集水区尺度景观格局与过程的时空动态分析:美国俄勒冈州塞勒支盆地1977-2000年的变化

在集水区尺度利用景观生态学的原理进行分析和管理是现代生态学与地理科学的一个重要课题.在人口增长和经济发展的压力下,集水区的格局和过程己受到人类活动越来越强烈地干扰.赛勒支盆地是一个典型的美国太平洋西北部沿海地区的集水区,本文以此为例,研宄了美国俄勒冈州中部集水区尺度的景观格局和过程在人类活动干扰下的时空动态.通过卫星遥感影像的应用,我们对1977年到2000年间赛勒支盆地土地覆盖的变化进行了检测.我们用陆地资源卫星1977年的多光谱影像(MSS), 1988年的专题影像(TM)' 2000年的增强专题影像(ETM+)高精度地定量分析了森林演替系列(如,演替后期的老针叶林和成熟针叶林,演替前期的年轻针叶林,以及更新的幼林）和其它土地覆盖类型的变化.景观的空间格局通过多种格局指数,例如,缀块指数、缀块形状复杂性指数、以及连接指数等进行了分析.同时,基于美国太平洋西北部主要森林类型和其它土地覆盖类型碳通量和碳贮量的空间数据库和文献资料,我们对 1977-2000年赛勒支盆地中的碳库及其在人类活动干扰下的变化作了测定.研宄结果揭示出,因为森林皆伐,老针叶林和成熟针叶林在1977-2000年间显著地减少,分别由占整个盆地土地覆盖面积的23%和12%, 减少为12%和7%;与此相反,年轻针叶林和无林地则分别从24%和5%增加为43%和14%.同时,因为采伐等干扰,留存的老针叶林和成熟针叶林空间分布格局的破碎度也迅速增加.集水区的碳收支在 1977-2000期间发生了巨大的变化.在收获干扰的压力下,在1977-2000年间,整个集水区的生态系统碳贮量从 17640797t 减少到 13405720t;净生态系统生产力(Net Ecosystem Production, NEP)由每年 100462tC 减少为每年76800tC.     

中国特有种大型桡足类舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus)在广东水库中的分布特征

舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus)是我国特有的大型哲水蚤,主要分布在我国华南地区.根据2000年对广东省19座典型大中型水库的2次采样和2002年对流溪河水库和新丰江水库的5次采样,重点测定了流溪河水库、新丰江水库和鹤地水库等3座大型水库中舌状叶镖水蚤个体体长及形态参数,分析了广东省大中型水库中舌状叶镖水蚤的种群与个体大小的分布特征.在对19座水库的2次采样中,11座水库发现该种成体,其中5座水库在丰水期没有出现该种的成体,6座水库在丰水期和枯水期都有该种类成体的出现.丰水期与枯水期舌状叶镖水蚤的平均丰度分别为0.465ind./L和0.996ind./L.舌状叶镖水蚤主要出现在大型水库中,特别是贫营养的大型水库,其丰度主要由食物数量、质量与捕食压力所决定.2002年,流溪河水库丰度和新丰江水库舌状叶镖水蚤全年的平均值为1.308ind./L和0.294ind./L,丰水期高于枯水期.在个体大小和形态特征上,2座贫营养水体——流溪河水库、新丰江水库的舌状叶镖水蚤的体长与第一触角长度均大于中营养水体——鹤地水库,这种形态上的差异是由鱼类捕食方式(滤食或选择性捕食)所决定.     

Elastic reverse-time migration based on amplitude-preserving P- and S-wave separation

Imaging the PP- and PS-wave for the elastic vector wave reverse-time migration requires separating the P- and S-waves during the wave field extrapolation. The amplitude and phase of the P- and S-waves are distorted when divergence and curl operators are used to separate the P- and S-waves. We present a P- and S-wave amplitude-preserving separation algorithm for the elastic wavefield extrapolation. First, we add the P-wave pressure and P-wave vibration velocity equation to the conventional elastic wave equation to decompose the P- and S-wave vectors. Then, we synthesize the scalar P- and S-wave from the vector Pand S-wave to obtain the scalar P- and S-wave. The amplitude-preserved separated P- and S-waves are imaged based on the vector wave reverse-time migration (RTM). This method ensures that the amplitude and phase of the separated P- and S-wave remain unchanged compared with the divergence and curl operators. In addition, after decomposition, the P-wave pressure and vibration velocity can be used to suppress the interlayer reflection noise and to correct the S-wave polarity. This improves the image quality of P- and S-wave in multicomponent seismic data and the true-amplitude elastic reverse time migration used in prestack inversion.     

Identifying and mitigating dam-induced declines in river health:Three case studies from the western United States

River health can be defined as the degree to which riverine energy source,water quality,flow regime, habitat and biota match the natural conditions.In a healthy river,physical process and form remain actively connected and able to mutually adjust,and biological communities have natural levels of diversity and are resilient to environmental stress.Both physical diversity and biodiversity influence river health.Physical diversity is governed by hydrology,hydraulics,and substrate,as reflected in the geometry of the river channel and adjacent floodplain,which create habitat for aquatic and riparian organisms.Biodiversity is governed by biological processes such as competition and predation,but biodiversity also reflects the diversity,abundance and stability of habitat,as well as connectivity. Connectivity within a river corridor includes longitudinal,lateral,and vertical dimensions.River health declines as any of these interacting components is compromised by human activities.The cumulative effect of dams and other human alterations of rivers has been primarily to directly reduce physical diversity and connectivity,which indirectly reduces biodiversity.Restoration and maintenance of physical diversity and biodiversity on rivers affected by dams requires quantifying relations between the driver variables of flow and sediment supply,and the response variables of habitat,connectivity,and biological communities.These relations can take the form of thresholds(e.g., entrainment of streambed sediment) or response curves(e.g.,fish biomass versus extent and duration of floodplain inundation).I use examples from Wyoming,Colorado,and Arizona in the western United States to illustrate how to quantify relations between driver and response variables on rivers affected by dams.     

Implications of biological and physical diversity for resilience and resistance patterns within Highly Dynamic River Systems

The structure and function of alluvial Highly Dynamic River Systems (HDRS) are driven by highly variable hydrological disturbance regimes, and alternate between resistant, metastable states and resilient, transitional states. These are in turn subject to influences of feedback loops within hydrogeomorphic and biological processes. Here we consider how resistance and resilience largely determine HDRS ecosystem trajectories and how these characteristics can be modified by natural and anthropogenic processes. We review the mechanisms by which biodiversity can affect both resistance and resilience and introduce a conceptual framework that incorporates some unique HDRS characteristics. We suggest that resilient and resistant patterns frequently coexist in the active tract of these river systems, and that this coexistance promotes the return of metastable states after major disturbances. In contrast, highly resistant and poorly resilient patterns dominate at their external boundaries. The loss of these natural dynamics resulting from direct and indirect human impacts causes deviations to resistance and resilience patterns and therefore to HDRS trajectory. We propose that understanding the role of interactions between biological and physical processes that control resistance and resilience is crucial for system restoration and management.     

Acute and Chronic Toxic Effects of Cadmium on some Haematological,Biochemical, and Enzymological Parameters in the Fresh Water Teleost Fish Channa punctatus Akute und chronisch toxische Wirkungen von Cadmium auf einige hämatologische,biochemische und enzymologische Parameter im Süßwasserfisch Channa punctatus

The haematological, biochemical, and enzymological alterations produced on exposure of Channa punctatus to LC₅₀ (11.2 mg/L) for 96 h and to a sublethal concentration (1.12 mg/L) of cadmium (Cd²⁺) for 15, 30, 60, and 120 days have been studied. The fish were hypoglycemic and hypolactemic. The pyruvate content of blood and liver decreased in acute and all stages of chronic exposure except for 30 days where significant increase was recorded. Depletion was noted in the total protein and glycogen content of liver and muscle, and the level of lactate in liver in the two types of exposure. The levels of muscle lactate and pyruvate increased in both exposures. The activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase decreased in liver after 96 h and all stages of chronic exposure except 30 days. The activities of hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase in muscle and glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase in serum, liver, and muscles increased in all exposures. The activities of succinate and malate dehydrogenases in liver and muscles decreased after acute and all stages of chronic exposure. The above results suggest that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were impaired in liver but glycolysis prevailed in muscle. Aerobic oxidation is adversely affected in metal exposed fish, while proteolysis was increased.     

Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation of the equations for groundwater denitrification using bacterial activity

A mathematical model for groundwater denitrification using bacterial activity is presented. The model includes the momentum and mass balance equations for water and nitrogen, substrate and bacteria, and chemical reactions between them. The resulting multiphase, multicomponent, flow and transport governing equations, are coupled and nonlinear. A Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation of the equations is developed. The water and gas flow and transport equations are split into forward advection along characteristics, and a residual at a fixed frame of reference. Discontinuities, sharp fronts and steep gradients of the dependent variables are imposed on the advection mode and solved exactly. It is believed that this novel method will avoid numerical artifacts for the solution of the multiphase flow equations (e.g., upstream permeability) and numerical dispersion for the transport equation.     

Methodology for the Process Based Acquisition and Assessment of Non-Intended Outputs in the Mining Industry

For the activities of the mining industry land, equipment, material, and energy are used. During operation material and energy flows such as overburden, dead rock, tailings, wastewater, exhaust air, dust, energy, abrasion, coolant and lubricant losses, are released. These released material and energy flows are nearly always without value for the raw material supply chain as they are not production targets. Instead, they have negative effects on the economy and ecology and are, therefore, referred to as ‘non-intended’. The knowledge of the quantities and qualities of these non-intended outputs as a function of the processes and their parameters is the basis for technical and economical measures. A methodology for the acquisition and assessment of the material and energy flows in the mining industry was developed and tested at the Technical University Berlin, Germany. For that purpose and based on a system analysis in different mines, all relevant material and energy flows were assigned to individual processes. Causal relationships, possible interactions, quantities, and qualities were examined as functions of system parameters. Finally, a technical and economic evaluation was performed.     

气饱和孔洞型介质动静参数关系的数值模拟研究

采用实验手段研究岩石的动、静弹性参数的变化规律及动、静态参数间的相互关系时存在着测试成本高,工作量大,普适性差且可靠性较低等问题.对岩样在单轴压缩加载条件下的破坏过程,采用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA系统进行数值模拟,获取岩样的应力—应变曲线可计算得到静态弹性参数.从弹性波动理论出发,采用交错网格有限差分方法,对超声波透射实验进行数值模拟,获取纵、横波速度可计算得到动态弹性参数.对50块不同的气饱和孔洞型岩样同步计算其动、静态弹性参数,并分析动、静态弹性参数随孔隙度的变化规律及动、静态弹性参数间的关系.结果表明:动弹性模量大于静弹性模量,且二者之间的线性关系良好,而动、静泊松比之间不存在明显的相关关系.该项研究为动、静弹性参数关系研究提供了新的方法,研究结果对于指导储层预测、油气检测以及地震资料综合解释都有重要的意义.     

中国大陆动力学研究导向和思考

大陆动力学是研究和探索地球内部物质大尺度运动和深化认识地球本体与其在整体运动中深部圈层耦合、介质与结构变异的物理－力学属性、物质与能量的交换、深层动力过程和机制的一门边缘科学.地球动力学集成了当代众多高、新学科技领域和学科交叉的研究成果,它涉及到成山、成盆、成岩、成矿、成灾和深化对地球本体的认识,它在地球科学研究中占有极为重要的地位.本文通过深入研究、综合集成与剖析讨论了该领域五个重要的基本科学问题,即：(1)地球动力学在地球科学研究中的地位和作用;(2)国际上地球动力学研究的进展和发展动向;(3)中国地球动力学的研究状况;(4)当今地球动力学研究的导向和战略思考;(5)地球动力学研究在我国的实现和开拓.     

松辽盆地营城组火山机构相带地震-地质解译

将火山机构按距火山口1远近划分为火山口-近火山口、近源和远源三个相带.营城组火山机构相带有6种地震相类型,分别是丘状、透镜状、穹状、池塘状、楔状和席状地震相.丘状、透镜状和穹状均见于火山机构中心相带,但所代表的优势岩相不同,分别与爆发相、喷溢相和侵出相对应.池塘状和楔状均为近源相带,但前者以喷溢相辫状熔岩流为主,而后者...     

我国油气开发监测技术进展

文章介绍了油气开发中主要关心的油气藏、井场设备及套管的监测技术和运用效果,油气藏监测主要是剩余油和油藏储藏物性的监测,套损直接影响油、水井的使用寿命、油、气产量和注水效果,井场设备运行的好坏直接关系油、气产量和注水效果,输油（注水）管道泄漏造成资源的浪费、人身伤害和环境污染事故.通过地球物理、地球化学及油气藏工程等检测和监测技术认识油气藏流体分布、性质、运动状态,评价套管、管线及井场设备的健康状况,为油田优化开发方案的制定、管理及实施提供依据.     

华南沿海地区地壳厚度与泊松比研究

华南沿海地区地壳厚度和泊松比分布是了解该地区板块运动和地球内部物质结构的重要依据.本文利用广东台网和福建台网共75个固定地震台记录到的2001-2008年远震波形的接收函数,通过H-κ叠加法获得了74个台站下方平均地壳厚度和泊松比值的有效估计,结合该区断裂分布、地震活动和地形地貌特征,得出以下结论:(1)该区地壳厚度范围在26~32 km之间,由陆向洋、自北向南减薄.泊松比0.23~0.28,由陆向洋增加,地壳厚度与泊松比变化分别和地表地形呈正相关和负相关;(2)地壳厚度和泊松比呈块状和带状分布,对应该区的断裂活动,其过渡带变化地区与地震分布一致,震群区和地幔上隆区对应泊松比的急剧增加;(3)该区主要以中、酸性地壳物质为主,地壳厚度与泊松比在近海区的构造伸展作用和褶皱区的逆冲推覆作用影响下,分别呈正、负消长关系,揭示该区不同时代和不同区域构造演化模式的差异.     

湖泊湿地的水质净化效应——以太湖三山湿地为例

为了解湖泊湿地的水质净化效果,以太湖三山湿地为研究对象,综合利用遥感、GIS技术、现场水质监测、实验室分析和模型模拟等方法,分析三山湿地对污染物的拦截净化效果,进而探讨湖泊湿地对水体氮、磷污染物的削减渠道及其贡献率.结果表明三山湿地对太湖水体和三山岛生活污水均有明显净化效果.2014年三山湿地的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)输入通量分别为549.45和19.4 t,通过水草打捞/收割分别去除20.99和4.52 t,湿地水体内TN、TP变化量分别为528.46和14.88 t,这部分营养盐输出途径包括沉积到底泥、降解转化、水体交换等.湿地的TN、TP拦截能力分别为2723.56和102.48 kg/(hm2·a).水生植物收割打捞与底泥疏浚是提高湿地水质净化能力的有效措施.水动力模拟结果显示,三山湿地建成后使附近水域水体流向发生变化,流速减小,对湿地内水质产生多方面的作用.     

逆冲-褶皱造山过程中生长地层的识别及应用

生长地层记录了大量的构造变形和沉积历史信息,主要形成于逆冲-褶皱造山带前陆盆地边缘,在前陆盆地生长构造(如生长逆断裂-褶皱带)翼部或顶部与褶皱构造变形同期沉积的地层,是构造运动与沉积作用同时进行的产物,在构造横剖面上,整个生长地层序列在褶皱翼部具有楔形几何状态。根据其形成方式的不同,可以分为断层转折褶皱作用和断层传播褶皱及滑脱褶皱作用等。生长地层的最终形态受各种地质作用影响,其中主要因素是构造变形、沉积速率和侵蚀作用,三者之间在生长地层形成过程中通常具有“复合”作用。通过生长地层的详细研究,可以建立同构造生长地层模式,而广泛应用于确定前陆逆冲-褶皱带与相应地层的时代、变形速率,分析与逆冲推覆断层相关的褶皱几何形态,以及建立动力学模式等。生长地层的野外识别一般可从褶皱翼部和枢纽变化、翼部同沉积楔体、地层产状和厚度变化以及区域资料收集对比等几方面来综合分析,同时采用多模式、多手段的室内分析将是研究生长地层最为有效的方法,也是今后的重点发展方向。通过对生长地层的识别标志和模式的进一步认识,初步分析了六盘山山前宁夏固原寺口子剖面,认为寺口子盆地为逆冲-褶皱造山带前陆磨拉石盆地,其内可能存在有生长地层和生长不整合,但需     

内蒙古额济纳旗嘎顺淖尔XK1孔揭示的第四纪晚期沉积特点及古环境

通过对嘎顺淖尔XK1孔沉积岩芯的岩性特征及多种环境代用指标的综合分析,初步认为:中更新世早中期,29．6 -42．5m(推测时代为距今218．3 kaBP以前),气候温凉偏干,滨湖与洪积相交替;距今218．3-172．8 kaBP气候温凉偏湿, 湖泊面积扩大,以滨浅湖-浅湖沉积为主,并一度出现半深湖环境;距今172．8-93．4 kaBP,沉积环境为湖滨相与洪积相交替,气候特点是冷凉干旱;距今93．4-67．4 kaBP,沉积环境以淡水浅湖为主,夹湖滨相．气候温偏湿;距今67．4-54．0 kaBP ,湖滨相沉积为主,气候温凉偏干;距今54-48．9 kaBP,气候暖湿的浅湖环境,气温较高;距今48．9-42．6 kaBP,凉而且干旱的气候特点,沉积相为湖滨相;42．6-0 kaBP,气候暖湿、凉干交替,浅湖相为主．     

Forests and water in South America

South America is experiencing rapid change in forest cover, of both native and planted forest. Forest cover loss is primarily attributable to fire, logging, and conversion of native forest to agriculture, pasture, and forest plantations, and types of change vary within and among the many diverse types of forests in South America. Major changes in forest cover and growing policy concerns underscore an urgent need for research on sustainable forest management and water ecosystem services in South America. Differences in land ownership and management objectives create trade‐offs between wood production and water ecosystem services from forests. Work is needed to quantify how forest change and management affect ecosystem services, such as wood production versus water provision. Current scientific understanding of forest management effects on water ecosystem services in South America has important limitations, including a scarcity of long‐term records and few long‐term integrated watershed studies. Industry, government, universities, and local communities should collaborate on integrated applied studies of forests and water. Data archiving and publically available data are required. The creation of national networks and a multi‐country South America network to identify and implement common water research protocols, share results, and explore their implications would promote common and well‐supported policies. Hydrologists working in South America are well placed to tackle the challenges and opportunities for collaborative research that will maintain the intrinsic values and water ecosystem services provided by South America's forests.     

Interaction between inorganic nutrients and organic matter in controlling coral reef communities in Glovers Reef Belize

We studied the responses of algae, corals, and small fish to elevated inorganic fertilizer, organic matter, and their combination over a 49-day summer period in cages that simulated the coral reef in the remote Glovers reef atoll, Belize. The addition of organic matter reduced while fertilization had no effect on the numbers of herbivorous damsel and parrotfishes. All measures of algal biomass were influenced by fertilization. The combined inorganic and organic enrichment produced the highest algal biomass, which is most likely due to the combined effect of higher nutrients and lower herbivory. The cover of turf and total algae were influenced by all treatments and their interactions and most strongly and positively influenced by fertilization followed by organic matter and the combination of organic matter and inorganic fertilizer. The inorganic and combined treatments were both dominated by two turf algae, Enteromorpha prolifera and Digenia simplex, while the nonfertilized treatments were dominated by brown frondose algae Lobophora variegata, Padina sanctae, and Dictyota cervicornis. The organic matter treatment had greater cover of P. sanctae and D. cervicornis than the untreated control, which was dominated by Lobophora variegata, also the dominant algae on the nearby patch reefs. Crustose corallines grew slowly ( approximately 2.5 mm/49 days) and were not influenced by the treatments when grown on vertical surfaces but decreased on horizontal coral plates in the combined organic matter and fertilization treatment. No mortality occurred for the two coral species that were added to the cages. Porites furcata darkened in the fertilized cages while there was a mix of paling and darkening for a small amount of the coral tissue of Diploria labyrinthiformes. Inorganic fertilization stimulates small filamentous turf algae and Symbiodinium living in coral but inhibits brown frondose algae. Organic matter inhibits small herbivorous fish, L. variegata, and encrusting coralline algae when growing on horizontal surfaces.     

韧带样纤维瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的:探讨韧带样纤维瘤（DF）的CT、MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的16例DF患者的临床及影像学资料,16例中7例行CT平扫与增强,7例行MRI平扫与增强,2例同时行CT、MRI检查。结果:16例DF均为单发,包括腹外型7例,腹壁型5例,腹内型4例。边界不清14例,边界清晰2例。呈浸润性生长13例,膨胀性生长3例。病灶与肌肉长轴平行9例。CT表现:9例平扫呈稍低密度,未见出血、坏死及钙化,增强扫描飘带样强化7例,6例延迟扫描均呈渐进性持续强化。MRI表现9例均见T2WI抑脂条带状低信号,未见出血、坏死,增强扫描均呈明显不均匀强化、延迟呈渐进性持续强化。“蟹足样”浸润周围组织5例;“筋膜尾征”4例。结论:DF的CT和MRI表现具有一定的特征,综合分析这些特点对其诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值。CT和MRI可清晰评估DF边缘和范围,有助于术前制定手术计划。      

Channel bar dynamics on multi‐decadal timescales in an active meandering river

Occurrence and development of channel bars are major components of the morphodynamics of rivers and their relation to river meandering has been much explored through theory and experimentation. However, field and documentary data of characteristics and evolution over timescales from years to several decades are lacking. Four sets of aerial photographs in the period 1984–2007 were used to map and quantify bar numbers and areas in GIS on an active meandering reach. Bar types were classified. Additional temporal resolution was provided by annual ground photography and mapping for 1981–2010. Analysis was extended backward by use of large scale Ordnance Survey maps from 1873 onwards. As expected, point bars are the most common type but ‘free’ bars of several types are major components of bar deposition. Point bars and attached bars are significantly larger in size than mid‐channel and side bars. Spatial distribution of bars varies down the reach and over time but is related to channel sinuosity, gradient and mobility and to bend evolution. Different types of bar occur in distinctive channel locations, with point and concave‐bend bars in zones of high curvature. Bar activity shows a relation with discharge events and phases and possibly with changing riparian conditions, but superimposed on this is a common sequence of bar evolution from incipient gravel mid‐channel bars to full floodplain integration. This life‐cycle is identified as 7–9 years on average. No evidence for mobility of free bars within the course is found. The results are compared with bar and bend theory; the bars are forced and conform in general to bend theory but detailed variation relates to geomorphic factors and to autogenic sequences of bends and bars. Mid‐channel bars are width induced. Variability of bar occurrence needs to be taken into account in river management and ecological evaluation, including for the EU WFD. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.