Early Miocene post-collisional magmatism in NW Turkey: geochemical and geochronological constraints

The Alaçam region of NW Turkey lies within the Alpine collision zone between the Sakarya continent and the Menderes platform. Four different tectonic zones of these two continents form imbricated nappe packages (including the Afyon zone), intruded by the Alaçam granite. Newly determined U-Pb zircon ages of this granite are 20.0 ± 1.4 and 20.3 ± 3.3 Ma, indicating early Miocene emplacement. Rb-Sr biotite ages of the granite are 20.01 ± 0.20 and 20.17 ± 0.20 Ma, suggesting fast cooling at a shallow crustal level. Geochemical characteristics show that the Alaçam granite is similar to numerous EW-trending plutons in NW Anatolia.

Gneissic granites of the Afyon tectonic zone were intruded by the Miocene Alaçam granite and have been interpreted in earlier studies as sheared parts of the Alaçam granite, which formed along a crustal-scale detachment zone under an extensional regime. We determined a U-Pb zircon age of 314.9 ± 2.7 Ma for a gneissic granite sample of the Afyon zone, demonstrating that these rocks are unrelated to the Miocene Alaçam granite. The early Miocene granitic plutons bear post-collisional geochemical features and are interpreted as products of Alpine-type magmatism along the Izmir–Ankara suture zone in NW Turkey, and seem to have no genetic relation to the detachment zone.     

Kinematics and geochronology of multistage ductile deformation along the eastern Alxa block,NW China: New constraints on the relationship between the North China Plate and the Alxa block

The NE-trending Bayanwula Shan–Lang Shan is an important tectonic belt lying between the North China Plate (NCP) to the east and the Alxa block to the west. An understanding of its nature and the timing of deformation are essential to understand the relationship between the NCP and the Alxa block. Two phases of ductile deformation have been observed in this belt. Large-scale top-to-the-west ductile thrusting characterized the early deformation in the Bayanwula Shan–Lang Shan. Nearly east–west trending quartz stretching lineations and lineations formed by amphibole and biotite are well developed. Different types of sheath and oblique folds with east–west trending fold hinges are also developed in the region. The shear strain of this ductile thrust is up to 17. The ductile deformation may have resulted from the top-to-the-west thrusting of the northern part of the NCP over the Alxa block, and may have occurred ca. 351 Ma (biotite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age). Later ductile deformation was expressed as NE-trending sinistral shear along the entire Bayanwula Shan–Lang Shan and likely occurred ca. 250 Ma (biotite and muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages); this shear may have resulted from the collision between the Yangtze and North China plates to the south during the Triassic. Combined with recently obtained detrital zircon U–Pb ages for the area, the ductile deformation events in the eastern Alxa block indicate that the block may not have been part of the NCP, at least before the end of the Devonian. Both blocks were located in the Paleo-Asian Ocean during the Paleozoic and collided or amalgamated with each other at the end of the Devonian.     

Paleozoic post-collisional magmatism and high-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism coupling with lithospheric delamination of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt,NW China

Lithosphere extension and upwelling of asthenosphere at post-collisional stage of an orogenic cycle generally induce diverse magmatism and/or associated high-temperature metamorphism. Nevertheless, the intimate coexistence of post-collisional magmatic activity and high-temperature metamorphism is rare.In this contribution, a lithological assemblage composing of diverse magmatic rocks deriving from distinct magma sources and coeval high-temperature metamorphism was identified in eastern Kunlun.Petrography, ages, mineral chemistry and whole-rock geochemistry demonstrated that those intimately coexistent diverse rocks were genetically related to post-collisional extension. The garnet-bearing mafic granulites in Jinshuikou area interior of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt are mainly composed of garnet,orthopyroxene, and plagioclase, with peak metamorphic P–T conditions of ~ 701–756 ℃and 5.6–7.0 kbar,representing a granulite-facies metamorphism at 409.7 ± 1.7 Ma. The diverse contemporaneous magmatic rocks including hornblendites, gabbros and granites yield zircon U–Pb ages of 408.6 ± 2.5 Ma,413.4 ± 4.6 Ma, and 387–407 Ma, respectively. The hornblendites show N-MORB-like REE patterns with(La/Sm)Nvalues of 0.85–0.94. They have positive zircon εHf(t) values of 0.1–4.9 and whole-rock εNd(t) values of 3.9–4.7 but relatively high(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_ivalues of 0.7081 to 0.7088. These features demonstrate that the hornblendites derived from a depleted asthenospheric mantle source with minor continental crustal materials in source. As for the gabbros, they exhibit arc-like elemental signatures, low zircon εHf(t) values(-4.3 to 2.5) and variable whole-rock εNd(t) values(-4.9 to 1.2) as well as high(⁸⁷Sr/86 Sr)ivalues(0.7068 to 0.7126), arguing for that they were originated from partial melting of heterogeneous lithospheric mantle anteriorly metasomatized by subducted-sediment released melts. Geochemistry of the granites defines their strongly peraluminous S-type signatures. Zircons from the granites yield a large range of εHf(t) values ranging from -30.8 to -5.1, while the whole-rock samples yield consistent(⁸⁷Sr/86 Sr)ivalues(0.7301 to 0.7342) and negative εNd(t) values(-10.1 to -12.4). These features indicate that the S-type granites could be generated by reworking of an ancient crust. Taken together, the penecontemporaneous magmatism and metamorphic event, demonstrated the early-middle Devonian transition from crustal thickening to extensional collapse. The post-collisional mantle-derived magmas serve as an essential driving force for the high-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism and anataxis of the crust associated with formation of S-type granite. This study not only constructs a more detail Proto-Tethys evolution process of the eastern Kunlun, but also sheds new light on better understanding the intimate relationship between magmatism and metamorphism during post-collisional extensional collapse.     

阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆作用成因及构造意义

阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆作用的成因研究,对理解阿拉善地块与古亚洲洋相互作用过程至关重要。本文在阿拉善地块中部新识别出一中志留世花岗岩体（噶顺花岗岩）,其锆石U-Pb年龄为432Ma,以高Sr低Y为特征,属弱过铝质、中钾-高钾钙碱性花岗岩,ε_Hf（t）=-8.8~-19.4,形成于古老下地壳岩石的部分熔融。本文同时总结了阿拉善地块其他晚奥陶世-早泥盆世岩浆岩的成分特征,发现阿拉善地块早古生代岩浆岩在成因上可分为两类：类型Ⅰ,侵位于晚奥陶世-早中志留世,为典型幔源弧岩浆岩,形成于俯冲流体交代地幔楔的部分熔融;类型Ⅱ,侵位于中晚志留世-早泥盆世,普遍高Sr低Y,形成于古老中基性地壳岩石的部分熔融。纵观阿拉善地块整个早古生代的岩浆作用,在晚奥陶世-早中志留世→中晚志留世-早泥盆世→中晚泥盆世期间,阿拉善地块的岩浆作用从幔源弧岩浆岩过渡到壳源高Sr低Y型花岗岩再到岩浆作用逐渐消失,反映了阿拉善地块陆缘弧从相对伸展环境向挤压弧的转变。这一岩浆作用演化记录了区域构造作用从典型洋陆俯冲到俯冲作用逐渐减弱（直至停止）或者俯冲角度（从陡俯冲向平俯冲）的转变过程;总体上,阿拉善地块早古生代处于越来越挤压的动力学背景之中。

     

Multi-stage granitic magmatism during exhumation of subducted continental lithosphere: Evidence from the Wulong pluton,South Qinling

Detailed petrology and zircon U–Pb dating data indicate that the Wulong pluton is a zoned granitic intrusive, formed from successive increments of magmas. An age range of at least 30 Ma is recorded from the 225–235 Ma quartz diorite on the pluton margin, the ca. 218 Ma granodiorite in the intermediate zone, and the ca. 207 Ma monzogranite at the pluton center. All the granitoids display evolved Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions, with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(i) of 0.7044–0.7062, unradiogenic Nd (ε_Nd(t) values of − 6.1 to − 3.0, Nd model ages of 1.1–1.3 Ga, and moderately radiogenic Pb compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(i) = 17.500–17.872, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(i) = 15.513–15.549, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(i) = 37.743–38.001), in combination with variations in zircon Hf isotopic compositions (with ε_Hf(t) values in each stage span 12 units) and the Hf isotopic model ages of 800–1600 Ma. These features suggest that the granitoids might have been derived from the reworking of an old lower crust, mixed with Paleozoic and Proterozoic materials. The rocks also display an adakitic affinity with Sr (479–973 ppm), high Sr/Y ratios (mostly > 60) and negligible Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.78–0.97) but low Rb/Sr ratios, low Y (4.6–17 ppm), HREE (Yb = 0.95–1.7 ppm), Yb/Lu (6–7) and Dy/Yb (1.9–2.4) ratios, suggesting the absence of plagioclase and presence of garnet + amphibole in their residue. Considering a large gap among their crystallization ages, we propose that the geochemical evolution from pluton margin to center was controlled mainly by melting conditions and source compositions rather than fractional crystallization. Mafic enclaves that were hosted in the quartz diorite and granodiorite are mainly syenogabbroic to syenodioritic in composition, and are metaluminous and enriched in LREE and LILEs, but are depleted in HFSE, and display an evolved Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic composition, suggesting that they may have been derived from the partial melting of an enriched mantle lithosphere, which was metasomatized by adakitic melts and fluids from a subducted continental crust.In combination with the results of the Triassic ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie orogenic belt, we apply a model involving the exhumation of subducted continental crust to explain the formation of the Wulong pluton. At the first stage, a dense and refractory mafic lower crust that was trapped at mantle depth by continental subduction witnessed melting under high temperature conditions to produce the quartz diorite magma, characterized by low SiO₂ (60.65–63.98 wt.%) and high TiO₂ (0.39–0.86 wt.%). The magma subsequently interacted with mantle peridotite, leading to high Mg# (57–67) and the metasomatism of the overriding mantle wedge. At the second stage, an asthenosphere upwelling that was probably caused by slab break-off at ca. 220 Ma melted the enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) to produce mafic magmas, represented by the mafic enclaves that are hosted in the quartz and granodiorite, resulting in the partial melting of the shallower subducted crust, and generating the granodiorite that is distinguished by high SiO₂ (69.16–70.82 wt.%), high Al₂O₃ (15.33–16.22 wt.%) and A/CNK values (mostly > 1.05). At the third stage, the final collapse of the Triassic Qinling–Dabie Orogenic Belt at ca. 215–205 Ma caused extensive partial melting of the thickened orogenic lower crust to produce the monzogranite, which is characterized by high SiO₂ (67.68–70.29 wt.%), low TiO₂ (mostly < 0.35 wt.%) and high Sr/Y ratios of 86–151.     

Zircon dating,Sr and Nd isotopes,and element geochemistry of the Khalifan pluton,NW Iran: Evidence for Variscan magmatism in a supposedly Cimmerian superterrane

The Khalifan pluton of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone is composed of A-type peraluminous leucogranites with Nd model ages around 1.2 Ga. It intrudes an unfossiliferous sedimentary sequence previously considered as Cretaceous by analogy with neighboring areas. However, zircon U–Pb SHRIMP and Pb–Pb sequential evaporation dating have revealed that Khalifan granites are Carboniferous, with a precise age of 315 ± 2 Ma. This is the first reliable Variscan age obtained so far in this area, but there are geological indicators that other small plutonic bodies might also be Variscan. The existence of Carboniferous granite rocks in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone casts doubts on whether it was a part of the Cimmerian superterrane detached from east Gondwanide terranes because these characteristically lack Variscan magmatism. The age, chemical features and Nd isotopes of Khalifan granites are similar to those of the southernmost Urals and Tien Shan, so that we tentatively suggest that this area bears a Middle Asian instead of Cimmerian linkage.     

西南天山晚古生代后碰撞岩浆作用：以阔克萨彦岭地区巴雷公花岗岩为例

西南天山阔克萨彦岭地区巴雷公钾长花岗岩出露于蛇绿混杂岩南侧。地球化学特征显示,该岩石富碱（K2O＋Na2O为8.25～8.72％〉8％）,富钾（K2O／Na2O为1.34～1.56）,准铝质（A／CNK为0.94～1.05）,为高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列;岩石富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土,亏损Sr、P等大离子亲石元素及Nb、Ti等高场强元素,具有中等的负铕异常（δEu=0.49～0.59）,为向A型花岗岩过渡的后碰撞高钾花岗岩特征;岩石的Nd／Th（1.64～3.19）、Th／U（5.95～7.11）、Nb／Ta（7.26～9.17）和高K2O／Na2O比值、低Sr／Ba比值特征表明,巴雷公花岗岩来源于中下地壳物质的部分熔融,残留相为斜长角闪岩。阴极发光图像显示,该岩石中锆石多呈完好的自形晶,具有岩浆锆石特有的韵律环带结构,LA-ICP-MS微区原位U-Pb定年结果表明该花岗岩的结晶侵位年龄为273±2Ma。综合南天山已有研究成果,推测南天山造山带后碰撞花岗质岩浆活动主要发生在282～259Ma之间,具有从高钾钙碱系列（282～266Ma）向碱性系列（266～259Ma）演化的特征,暗示了一个后碰撞阶段的造山带垮塌、陆壳连续伸展减薄的过程。巴雷公高钾花岗岩应为南天山造山带碰撞造山峰期变质后垮塌过程中的第一个阶段或碰撞造山到后造山的一个转折阶段的中下地壳熔融的产物,指示南天山西段古洋盆在中二叠世以前已经闭合,西南天山已进入后碰撞演化阶段,代表了古亚洲洋南部的闭合和中亚南部增生造山作用的结束。这一认识为深入探讨中亚后碰撞岩浆作用的时限和机制提供了新的约束资料。     

苏鲁超高压带北部中生代岩浆侵入活动与同碰撞—碰撞后构造过程：锆石U-Pb年代学

苏鲁超高压变质带北部威海地区发育大量中生代侵入体。本文报道了新的同位素稀释法和 SHRIMP 锆石 U-Pb 同位素年龄数据,确认该区中生代侵入岩浆活动主要有三期,分别是三叠纪晚期～210Ma,侏罗纪晚期160～140Ma 和白垩纪早期～110Ma。三叠纪晚期主要是橄榄安粗岩系列的侵入体,包括邢家碱性辉长岩(211±5Ma 和213±5Ma),甲子山辉石正长岩(211.9±1.5Ma 和209.0±6.5Ma),槎山正长花岗岩(205.7±1.4Ma),它们的形成可能指示深俯冲大陆的板片断离作用。侏罗纪晚期主要有垛崮山花岗闪长岩体(161±1Ma),文登花岗岩体(160±3Ma)和昆嵛山花岗岩体(142±3Ma)。大量700～800Ma 的继承锆石指示这些花岗岩是俯冲的扬子板块部分熔融的产物,它们可能起因于碰撞加厚地壳的拆沉作用。白垩纪早期的侵入体代表性的有六度寺辉石闪长岩(114.5±0.8Ma),秦薄顶钾长巨斑状花岗岩(114±1Ma),三佛山钾长斑状花岗岩(113±1Ma)和伟德山花岗岩(108±2Ma)。这些高钾钙碱系列侵入体,是中国东部普遍发育的岩石圈减薄过程中强烈的壳幔相互作用的产物。     

Crustal recycling through intraplate magmatism: Evidence from the Trans-North China Orogen

The North China Craton (NCC) preserves the history of crustal growth and craton formation during the early Precambrian followed by extensive lithospheric thinning and craton destruction in the Mesozoic. Here we present evidence for magma mixing and mingling associated with the Mesozoic tectonic processes from the Central NCC, along the Trans-North China Orogen, a paleo suture along which the Eastern and Western Blocks were amalgamated at end of Paleoproterozoic. Our investigations focus on two granitoids – the Chiwawu and the Mapeng plutons. Typical signatures for the interaction of mafic and felsic magmas are observed in these plutons such as: (1) the presence of diorite enclaves; (2) flow structures; (3) schlierens; (4) varying degrees of hybridization; and (5) macro-, and micro-textures. Porphyritic feldspar crystals show numerous mineral inclusions as well as rapakivi and anti-rapakivi textures. We present bulk chemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology and REE data, and Lu–Hf isotopes on the granitoids, diorite enclaves, and surrounding basement rocks to constrain the timing of intraplate magmatism and processes of interaction between felsic and mafic magmas. Our LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb data show that the pophyritic granodiorite was emplaced at 129.7 ± 1.0 Ma. The diorite enclaves within this granodiorite show identical ages (128.2 ± 1.5 Ma). The basement TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) gneisses formed at ca. 2.5 Ga coinciding with the major period of crustal accretion in the NCC. The 1.85 Ga age from zircons in the gabbro with positive Hf isotope signature may be related to mantle magmatism during post-collisional extension following the assembly of the Western and Eastern Blocks of the NCC along the Trans-North China Orogen. Our Hf isotope data indicate that the Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic basement rocks were derived from complex sources of both juvenile magmas and reworked ancient crust, whereas the magma source for the Mesozoic units are dominantly reworked basement rocks. Our study provides a window to intraplate magmatism triggered by mantle upwelling beneath a paleosuture in the North China Craton.     

原特提斯的消减极性：西昆仑128公里岩体的启示

128公里岩体是西昆仑造山带中一个早古生代的花岗闪长岩体,长期以来一直是研究西昆仑构造演化的重要参考依据。然而由于区域地质资料的不足和研究手段的不同,对该岩体的形成年代、源区性质以及构造背景等方面还存在着不同的认识。本文试图通过地质年代学和地球化学方面的研究,明确128公里岩体的成岩时代和构造背景,进而制约西昆仑的早古生代构造演化。单颗粒锆石的U-Pb定年结果表明128公里岩体形成于471±5 Ma并含有可能形成于早期岩浆房或继承自源区的490 Ma左右的锆石。128公里岩体富Al_2O_3(15.7％～18.4％),Sr(470～864μg/g)和大离子亲石元素但相对亏损 高场强元素,相对富集轻稀土且具有低到中等的负铕异常(δEu=～0.7),显示出典型的Ⅰ型弧花岗岩特征。尽管其富集Al_2O_3、Sr、相对低的MgO含量和Y/Yb比值使其非常类似于埃达克岩,但其相对高的Yb(1.92～2.88μg/g)、Y(19.4～34.0μg/g)含量,低的Sr/Y(24.2～37.0)和Zr/Sm(7.3～21)比值以及相对高的初始Sr同位素组成(0.7075～0.7091)排除了消减板块在石榴石稳定区发生部分熔融的可能性。低的氧同位素组成(+5.7‰～+7.4‰)以及Sr-O同位素关系表明该岩体并非形成于地幔来源的岩浆与变质围岩间的同化混染。高的稀土含量、明显的稀土分馏以及相对高的Sr同     

内蒙古阿拉善地区二叠纪曼德林乌拉岩体年龄、成因及其地质意义

内蒙古阿拉善地块北缘及其邻区广泛出露早古生代—早中生代侵入岩,其时空分布、源区物质组成及成因对研究阿拉善北部地区构造演化乃至整个中亚造山带南缘晚期的演化具有重要意义。曼德林乌拉岩体位于阿拉善地块北部雅布赖-诺尔公-洪古尔玉林带西段,岩体以二长花岗岩为主,广泛发育岩浆暗色包体。这些镁铁质包体为岩浆结构,大多具有塑性外形,并具有多种不平衡结构和矿物组合,如斜长石环带、针状磷灰石等。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,曼德林乌拉二长花岗岩年龄为271±3Ma,花岗岩中发育的包体年龄为271±2Ma,表明该岩体形成于二叠纪,而非之前认为的中生代。二长花岗岩的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-18.4～-10.1,相应的二阶段Hf模式年龄为1.8～2.3Ga;暗色包体中的13颗二叠纪锆石相应的ε_(Hf)(t)值为-23.6～-9.1,相应的二阶段Hf模式年龄为1.7～2.5Ga。锆石Hf同位素特征表明,形成花岗岩和镁铁质暗色包体的这2种岩浆均来自以古老地壳物质为主的源区,这与东段诺尔公—红古尔玉林地区的中酸性侵入岩相同。曼德林乌拉岩体花岗质岩和镁铁质暗色包体的岩石学、地球化学及同位素研究表明,它们可能也具有岩浆混合成因。这为阿拉善地块北缘区域在二叠纪发生广泛的壳幔相互作用提供了进一步证据。     

北祁连早古生代花岗质岩浆作用及构造演化

北祁连山中段花岗岩锆石SHRIMP定年结果表明,柯柯里岩体的斜长花岗岩和石英闪长岩的年龄分别为512Ma和501Ma,野马咀和金佛寺花岗岩的年龄分别为508Ma和424Ma。结合区内其它花岗岩体的定年资料,根据花岗岩的岩石地球化学特征及岩体产出的构造位置、区域地质资料等,我们认为,早古生代北祁连洋板块向南俯冲,至少引发了两期花岗质岩浆作用,第一次岩浆作用形成柯柯里斜长花岗岩(512Ma)、野马咀花岗岩(508Ma)和柯柯里石英闪长岩(501Ma),第二次花岗质岩浆作用形成牛心山花岗岩(477Ma)。由于往南俯冲的板块受到柴达木板块向北俯冲的影响,俯冲受阻,继而俯冲极性发生变化,转向北俯冲,形成了民乐窑沟(463Ma)等花岗岩侵入体。大约440Ma之后,洋盆闭合,柴达木陆块和阿拉善陆块对接碰撞,形成北祁连造山带。由于造山带根部岩石圈发生折沉作用,造山带上不同的块体伸展、滑塌,形成一系列碰撞后花岗岩如金佛寺花岗岩(424Ma)及牛心山岩体的石英闪长岩(435Ma)等。     

青藏高原拉萨地块碰撞-后碰撞岩浆作用的三种类型及其对大陆俯冲和成矿作用的启示：Sr-Nd同位素证据

青藏高原拉萨地块是揭示印度与亚洲大陆碰撞的最重要的地区之一,其中广泛发育的碰撞-后碰撞岩浆作用记录了这一地区从特提斯洋俯冲消减到印度大陆陆内俯冲的全过程.本文基于对最新的Sr-Nd同位素资料的分析,从高原岩石圈的三种主要地球化学端元入手,分析了拉萨地块碰撞-后碰撞岩浆作用的类型及其在大陆俯冲与成矿作用方面的意义.青藏高原岩石圈可以分为三种主要的地球化学端元,一是青藏高原北部地球化学省（包括羌塘、可可西里和西昆仑）代表的青藏原始岩石圈地幔地球化学端元,42Ma以来在高原北部广泛分布的钾质岩浆岩的Nd-Sr同位素成分比较均一和稳定,同位素比值的范围较窄,^87Sr/^86Sr=0.707101～0.710536,εNd=-2～-9,tDM=0.7～1.3Ga;二是雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩代表的新特提斯洋地幔端元,^87Sr/^86Sr=0.703000～0.706205,εNd=＋7.8～＋10,呈印度洋型MORB特征,属于印度洋型地幔域;三是喜马拉雅带地壳基底和花岗岩类显示的喜马拉雅地壳地球化学端元,εNd=-12～-25,^87Sr/^86Sr=0.733110～0.760000,具相对古老的Nd模式年龄,tDM=1.9～2.9Ga.拉萨地块碰撞-后碰撞岩浆作用可以划分出三种地球化学类型,即拉萨地块原地型、亲特提斯洋型和亲喜马拉雅型.这三种岩浆作用类型受控于上述三种地球化学端元在其源区的比例及相互作用.其中,拉萨地块原地型与青藏高原北部地球化学省特征一致,亲特提斯洋型代表了与新特提斯洋俯冲消减及其后的再循环有关的岩浆作用,亲喜马拉雅型岩浆岩的Sr-Nd同位素特征则可能指示了喜马拉雅大陆地壳端元的参与.超钾质火山岩是揭示印度大陆岩石圈向北俯冲的重要证据,印度大陆岩石圈俯冲作用可能同时控制了超钾质岩石和盐类矿床的产出,古老地壳物质作为源区参与了超钾质岩石和盐类矿床的成岩与成矿作用.拉萨地块中部地区的含矿斑岩属于亲特提斯洋型岩浆作用,因此具亲特提斯洋型特征的火山岩、浅成斑岩和深成侵入岩,是进一步寻找铜、钼、金矿床的重要目标.     

中国东部早白垩世岩浆作用的伸展构造性质——以辽东半岛南部饮马湾山岩体为例

饮马湾山岩体位于辽东半岛南部,侵位于辽南变质核杂岩之中。岩体主要由三种岩石组成,由外向里分别是片麻状花岗岩、斑状花岗岩和中细粒二长花岗岩类。其中片麻状花岗岩类主要岩石类型为石英二长闪长岩和花岗闪长岩,具有明显的片麻理构造,部分岩石具有明显的变形组构,其片麻理方向与变质核杂岩中拆离断层方向一致。似斑状花岗岩仅显示微弱片麻理,而细粒二长花岗岩则为明显的块状构造,表明该岩体为同伸展变形就位产物。锆石U-Pb同位素测定显示,该岩体不同岩相岩石具有大体一致的年龄,其形成于120～130Ma的早白垩世,而不是以前认为的三叠纪。该岩体岩石具有较大的地球化学成分变化范围,其中片麻状和似斑状岩石具有高Sr含量(>600ppm)、低Y、Yb含量、轻重稀土分馏强烈的特点;而细粒二长花岗岩则相对低Sr高Rb、低~(87)Rb/~(86)Sr比值。Sr-Nd同位素综合分析表明,饮马湾山花岗岩主要来源于下地壳,但较大的范围Mg~#、Sr、Nd同位素组成则表明可能有其它物质(如岩石圈地幔、新生地壳)参与成岩作用。上述研究充分地显示,我国东部早白垩世岩浆活动发育在伸展构造背景,并可能与岩石圈减薄存在密切的联系。     

Intra-continental back-arc basin inversion and Late Carboniferous magmatism in Eastern Tianshan,NW China: Constraints from the Shaquanzi magmatic suite

The Yamansu belt,an important tectonic component of Eastern Tianshan Mountains,of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt,NW China hosts many Fe-(Cu)deposit.In this study,we present new zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemical data of the volcanic rocks of Shaquanzi Formation and diorite intrusions in the Yamansu belt.The Shaquanzi Formation comprises mainly basalt,andesite/andesitic tuff,rhyolite and sub-volcanic diabase with local diorite intrusions.The volcanic rocks and diorites contain ca.315-305 Ma and ca.298 Ma zircons respectively.These rocks show calc-alkaline affinity with enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements(LILEs),light rare-earth elements(LREEs),and depletion in high field strength elements(HFSEs)in primitive mantle normalized multi-element diagrams,which resemble typical back-arc basin rocks.They show depleted mantle signature with ε_(Nd)(t)ranging from+3.1 to +5.6 for basalt;+2.1 to+4.7 for andesite;-0.2 to+1.5 for rhyolite and the ε_(Hf)(t)ranges from-0.1 to +13.0 for andesites;+5.8 to +10.7 for andesitic tuffs.We suggest that the Shaquanzi Formation basalt might have originated from a depleted,metasomatized lithospheric mantle source mixed with minor(3-5%)subduction-derived materials,whereas the andesite and rhyolite could be fractional crystallization products of the basaltic magma.The Shaquanzi Formation volcanic rocks could have formed in an intracontinental back-arc basin setting,probably via the southward subduction of the Kangguer Ocean beneath the Middle Tianshan Massif.The Yamansu mineralization belt might have undergone a continental arc to back-arc basin transition during the Late Carboniferous and the intra-continental back-arc basin might have closed in the Early Permian,marked by the emplacement of dioritic magma in the Shaquanzi belt.     

Petrogenesis of the Late Triassic shoshonitic Shadegai pluton from the northern North China Craton: Implications for crust-mantle interaction and post-collisional extension

Latest Permian to Triassic plutons are widespread in the northern North China Craton(NCC); most of them show calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline, or alkaline geochemical features. The Shadegai pluton in the Wulashan area has shoshonitic affinity and I-type character, and is composed of syenogranites containing abundant mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs). LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb data yield weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U ages of 222 ± 1 Ma and 221 ± 1 Ma for the syenogranites and MMEs, respectively, suggesting their coeval formation during the Late Triassic. The syenogranites have high SiO_2(70.42-72.30 wt%),K_2O(4.58-5.22 wt.%) and Na_2O(4.19-4.43 wt.%) contents but lower concentrations of P_2O_5(0.073-0.096 wt.%) and TiO_2(0.27-0.37 wt.%), and are categorized as I-type granites, rather than A-type granites, as previously thought. These syenogranites exhibit lower(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i ratios(0.70532-0.70547) and strongly negative whole-rock εNd(t) values(-12.54 to-11.86) and zircon εHf(t) values(-17.81 to-10.77),as well as old Nd(1962-2017 Ma) and Hf(2023-2092 Ma) model ages, indicating that they were derived from the lower crust.Field and petrological observations reveal that the MMEs within the pluton probably represent magmatic globules commingled with their host magmas. Geochemically, these MMEs have low SiO_2(53.46-55.91 wt.%)but high FeOt(7.27-8.79 wt.%) contents. They are enriched in light rare earth elements(LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements(LILEs), and are depleted in heavy rare earth elements(HREEs) and high field strength elements(HFSEs). They have whole-rock(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i ratios varying from 0.70551 to 0.70564, εNd(t) values of -10.63 to -9.82, and zircon εHf(t) values of -9.89 to 0.19. Their geochemical and isotopic features indicate that they were derived from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle mainly metasomatized by slab-derived fluids, with minor involvement of melts generated from the ascending asthenospheric mantle. Petrology integrated with elemental and isotopic geochemistry suggest that the Shadegai pluton was produced by crust-mantle interactions, i.e., partial melting of the lower continental crust induced by underplating of mantle-derived mafic magmas(including the subcontinental lithospheric mantle and asthenospheric mantle), and subsequent mixing of the mantle-and crust-derived magmas. In combination with existing geological data, it is inferred that the Shadegai pluton formed in a post-collisional extensional regime related to lithospheric delamination following the collision between the NCC and Mongolia arc terranes.     

Paleomagnetic and geochronological constraints on the post-collisional northward convergence of the southwest Tian Shan, NW China

A combined paleomagnetic and geochronological study is reported of Paleogene basalt lavas and an intercalated red bed succession, comprising a minimum of 14 basalt flows and 10 red bed horizons in the Tuoyun Basin of the southwest Tian Shan Range, China. Two basalt matrix samples yield ⁴⁰Ar / ³⁹Ar isochron ages of 58.5 ± 1.3 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.9) and 60.4 ± 1.3 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.7). These compare well with a previously published K–Ar dilution age of 61.7 ± 2.3 Ma for comparable Paleogene basalts and confirm that the younger pulse of magmatism in this basin is represented by both intrusive and extrusive activity. Demagnetization and component analysis identify a stable characteristic remanence (ChRM) with predominantly reversed polarity following removal of secondary remanence by peak demagnetization steps below 250–350 °C or 5 mT. Rock magnetic analysis identifies pseudo-single domain magnetite or titanomagnetite as carriers. The stable ChRM passes a fold test; it was probably acquired at the time of lava emplacement. Results from the bulk of the collection imply that paleomagnetic data from the upper and lower ( 115 Ma) basalt series in the Tuoyun Basin are not distinguishable at the 95% significance level and indicate that this tectonic domain remained essentially stationary with respect to the Earth's spin axis for 50 Ma prior to onset of the India/Asia collision in early Eocene times. It is therefore probable that no paleomagnetically detectable crustal shortening occurred in the southwest Tian Shan prior to collision. Paleomagnetic data sets from the Tuoyun Basin also show that little or no paleolatitude difference is present between the Tian Shan and the reference latitude of Eurasia at 60 Ma. This supports previous evidence suggesting that central Asian blocks in the vicinity of the Tian Shan are unlikely to have experienced appreciable northward convergence relative to Eurasia since onset of the India/Asia collision and initiation of the Himalaya.     

Indosinian Supergene Karsts in the Qaidam Basin, NW China: Evidence from Paleo-tectonics, Paleoclimates and Paleo-fluids

In the Qaidam basin,Northwest China,karstic fissures and caves are developed in many places of the Lower Carboniferous Chengqianggou Fm.and Huaitoutala Fm.and the Upper Carboniferous Keluke Fm.,in which are found typical karstic marks.Several suites of transgressive carbonate rocks formed during the Late Paleozoic epoch are preserved as reservoir properties in the Qaidam basin,with paleokarst-related cave-fractured diagenetic structures,which provided the basis for cavefractured development.Carbonate and clastic samples covering or infilling caves and fractures in Carboniferous strata were collected in the eastern Qaidam basin to focus on petrological and geochemical analyses of karst and infilling materials.Based on this study of the Caledonian diagenetic sequence,and bitumen-infilled inclusion temperature and burial history,there existed a continuous atmospheric freshwater leaching process,which played a critical role in the construction of the Carboniferous supergene paleokarsts.Investigation and survey of the tectonic setting,plate paleolatitude and river development intensity also proves that there was abundant rainfall during the Indosinian period,after which the strata undergo a shallow burial process.Because Indosinian period is earlier than the key timing of hydrocarbon-generation of the Carboniferous source rocks,this kind of karst reservoir has potential significance for oil-gas resources in this area.     

Early Paleozoic magmatism and metallogeny related to Proto-Tethys subduction: Insights from volcanic rocks in the northeastern Altyn Mountains,NW China

Remnants of the Proto-Tethys are mainly preserved in the region between south of the North China-Tarim Block and north of Qiangtang-Sibumasu/Baoshan Blocks. Magmatic-metallogenic events related to the Proto-Tethyan subductions were rarely reported, and the subduction history and polarity of the Proto-Tethyan are still under debate. Here, we presented new data of zircon UPb ages, whole-rock Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes, major and trace elements and zircon Hf isotopes for the volcanic rocks in the northeastern Altyn Mountains. Information of over 14 volcanic-hosted deposits/prospects in the region has been compiled. These volcanic ore hosts consist mainly of basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite and rhyolite rocks. The andesite and rhyolite rocks are newly zircon UPb dated to be Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician (andesite: 490.5 ± 5.2 Ma; rhyolite: 492.6 ± 2.9 Ma and 491.6 ± 5.6 Ma), representing the timing of volcanism and VMS (Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide) mineralization. All the volcanic rocks belong to the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonite series: the andesite rocks from the Kaladawan area in north of the region display arc geochemical affinities and contain (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i (0.7082–0.7083) and ε_Nd(t) (−9.7 to −7.6), indicating that they were likely formed by partial melting of the mantle wedge with subducted sediment inputs. The rhyolite rocks from the Kaladaban area in south of the region are characterized by high SiO₂ (64.46–78.55 wt%), low alkali (Na₂O + K₂O, 3.46–7.17 wt%), and contain (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i (0.7063–0.7095), ε_Nd(t) (−6.6 to −1.5), and zircon ε_Hf(t) (−5.5 to 5.4), indicating that they were likely derived from partial melting of the lower crust with depleted mantle inputs. Rock assemblage and geochemistry suggest that volcanic rocks in the northeastern Altyn Mountains may have formed in a continental arc setting. Their spatial distributions with respect to the ophiolites in the region suggest that the subduction was likely south-dipping. This subduction-related arc magmatism may have formed the many important VMS and porphyry–skarn deposits in the region.     

滇西大理—剑川地区钾玄质岩浆作用：后碰撞走滑拉伸环境岛弧型岩浆作用的地球化学研究

岩石学、元素地球化学研究表明,在滇西大理－剑川地区分布的富碱斑岩群属钾玄质系列岩石,具有产出于与红河－哀牢山走滑剪切带伴生的早第三纪拉张盆地中,这套钾玄质系列岩石富集大离子亲石元素LILE（Rb,Ba,K,Sr）,轻稀土元素（LREE）和一组相容元素（Cr,Ni,V,Sc）,具有明显的Nb,Ta,Ti,P负异常,反映了后碰撞岛弧型钾玄岩系特征。钾玄质母岩浆主要源于含金云母的尖晶石相地幔橄榄岩低度部分熔融,并在演化过程中经历了充分的分离结晶作用。