PSR-EES模型的旅游生态安全评价指标体系,运用改进的TOPSIS法对其2000~2012年旅游生态安全进行了动态评估,并使用生态安全等级动态度模型、马尔可夫链模型、灰色关联度模型对其时空格局和障碍因子进行了分析。结果表明：① 2000~2012年,浙江省旅游生态安全指数由0.399增加至0.628,安全等级从敏感等级上升至一般安全等级;② 浙江省旅游生态安全风险等级和敏感等级的城市数量减少,而临界安全和一般安全等级的城市数量增加,且旅游生态安全等级存在跳跃式转移;③ 浙江省旅游生态安全主要障碍因子为游客数量增长率、旅游收入增长率、环保投入占GDP比重和森林覆盖率。     

The Pedagogical Benefits of SimCity in Urban Geography Education

This article investigated the pedagogical potential of the SimCity simulation game in an urban geography course. University students used SimCity to build their own cities and applied a wide range of theories to support their urban structures. Moreover, the students critically evaluated the logic and functioning of the SimCity simulation compared to real-world contexts and urban geography principles. The students believed the SimCity activity provided them with opportunities to promote their geographic creativity, resulting in diverse, unique, and interesting cities. The findings demonstrate that the use of SimCity can be an effective tool for geography education.     

Disaggregating population density of the European Union with CORINE land cover

This article describes and compares six disaggregation methods used to produce a dasymetric population density grid of the European Union at a 100 m resolution. Population data were initially available at commune level. The main ancillary information source was CORINE land cover, a land cover map distributed by the European Environment Agency. Information from the Eurostat point survey, land use/cover area frame survey, was also integrated in the parameter estimation of some of the approaches tested. Accurate population data for 1 km cell grids were provided by the Statistical Offices of Austria, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Estonia and Sweden. These data provided the basic reference to quantify the accuracy of each method. The best results were obtained with a modified version of the limiting variable method (Eicher, C. and Brewer, C., 2001. Dasymetric mapping and areal interpolation: implementation and evaluation. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28, 125–138) that could be implemented, thanks to the national reference grids. For other methods the parameters could be estimated without using the reference grids; among them a method based on logit regression gave the best results. Compared with the traditional choropleth maps that represent a homogeneous density in each commune, the accuracy improvement of the disaggregated maps ranged between 20% and 67% (between 46% and 67% for the best method).     

中国东部地区流动人口城市间横向迁移规律

基于中国东部地区6 个城市流动人口问卷调查,并在对已有人口迁移规律研究进行梳理的基础上,通过比较流动人口每一次迁移前一城市和后一城市的差异以及整个迁移过程中迁移速度、迁移距离、迁移城市规模、城市经济发展水平、区域路径等方面的变化趋势,分析流动人口进入城市后在城市间横向迁移的规律和特点。研究发现:东部地区流动人口城市间横向迁移不仅速度快,城市平均居留时间短,而且在多次迁移过程中迁移流向、迁移的空间轨迹方面呈现出更为复杂的特点:随着迁移次数的增加,迁移距离增加,遵循由近及远的同时回流现象明显;随着迁移次数的增加,由收入较高城市流向收入较低城市的比例以及流向中等城市的比例显著提高,不存在由大到小的递补特征;在相邻城市或相同经济区范围内多次往返迁移现象明显。     

基于Tripadvisor 的中国旅游地国际关注度及空间格局

用户贡献内容(UGC)已逐渐成为旅游行为与感知研究的重要数据源.区别于通常利用搜索引擎关键词数量描述网络关注度的方法,本文引入电子社区层次结构为权重因子,建立了基于社区UGC的旅游关注度模型,能够灵活调节模型表达的重点,优化计算结果.针对著名旅游电子社区Tripadvisor 的研究发现,国外社区用户对中国旅游的关注呈现3 个典型特征:①旅游关注集中在“长城、泰山、黄山、九寨沟、张家界”等少数旅游吸引物,和“北京、香港、上海、桂林”少量目的地城市;大量吸引物和目的地关注度较低,呈现“长尾现象”与极化特征.②吸引物与目的地城市的关注空间具有明显耦合性,关注度较高的吸引物多邻近或隶属于关注度较高的城市,如桂林阳朔、北京长城、成都都江堰和九寨沟、杭州西湖等.③旅游关注空间整体呈现出由高到低的“东—中—西”格局,与中国区域经济的“东—中—西”梯度格局基本耦合;北京、香港、广州、深圳、上海、成都等关注中心也与区域经济中心一致.旅游资源禀赋、电子口碑传播模式、地理区位、经济水平和关注者国家的文化背景、经济发展状况、地理区位等是影响旅游者关注度及其空间格局变化的主要因素.旅游关注度模型旨在解决互联网用户对区域旅游关注的定量计算问题,为基于互联网UGC的旅游地理学研究提供新思路.     

社会网络视角下黑龙江省城市旅游经济联系的空间结构和空间发展模式研究

基于引力模型获取黑龙江省12个地级市的旅游经济联系度作为基础数据,采用社会网络理论与方法,借助Ucinet6.0软件构建旅游经济联系的空间结构评价指标和模型,通过节点的中心度、结构洞和网络的密度、中心势、核心-边缘模型、角色划分来探讨空间结构特征,最终构建旅游地的空间等级体系和空间发展模式。结果表明：① 2007~2012年,黑龙江省城市旅游经济联系网络呈现出西南部、东南部密集,北部、东北部稀疏的格局。网络密度、度数中心度、接近中心度增长,而重点城市的中间中心度与结构洞水平下降,更多节点在网络中占据较多的结构洞位置,发挥了相应的核心作用。网络空间结构逐渐由松散走向紧密状态,由不均衡趋于均衡。② 网络中存在明显的核心区与边缘区,并细分为4个角色群体以定位城市节点的地位及属性。③ 黑龙江省城市旅游地可划分为核心旅游地、重要旅游地、一般旅游地和边缘旅游地4个等级,网络空间呈现出“一核、两翼、三轴三圈”的发展模式。