淮河流域汛期典型旱涝年的低频环流特征分析

利用小波分析、Butterworth滤波器分析了淮河流域汛期典型旱涝年降水和大气的低频特征,结果表明典型涝年、旱年降水的周期和方差贡献最明显的差异都位于30～60 d周期段。从30～60 d滤波降水峰值位相对应的低频环流来看,高层主要的差异位于东亚,在东西伯利亚地区涝年存在大片负异常区,而旱年则为正异常;涝年平均在东亚自北向南存在“－＋－＋”的异常配置,而旱年平均的位相近乎相反;低层风场上涝年副热带的低频反气旋比旱年更明显。此外,典型涝年的高低纬地区存在低频信号相向传播的特征,典型旱年则不明显;涝年存在低频信号自太平洋向东亚西传的特征,而旱年的西传仅局限于120 ?E以东地区。      

青藏高原夏季旱涝年降水准双周振荡及低频环流特征分析

为了研究青藏高原夏季降水的低频振荡特征,利用1978-2017年高原地区62个气象站日降水资料和ERA5高分辨率逐日再分析资料,采用集合经验模态分解（EEMD）、 Lanczos滤波以及合成分析方法,对青藏高原夏季旱涝年降水的低频振荡特征、气象要素场变化及环流特征进行了深入分析,揭示了高原地区旱涝年降水低频振荡周期特征、环流特征以及低频风场、涡度场等传播特点。结果表明：（1）高原夏季降水存在10～20天的振荡周期;旱涝年的周期频率不同,涝年振荡频率明显高于旱年;涝年显著的振荡为10～20天和30天以上的振荡,而旱年主要以10～20天的振荡为主。（2）涝年在低频降水强位相,高空低频气旋控制高原主体,高空辐散,低空辐合,来自孟加拉湾偏南风的水汽供应充足,低频扰动强,利于降水发生,自西向东存在低频反气旋-低频气旋-低频反气旋的异常环流分布;反之在低频降水弱位相,高空低频反气旋控制高原主体,高空辐合,低空辐散,暖湿的偏南气流较弱,低频扰动偏弱,不利于降水发生。旱年配置有相似的特征,但低频反气旋-低频气旋-低频反气旋的环流形势不明显,整体上振荡强度较涝年偏弱,低频要素场强度也偏弱。（3）低频波动...     

淮河流域典型旱涝年夏季大气低频振荡特征

分析了淮河流域典型旱涝年夏季逐日降水的主要周期,涝年30 d以上低频振荡的方差贡献大于旱年。500 hPa高度场30～60 d低频振荡方差贡献大值区与持续正高度异常对应,涝年欧亚中高纬度的低频振荡方差贡献大于旱年,而副热带、热带地区方差贡献小于旱年。旱年夏季,南半球澳大利亚高压较涝年弱,北半球低纬度地区850 hPa低频西风和印尼附近低频越赤道气明显强于涝年。涝年中国大陆沿海的低频反气旋位置较旱年偏南,江南、华南为低频西南气流控制。涝年ITCZ位于菲律宾附近,位置也比旱年偏南。旱、涝年夏季,200 hPa伊朗高原均为低频反气旋,南亚高压呈伊朗高压模态。旱年夏季,欧亚中纬度的低频反气旋导致南亚高压活动偏北,而涝年夏季南亚高压活动偏南。     

夏季长江中下游旱涝年季节内振荡气候特征

利用1951—2004年我国740站逐日降水资料对夏季长江中下游典型旱涝年季节内振荡周期、强度和位相等特征进行合成对比分析发现:长江中下游涝年降水季节内振荡周期较旱年长, 涝年以30~60 d周期为主, 而旱年以10~30 d周期为主。旱涝年长江中下游地区夏季降水的10~30 d振荡整体上均强于30~60 d振荡; 10~30 d及30~60 d振荡, 涝年的强度都大于旱年。季节内振荡在旱年的北传较涝年强, 能达到50°N附近; 而涝年不仅有明显的季节内振荡从低纬度地区向北传播, 同时还有弱的振荡从中高纬度地区向南传播, 两者汇合于长江流域形成强的振荡中心。影响我国低频降水的低频异常环流分布模态在旱涝年是一致的, 但涝年的低频环流强于旱年, 而这种低频环流场的差异正是造成涝年的低频降水强于旱年的原因之一。     

湖南涝年主汛期降水低频振荡特征分析

本文基于1986—2015年湖南逐日降水数据以及同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析旱涝年主汛期(5—7月)降水低频振荡特征,并利用位相合成方法研究涝年主汛期20～50 d低频环流演变特征。结果发现,湖南地区20～50 d和10～20 d的低频降水方差贡献比都具有南高北低的分布特征,10～20 d的低频振荡在旱涝年中皆较普遍存在,而20～50 d的低频振荡只在涝年普遍存在,20～50 d低频振荡对涝年有一定的指示意义。对涝年主汛期20～50 d低频降水进行位相合成发现,在活跃位相(中断位相),夏季南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)纬向异常接近或者重叠(分离),湖南地区降水偏多(偏少),且两个高压的强度、范围、以及脊线位置和湖南地区主汛期降水关系较密切。南海反气旋(气旋)、河套地区槽(脊)系统以及湖南地区的垂直速度和比湿配合度高,且随位相变化存在明显的周期振荡,其中南海反气旋(气旋)和河套地区槽脊系统配置与湖南低频降水有着高度的时间一致性,湖南地区的低频垂直速度和低频比湿较低频降水有一个位相的超前滞后关系。此外,随着位相的演变,低频南北风高值区皆有明显的北传特征。     

华南前汛期典型旱涝年降水的低频特征及其与冷空气的关系

利用国家气象信息中心提供的1961—2010年华南85站逐日降水及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,选取2004、2010年为华南前汛期降水典型旱、涝年,分别统计旱涝年降水及冷空气低频特征,讨论低频冷空气与低频降水的关系,并揭示低频冷空气信号源地。结果表明:(1)涝年降水存在10～20 d和30～60 d显著低频周期,旱年还存在20～30 d低频周期。无论旱涝年,低频位涡与同频域降水呈显著的正相关关系,其中10～20 d低频位涡与同频域降水的关系最为密切;(2)涝年华南前汛期10～20 d低频冷空气直接源地位于华北至渤海一带,南传特征明显,高层冷空气源地位于平流层低层西西伯利亚地区,高层高位涡空气沿315 K等熵面向低层输送,干侵入为西北路径。旱年对流层低层冷空气传播特征不明显,高层冷空气源地位于平流层低层东北地区,由于高低层位涡传输通道断裂,导致冷空气活动减弱,降水减少,干侵入为东北路径。     

大气热源30～60天振荡与华南6月旱涝的关系

利用1958—2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和华南测站降水资料,分析了大气热源30～60 d振荡对华南6月旱涝的影响。结果表明,在涝(旱)年对流层低层,南海至日本东南面的西北太平洋(WNP)是一个异常的低频反气旋(气旋),伴随有异常的低频热汇(热源)区,华南至日本南部存在一个异常气旋(反气旋),对应于异常的低频热源(热汇)区,华南地区低层异常辐合(辐散);平均而言,旱年华南5—6月30～60 d振荡的位相演变要比涝年的偏晚约7～11天;涝年,低频热源和气旋从南海南部北传和从西太平洋暖池区西北传,以及从140°E附近WNP的西传都十分明显,它们对华南6月降水偏多有非常重要的影响。而旱年南海及邻近区域的低频热源和气旋北传较涝年偏晚,WNP上低频热源的西伸不明显。前期南海低频热源推进的迟早以及热带WNP上的低频热源是否西传对华南6月的降水有显著影响。     

长江中下游典型涝年准双周振荡特征及其影响分析

针对长江下游典型涝年（1999、2016和2020年）,通过全域功率谱分析和Lanczos滤波方法提取准双周振荡（QBWO）分量;并采用再分析资料进行同位相合成,揭示不同典型涝年共性特征及其各自的关键影响因子。结果表明：（1）1999、2016和2020年是长江下游地区最为典型的涝年,存在10—20 d显著的准双周振荡周期,且6—7月更为明显。（2）中、高纬度地区高层低频环流呈现扰动波列分布,有利于“两脊一槽”大尺度背景的维持和下游扰动增强,引起长江下游地区低频垂直运动变化,进而造成降水异常。低纬度地区准双周振荡是长江下游低频变化的另一来源,低层低频涡旋以10°N为轴对称分布,低频辐散风由中国南海指向长江下游地区,热带对流活动低频变化可通过低频大气环流影响长江下游降水。高、低纬度低频大气环流配合热源强迫存在相向运动,叠加低频水汽强烈辐合,为长江下游地区降水偏多提供有利条件。（3）3个长江下游典型涝年降水分布特征及其关键影响因子存在不同。1999年,西北太平洋上低频反气旋环流偏强、偏西,辐散风由中国南海指向长江下游地区,低频水汽来源为孟加拉湾和中国南海地区。2016年,对流层低层南、北低...     

2012年夏季华北降水和环流形势的低频振荡特征分析

对2012年夏季华北降水的低频振荡特征和相应的低频环流形势进行了分析,结果表明:2012年华北夏季降水具有显著的10~13 d低频振荡周期,振荡的演变和强降水有很好的对应关系,强降水过程基本发生在振荡的波峰处。强降水发生前,对流层低层在孟加拉湾地区首先出现低频反气旋式环流并逐渐加强,菲律宾至我国南海地区的低频环流系统逐渐向西北方向传播,中高纬西风带上有负低频高度距平东移,其伴随西风槽加深东移。对流层上层伊朗高原低频气旋式环流减弱,随后青藏高原东部低频反气旋式环流加强东移。强降水发生时,来自西北太平洋的低频偏南风和西风槽东移携带的低频水汽,为华北地区提供了充沛的低频水汽。同时对流层高层青藏高原的低频反气旋式环流东移控制我国中东部地区,华北至东北地区为强烈的低频辐散中心,上升运动加强,为降水的发生提供动力条件。对流层各层低频系统的相互配合对华北强降水的发生和维持起到了重要作用。     

华南前汛期典型涝年低频降水特征及其与低频水汽输送的关系

利用1961—2013年国家气象信息中心提供的全国753站逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析风场和比湿资料,以及NOAA的HYSPLIT模式同期驱动资料,分析了华南前汛期9个典型涝年的低频降水特征及其与低频水汽输送的关系,探讨了低频水汽输送通道及源地。结果表明,华南前汛期9个典型涝年降水存在显著的10~20 d低频振荡周期,闽赣地区30~60 d低频周期也显著。华南前汛期850 hPa纬向、经向水汽通量都存在10~20 d的显著低频周期。影响华南前汛期典型涝年10~20 d低频降水的四个低频水汽输送通道及源地为:以马达加斯加岛北部印度洋、赤道中印度洋为参考源地的西南水汽通道;以日本群岛东南洋面和赤道中太平洋为源地的东南水汽通道;以里海北部和贝加尔湖东南侧为参考源地的西北冷空气通道;以白令海为参考源地的东北冷湿水汽通道。对广东佛冈站和江西广昌站的典型涝年进行水汽后向轨迹模拟验证了上述四个水汽通道,模拟源地均位于水汽通道关键区域。水汽信号参考源地和模拟源地,可作为华南前汛期提前2~6 d延伸期预报时重点考察地区。      

暴雨洪涝淹没模型在洪灾损失评估中的应用

为了开展客观定量的暴雨洪涝灾害评估,探讨了基于暴雨洪涝淹没模型的暴雨洪涝灾害损失评估业务流程,其核心环节有两部分：估算因降水造成的淹没范围和建立适用的经济损失评估模型。其中暴雨洪涝淹没模型以最大坡降算法和曼宁公式计算暴雨洪涝汇流过程,通过给定汇流时间得到研究区域的淹没面积和水深;经济损失评估模型由直接经济损失和间接经济损失构成,直接经济损失由淹没范围内各类财产的价值乘以其相应的损失率得到。以武汉市江夏区2010年7月一次暴雨洪涝灾害过程为例给出了整个评估流程的实现过程,结果表明基于暴雨洪涝淹没模型的洪涝灾害损失评估业务流程物理意义清楚,表达了暴雨-径流-洪涝灾害全过程,可用以提高洪涝灾害影响评估的定量化程度,同时也为暴雨洪涝风险管理提供一定的依据。     

Effectiveness of flood damage mitigation measures: Empirical evidence from French flood disasters

Recent destructive flood events and projected increases in flood risks as a result of climate change in many regions around the world demonstrate the importance of improving flood risk management. Flood-proofing of buildings is often advocated as an effective strategy for limiting damage caused by floods. However, few empirical studies have estimated the damage that can be avoided by implementing such flood damage mitigation measures. This study estimates potential damage savings and the cost-effectiveness of specific flood damage mitigation measures that were implemented by households during major flood events in France. For this purpose, data about flood damage experienced and household flood preparedness were collected using a survey of 885 French households in three flood-prone regions that face different flood hazards. Four main conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, using regression analysis results in improved estimates of the effectiveness of mitigation measures than methods used by earlier studies that compare mean damage suffered between households who have, and who have not, taken these measures. Second, this study has provided empirical insights showing that some mitigation measures can substantially reduce damage during floods. Third, the effectiveness of the mitigation measures is very regional dependent, which can be explained by the different characteristics of the flood hazard in our sample areas that experience either slow onset river flooding or more rapid flash and coastal flooding. Fourth, the cost-efficiency of the flood damage mitigation measures depends strongly on the flood probability faced by households.     

Diagnostic of the massive flood event and flood hazard mapping in Tons River basin

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - This study diagnoses the Satna flood event in the Tons River basin. The occurrence of this intense flood is attributed to the rainfall associated with the...     

Numerical simulations of mesoscale flood environment

Summary The transition from a cold to a warm state of the E1 Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle is studied using Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Sets (COADS) for the period 1950–1992.The onset of El Niño (November to December of the year preceding the El Niño) is characterized by an occurrence of minimum sea-level pressure anomalies in the subtropics around the node line of the Southern Oscillation. This pressure fall favors the formation of the anomalous cyclonic circulations over the western Pacific and leads to the establishment of anomalous westerlies in the western equatorial Pacific during the boreal spring of the El Niño year. The westerly anomalies then intensify and propagate into the central Pacific by the end of the El Niño year. This is an essential feature of the development of a basin-wide warming.It is argued that the development of the equatorial westerly anomalies over the western Pacific may result from the thermodynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. In boreal winter and spring the mean zonal winds change from westerly to casterly over the western equatorial Pacific. A moderate equatorial westerly anomaly initially imposed on such a mean state may create eastward SST gradients via changing rates of evaporational cooling and turbulent mixing. The equatorial SST gradients would, in turn, induce differential heating and zonal pressure gradients which reinforce the westerly anomalies. The feedback between the eastward SST gradients and westerly anomalies promotes the eastward propagation of the westerly anomalies.With 9 Figures     

海南岛汛期降水变化特征及其与旱涝的关系

选用海南岛18个市县气象观测站1981-2017年日降水资料,利用线性趋势、相关分析等方法研究了海南岛汛期降水变化特征及其与旱涝之间的关系,结果表明:汛期小雨日数的大值区主要分布在中部山区,中雨、大雨日数的大值区主要分布在中部、东南部地区,暴雨、大暴雨日数的大值区主要分布在中部、东部地区,而特大暴雨日数的大值区主要分布...     

The cost of flood damage in Nyngan

Four surveys were conducted to assess the cost of direct and indirect flood damage to the New South Wales town of Nyngan, which was inundated in the 4–6 hour period after its flood protection levees were breached on 23 April 1990. A survey of flood damage to 24 residential properties, 14 commercial properties and 6 public authority properties was made by personal inspection. Surveys of flood damage to other public properties, of the worth of the volunteer effort in the evacuation, clean-up and recovery phases of the disaster, and of the value of donated goods and money were made by telephone and letter. The results of all surveys are presented and discussed. The use of a computer model to estimate property damage throughout the flooded area is described. Finally, the total cost of flood damage in Nyngan ($47.3 million) is dissected by type of damage, property sector and community sector.     

Hydrometeorological aspects of flood hazards in Canada

Abstract

Floods are major natural disasters in Canada and worldwide. Although technology has reduced the flood hazard in many areas, the world death toll from floods in recent decades still has averaged 4680 per year. During the summer of 1993, flooding in the U.S.A. caused an estimated $12 billion damage. These statistics confirm that floods are a major natural disaster.

This paper reviews the hydrometeorological aspects of the hazard associated with rainstorm, urban, ice‐jam, and snowmelt floods. The hazard element is highest for floods with rapid onsets such as rainstorm, urban, and ice‐jam floods. Although snowmelt floods are common throughout Canada, their slower onset times reduce their risk potential.

To reduce the risk of the flood hazard, society must have access to statistical information for adequate planning and design, and forecasts for issuing warnings and implementing evacuation strategies. Flood design statistics and forecast models are discussed relative to each major flood type. The paper also describes historical flood frequency trends and discusses the implications of climatic warming for future floods. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of some knowledge gaps and research needs.     

Modeling flood event characteristics using D-vine structures

The authors investigate the use of drawable (D-)vine structures to model the dependences existing among the main characteristics of a flood event, i.e., flood volume, flood peak, duration, and peak time. Firstly, different three- and four-dimensional probability distributions were built considering all the permutations of the conditioning variables. The Frank copula was used to model the dependence of each pair of variables. Then, the appropriate D-vine structures were selected using information criteria and a goodness-of-fit test. The influence of varying the data length on the selected D-vine structure was also investigated. Finally, flood event characteristics were simulated using the four-dimensional D-vine structure.     

山洪防治中的环境问题

山洪灾害是指由于降雨在山丘区引发的洪水及山洪诱发的泥石流、滑坡等对国民经济和人民生命财产造成损失的灾害. 黑龙江省山洪灾害的特点是突发性强,多由集中或局地暴雨造成的,受灾面积小,人员伤亡与固定资产损失在各种灾害中较为严重,危害很大.黑龙江省水害异常气候多发生在小兴安岭南部伊春、铁力、庆安区域,黑龙江省南部山区宾县、尚志、五常区域,以及大兴安岭南部龙江、甘南区域,这三大区域均在全省大暴雨出现次数密度与频度较大的区域内.龙江、甘南区域,已拥有许多大型水库调控洪水,不易发生山洪;宾县、尚志、五常区域,流域积水面积不大,且主沟长度短,坡度不是很大,灾害性的洪水频度不高;而伊春、铁力、庆安区域,异常气候、暴雨量与频度为全省最敏感区域.呼兰河上游区域、汤旺河中游区域、牡丹江中游区域、穆棱河上中游区域,发生洪水灾害频度较大.