黑河干流浅层地下水与地表水相互转化的水化学特征

通过分析黑河干流地表水与地下水的水化学特征,识别沿黑河干流不同地带地下水与地表水的相互转化关系.研究结果表明:(1)在祁连山区,地下水与地表水的转化以地下水向河流排泄为主.(2)南部盆地,在山前戈壁带,出山河水入渗转化为地下水;溢出带地下水以泉的形式转化为地表水;进入细土平原后,汛期河水补给地下水,非汛期地下水补给河水;在农灌区引河水通过田间入渗补给地下水.(3)北部盆地,在金塔灌区,地下水主要接受引水灌溉入渗补给;在金塔灌区到额济纳旗,河流入渗转化为地下水.     

A multi-method approach to quantify groundwater/surface water-interactions in the semi-arid Hailiutu River basin,northwest China

Identification and quantification of groundwater and surface-water interactions provide important scientific insights for managing groundwater and surface-water conjunctively. This is especially relevant in semi-arid areas where groundwater is often the main source to feed river discharge and to maintain groundwater dependent ecosystems. Multiple field measurements were taken in the semi-arid Bulang sub-catchment, part of the Hailiutu River basin in northwest China, to identify and quantify groundwater and surface-water interactions. Measurements of groundwater levels and stream stages for a 1-year investigation period indicate continuous groundwater discharge to the river. Temperature measurements of stream water, streambed deposits at different depths, and groundwater confirm the upward flow of groundwater to the stream during all seasons. Results of a tracer-based hydrograph separation exercise reveal that, even during heavy rainfall events, groundwater contributes much more to the increased stream discharge than direct surface runoff. Spatially distributed groundwater seepage along the stream was estimated using mass balance equations with electrical conductivity measurements during a constant salt injection experiment. Calculated groundwater seepage rates showed surprisingly large spatial variations for a relatively homogeneous sandy aquifer.     

Multi-tracer investigation of river and groundwater interactions: a case study in Nalenggele River basin,northwest China

Environmental tracers (such as major ions, stable and radiogenic isotopes, and heat) monitored in natural waters provide valuable information for understanding the processes of river–groundwater interactions in arid areas. An integrated framework is presented for interpreting multi-tracer data (major ions, stable isotopes (²H, ¹⁸O), the radioactive isotope ²²²Rn, and heat) for delineating the river–groundwater interactions in Nalenggele River basin, northwest China. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were undertaken to estimate the bidirectional water exchange associated with small-scale interactions between groundwater and surface water. Along the river stretch, groundwater and river water exchange readily. From the high mountain zone to the alluvial fan, groundwater discharge to the river is detected by tracer methods and end-member mixing models, but the river has also been identified as a losing river using discharge measurements, i.e. discharge is bidirectional. On the delta-front of the alluvial fan and in the alluvial plain, in the downstream area, the characteristics of total dissolved solids values, ²²²Rn concentrations and δ¹⁸O values in the surface water, and patterns derived from a heat-tracing method, indicate that groundwater discharges into the river. With the environmental tracers, the processes of river–groundwater interaction have been identified in detail for better understanding of overall hydrogeological processes and of the impacts on water allocation policies.     

塔里木河干流河道水均衡模型研究

通过对河道水面蒸发量、渗漏量、漫溢量的分析,建立了以月为单位的塔里木河干流河道水均衡模型.该模型以阿拉尔来水量为输入,输出包括干流主要水文站点的水量、各河段的蒸发量、渗漏量、漫溢量等.利用1981—1995年逐月的水文资料进行了模型参数率定,以1996—2000年的水文资料进行了模型验证,结果表明模型具有较好的适应性.利用该模型分析塔里木河干流水资源转化消耗的规律,得出河道漫溢尤其是中游的漫溢是塔里木河干流主要的水量消耗.考虑堤防建设对模型进行了修正,并利用修正后的水均衡模型分析了堤防建设的影响.     

Groundwater level and chemistry changes resulting from tunnel construction near Matsumoto City, Japan

 Before tunnel construction began, the groundwater chemical compositions and levels around the tunnel were studied to determine if water compositions could predict whether surface water will be influenced by tunnel construction. When the chemical composition of the well and springwater was similar to that of the tunnel seepage water, and the altitude of the well and spring was above the tunnel level, the groundwater level in the well and spring was influenced by draining tunnel seepage water. Therefore, comparing the chemical compositions of surface water and groundwater may be used for predictive purposes. However, the results of this study showed there was no noticeable chemical composition change in springwater prior to changes in groundwater level at a particular site. The changes in the hydrology of the plateau caused by tunnel construction were also studied, using measurements of the changes in groundwater chemistry as well as changes in groundwater levels. Prior to tunnel construction, river discharge was greater. Following tunnel construction, some river discharge decreased because springwater was drained as tunnel seepage water and the spring in the catchment dried up. Tritium concentration indicated that 3 years after tunnel construction, surface water did not reach tunnel levels in spite of groundwater level lowering and remaining unconfined groundwater being drained. Received: 17 January 1996 · Accepted: 10 July 1996     

黑河中上游段河道渗漏量计算方法的试验研究

通过河道断面法对黑河中上游河段河道渗漏量进行了比测试验,结果表明:河床岩性组成、河流平面几何形态变化以及人类活动对输水方式的改变等对河道渗漏量影响显著.黑河实施全流域调水前后河道渗漏量发生显著的跳跃性变化,莺落峡至312桥区间河道渗漏量调水前为1.2543×108 m3,调水后为4.3747×108 m3,调水后较调水前河道渗漏量增加3.1203×108 m3;河道流量越小其相应损失率愈大,河道流量越大,其相应损失率愈小,由此得出各河段不同流量单位河长的损失率服从倒数函数分布.研究结果是在黑河中上游实体河道上进行上下断面流量比测试验的基础上得出的,符合该河段的实际情况,可作为黑河中游地表水、地下水转化分析、地下水流系统模拟、流域水资源重复利用、水量调度计算各种模拟模型验证河道渗漏量的基础资料.     

河西走廊黑河鼎新至哨马营段河水与地下水转化途径分析

运用美国ＧＥＯＭＥＴＲＩＣＳ公司制造的ＳｔｒａｔａｇｅｃｍＥＨ４电导率成像系统。对黑河鼎新至哨马营河谷地带进行实地调查发现,此段存在一地堑式断层,为东西走向,古道沿此断层形成。河流在此段大部分沿古河道为地下水,自西向东流去,在东部板滩井一带（盐碱沼泽地）以垂向蒸发方式通过地表及植被排泄。古尔乃绿洲的形成与黑河河水通过断层转化成地下水有关。     

松嫩平原地下水流动模式的环境同位素标记

采用同位素水文学方法并结合传统水文地质方法,识别松嫩平原地下水流动模式。氢氧稳定同位素和地下水年龄分布表明该区地下水流动系统流动模式呈现出局部流、中间流和区域流系统。地下水中氚分布深度指示局部水流系统为现代水循环系统,以垂向运动为主要特征,循环深度一般小于50 m,山前区可达100m以下;区域流系统存在于深部承压含水层,以侧向水平径流为主要运动特征。松辽边界附近的环境同位素特征存在明显的差别,指示天然状态下可视为零通量边界。同位素示踪剂也反映出嫩江和地下水的相互作用关系,在齐齐哈尔以北,江水补给地下水;在齐齐哈尔以南,地下水向嫩江排泄。     

分布式光纤测温技术在黑河中游地表水与地下水转换研究中的应用

本研究首次应用分布式光纤测温技术,监测张掖市临泽县平川段的黑河河床表面温度与河水温度,确定了该时段黑河中游湿地临泽平川段的地表水地下水转换情况。分布式光纤测温系统温度分辨率为0.01℃,采样间距为0.25m,时间间隔为4min。通过对全长550m的河床表面温度与河水温度连续监测,分析该区段温度场动态,发现试验区河段河流受地下水补给,有地下水溢出带。通过河床表面温度与河水温度、环境温度的对比,清楚反映了该河段温度异常带的分布与变化规律,明确了地下水溢出带的位置与地下水溢出强度。     

泉域地下水数值模拟及泉流量动态变化预测

本文对位于岩溶地区的小南海泉泉域地下水进行了数值模拟和水平衡分析，全面分析了降雨、河、渠、库地表水系入渗对地下水动态变化的影响，模拟了泉流量动态变化与区域地下水关系。在此基础上，分析了不同气候条件和开采方案对泉流量的影响。模型计算结果表明，小南海泉流量多年平均相对变化率与降雨量多年平均变化率基本一致，减少泉域地下水开采量，特别是矿坑排水可有效地增加枯期泉流量。     

Interaction between groundwater, the hyporheic zone and a Chalk stream: a case study from the River Lambourn, UK

Understanding the processes controlling groundwater/surface-water interaction is essential for effective resource management and for protecting sensitive ecosystems. Through intensive monitoring of Chalk groundwater, shallow gravel groundwater and surface water in the River Lambourn, UK, using a combination of hydrochemical and hydrophysical techniques, a complex pattern of interactions has been elucidated. The river is broadly in hydraulic contact with the streambed sediments and adjacent gravels and sands, but these deposits are mainly hydraulically separate from the underlying Chalk at the site. The hydraulic relationship between the river and underlying alluvium is variable, involving components of groundwater flow both parallel and transverse to the river and with both effluent and influent behaviour seen. While the gravel aquifer is significant in controlling groundwater/surface-water interaction, its importance as a route for flow down the catchment is likely to be modest compared with river discharge. The hydrological complexity revealed in a geological setting typical of lowland UK Chalk streams has implications both for investigation methods and for management such as in the setting of environmental objectives in the European Water Framework Directive.     

涪江流域径流变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应

采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法分析了涪江流域实测径流量的变化趋势,根据假定的气候变化情景和HADCM3预估的气候情景,利用考虑融雪的水量平衡模型(SWBM模型)分析了径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:涪江流域径流量总体呈现递减趋势,但非汛期的个别月份有增加趋势,实测年径流变化主要是由于气候要素变化引起的,流域内的水电开发对径流量的季节分配存在一定的影响。SWBM模型对涪江流域月流量过程具有较好的模拟效果,实测与模拟径流量总体较为吻合,只有个别年份峰值模拟误差相对较大。气温变化固定的情况下,降水变化与径流变化之间的关系接近线性;在降水变化相同的情况下,单位气温变幅引起的径流量变化幅度也基本相当。尽管不同排放情景下涪江流域径流量的变化有一定差异,但总体来看,未来水资源可能以偏少为主,特别是2030年以后,多年平均偏少量将可能超过5%。     

分布式水文模型中河流水深及其与地下水相互作用的耦合模拟

大尺度流域水文模型一般只模拟河道径流,对河流水深和流速并不关注。在进行河流-地下水相互作用模拟时,河流水深（水位）是一个重要因素,其时空变化及其对河流-地下水水量交换的影响应加以考虑。本文就流域分布式水文模型中河流水深的时空变化计算及其与地下水的实时耦合模拟进行了研究,提出了相应的计算方法,改进了大尺度水文模型WATLAC,并通过V-型流域考题进行了检验。模拟结果显示,模型有效地模拟了V-型流域的河流水深、地下水水位沿河道的时空变化以及河流与地下水的水交换量,揭示了河流-地下水相互作用关系在降雨过程中的变化规律及主控因子。此外就河床糙率对河流水深及河流与地下水间水交换量的影响做了模拟分析,发现河床糙率的改变将影响河流水深,从而进一步影响河流与地下水的水交换量。本文提出的算法较为真实地模拟了河流洪水演进过程及其对河流-地下水相互作用的影响,模型适用于河流-地下水相互作用明显的区域,可作为评估地表-地下水相互影响的有效计算工具。     

Characterising groundwater and surface-water interconnections using hydrogeology,hydrochemistry and stable isotopes in the Ouémé Delta,southern Benin

The Mio-Pliocene aquifer of the coastal sedimentary basin of Benin is the most exploited aquifer for water supply to the urbanised region in the southern part of the country. The population explosion is putting increasing pressure on quantitative and qualitative aspects of the groundwater resources. Preventing groundwater contamination caused by surface waters requires a thorough understanding of surface-water/groundwater interactions, especially the interactions between the Mio-Pliocene aquifer and surface waters. This study aimed to investigate the interactions between groundwater and surface waters along the major rivers (Sô River and Ouémé Stream) and brooks in the Ouémé Delta. Field campaigns identified 75 springs located in the valleys which feed the rivers, and thus maintain their base flow. The piezometric results indicated, through flow direction assessment, that the Mio-Pliocene aquifer feeds Ouémé Stream and Sô River. Chemical analyses of groundwater and surface waters show similar chemical facies, and changes in the chemical composition in groundwater are also observed in the surface waters. Moreover, the isotopic signatures of surface waters are similar to those of the groundwater and springs, which led to the identification of potential groundwater discharge areas. As a result of groundwater discharge into surface waters, the fraction of groundwater in the surface water is more than 66% in the brooks, regardless of the season. In the Ouémé Stream and Sô River, the fraction of groundwater is 0–21% between June and September, while from October to March it is 47–100%.

     

黄河聊城段侧渗分析研究

黄河在山东境内属地上河,常年补给两侧地下水,是沿河地带地下水资源的重要组成部分.依据黄河聊城段东阿县境内的艾山侧渗断面1986～1994年地下水位资料,在分析水文地质条件和地下水流态的基础上,应用水均衡原理分析计算导水系数T,并通过同位素示踪试验得到了验证.利用达西公式计算单侧年侧渗量,建立艾山水位、年径流-侧渗量关系,并与应量平衡法和地下水非稳定流公式计算的成果作了对照分析.     

小浪底水库运行后黄河下游侧渗影响范围及对地下水环境的影响

文章通过对2019年黄河下游平原区地下水流场的刻画，结合黄河水和沿岸地下水的稳定同位素¹⁸O和放射性同位素³H的分布特征，分析了小浪底水库运行20年后黄河下游侧渗影响带的范围及变化。结果表明：小浪底水库运行20年后，现状黄河下游影响带在5~25 km，在新乡-开封一带最大，约25 km，在滨州一带最小，约5 km。相对于小浪底水库运行初期，影响带在滨州以西增加0.5~5 km，尤其在新乡-郑州沿线增大最为显著，而在滨州以东影响带略有缩小。黄河影响带主要由介质条件，补给源条件和能量条件等因素控制。小浪底水库运行后，河道下切，河床渗透性增强，降低了河床物质对黄河水的"吸附和净化"能力。黄河水的水质将对沿岸地下水产生更加明显的影响，控制和改善黄河水质是保障黄河下游区生态环境高质量发展的基础。     

The Effect of Geofiltration Heterogeneity of Bottom Sediments on Groundwater Discharge in a Small River Basin under Natural and Disturbed Conditions

A regional model of a small river basin with a catchment area of approximately 1000 km² is considered. The model was developed to evaluate the possible influence of groundwater intake on river runoff. The model is calibrated to the measured levels of groundwaters and discharges of this river. Geophysical and hydrometric surveys have allowed us to characterize the heterogeneity of the conductivity of the bottom sediments along the riverbed. The reduction in the river discharge considering this heterogeneity is greater by 25% than the reduction in the discharge calculated without taking it into account. Thus, consideration of the heterogeneity of bottom sediments for more reliable estimation of an influence of water intakes on the environment is recommended.     

Temporal and spatial variations in water flow and sediment load in Narmada River Basin, India: natural and man-made factors

The Narmada River flows through the Deccan volcanics and transports water and sediments to the adjacent Arabian Sea. In a first-ever attempt, spatial and temporal (annual, seasonal, monthly and daily) variations in water discharge and sediment loads of Narmada River and its tributaries and the probable causes for these variations are discussed. The study has been carried out with data from twenty-two years of daily water discharge at nineteen locations and sediment concentrations data at fourteen locations in the entire Narmada River Basin. Water flow in the river is a major factor influencing sediment loads in the river. The monsoon season, which accounts for 85 to 95% of total annual rainfall in the basin, is the main source of water flow in the river. Almost 85 to 98% of annual sediment loads in the river are transported during the monsoon season (June to November). The average annual sediment flux to the Arabian Sea at Garudeshwar (farthest downstream location) is 34.29×10⁶ t year⁻¹ with a water discharge of 23.57 km³ year⁻¹. These numbers are the latest and revised estimates for Narmada River. Water flow in the river is influenced by rainfall, catchment area and groundwater inputs, whereas rainfall intensity, geology/soil characteristics of the catchment area and presence of reservoirs/dams play a major role in sediment discharge. The largest dam in the basin, namely Sardar Sarovar Dam, traps almost 60–80% of sediments carried by the river before it reaches the Arabian Sea.     

地下水与地表水水量交换识别及交换量计算——以新汴河宿州段为例

为提高地下水与地表水交换量计算结果的准确性,本文利用水力联系、水头差、水温、氡-222、氢氧稳定同位素构建综合识别方法(HHTRO),对新汴河宿州段地下水与地表水水量交换进行识别,并计算交换量。计算结果表明：研究河段单位河长地表水补给地下水的水量变化范围为8.69～366.82 m³/(d·m),地下水补给地表水的水量变化范围为0.72～120.90 m³/(d·m);研究河段左岸为地下水补给地表水,单位河长净补给量为45.26 m³/(d·m);河段右岸为地表水补给地下水,单位河长净补给量为214.33 m³/(d·m);研究河段地下水与地表水水量交换以地表水补给地下水为主,地表水补给地下水的比例为55.14%。本研究可推动地下水与地表水交换量计算方法的发展,为流域或区域水资源评价提供必要的理论方法。     

Assessing groundwater-surface water connectivity using radon and major ions prior to coal seam gas development (Richmond River Catchment,Australia)

Coal seam gas (CSG, or coal bed methane) mining is rapidly growing, with poorly understood impacts on groundwater and surface water systems. Here, we use chemical tracers to investigate groundwater-surface water connectivity in an Australian river system (Richmond River Catchment, New South Wales) prior to CSG extraction but after ∼ 50 exploratory CSG wells were drilled. We performed four surveys of 29 interconnected creek and river sites, over contrasting hydrological conditions. Radon was used to determine if a surface water segment was gaining groundwater. Radon observations over four seasons revealed that 28 out of 77 surface water segments were clearly gaining groundwater, 5 were possibly gaining groundwater and 44 were undetermined. This is equivalent to gaining segments in 333 km (39%) of surface water from the 864 km being investigated. High spatial and temporal variability in groundwater gaining segments was found. Na/Cl ratios were used to determine the fraction of groundwater in surface water. Overall, the groundwater contribution in surface waters was 14–24% higher in post flood conditions than during the other three surveys of baseflow and moderate flow conditions. The results serve as a regional baseline assessment of river water chemistry and groundwater-surface water connectivity prior to the planned development of CSG fields. Our geochemical tracer approach allows for a quick qualitative assessment of groundwater-surface water connectivity in poorly gauged river systems and can define priority locations where groundwater extraction for CSG mining should be carefully managed.