Provenance of Triassic and Jurassic sandstones in the Banda Arc: Petrography,heavy minerals and zircon geochronology

Quartz-rich sandstones in the Banda Arc Islands are thought to be equivalent of Mesozoic sandstones on the Australian NW Shelf where they are important proven and potential reservoirs. Previous studies suggested that rivers draining Australia provided most of the sediment input and there have been suggestions of a northern provenance for some Timor sediments. We present results from a provenance study of Triassic and Jurassic sandstones of the Banda Arc between Timor and Tanimbar, which used several methodologies, including conventional light and heavy mineral point counting, textural classification and laser ablation (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb dating of detrital zircons. Most sandstones are quartz-rich and detrital modes suggest a recycled origin and/or continental affinity, consistent with an Australian source. However, many of the sandstones are texturally immature and commonly contain volcanic quartz and volcanic lithic fragments. In the Tanimbar Islands and Babar, acid igneous material came from both the Australian continent and from the Bird's Head, whereas sandstones in Timor have a greater metamorphic component. Heavy mineral assemblages are dominated by rounded ultra-stable minerals, but mixed with angular grains, and indicate an ultimate origin from acid igneous and metamorphic sources. Detrital zircon ages range from Archean to Mesozoic, but variations in age populations point to differences in source areas along the Banda Arc both spatially and temporally. Significant zircon populations with ages of 240–280 Ma, 1.5 Ga and 1.8 Ga are characteristic and are also common in many other areas of SE Asia. We interpret sediment to have been derived mainly from the Bird's Head, Western and Central Australia in the Triassic. In the Jurassic local sources close to Timor are suggested, combined with recycling of NW Shelf material.     

鸡西、勃利盆地白垩纪砂岩的物源分析及构造意义

鸡西、勃利盆地白垩纪砂岩骨架矿物成分的模式分析显示:下白垩统城子河组和穆棱组砂岩的源区主要为切割型岛弧,结合古水流方向和砂岩地球化学特征研究,物源区主要为小兴安岭-张广才岭;上白垩统猴石沟组砂岩的源区主要为基底隆升和切割型岛弧。结合古水流方向和砾石的统计结果认为,鸡西、勃利盆地物源区主要为桦南隆起和密山隆起,以及小兴安岭-张广才岭。据白垩纪砂岩物源,晚白垩世砾岩成分,以及区域地质资料分析,下白垩统城子河组和穆棱组时期,鸡西盆地、勃利盆地和黑龙江东部各盆地为统一的原型盆地,早白垩世末期随着桦南隆起和密山隆起的隆升而破坏。并在晚白垩世早期已隆升,并为周缘盆地提供物源,形成现今黑龙江东北部地区的盆岭格局。     

藏南仲巴地区早白垩世日朗组物源分析及其构造意义

藏南仲巴地区早白垩世日朗组出露于特提斯喜马拉雅北亚带,整体为黄绿色火山岩屑砂岩,局部层位可见页岩与泥岩,分析为一套深海海底扇沉积组合。本文仔细分析了日朗组砂岩岩石学特征及鲍马序列和槽模沉积构造等沉积学特征,结果表明:日朗组砂岩成分成熟度和结构成熟度均不高,具有近源物源的特点;槽模构造古水流数据统计表明古流向由南向北,指示物质组分来源于南侧特提斯喜马拉雅和/或印度克拉通。砂岩碎屑组分统计结果表明日朗组的物源区构造背景属于克拉通内部及石英再旋回区。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄频谱图对比进一步表明其物源区为印度稳定大陆边缘,外加一套早白垩世火山碎屑物质的输入。仲巴地区日朗组物源特征反映了印度大陆北缘早白垩世由深部断裂引起的一次强烈的火山事件,可能与印度大陆从澳大利亚-南极大陆裂解有关。     

贵州赤水地区晚白垩世古流向特征及构造意义

贵州赤水地区位于四川盆地西南缘,晚白垩世时期该地区沉积了一套厚达1300m的陆相地层。本文通过地表露头的古流向野外观测和室内分析,详细研究赤水地区晚白垩世沉积充填过程及构造意义。赤水地区晚白垩世早期辫状河的古流向为自北东向南西,表明碎屑物源主要来自盆地北侧和东侧。根据物源、地层分布及区域地质背景推断,赤水地区晚白垩世的陆相沉积盆地属于陆内前陆盆地,陆内造山带位于盆地东侧。晚白垩世陆内前陆盆地的形成,可能受控于此阶段华南的构造挤压事件形成的陆内造山作用。     

山西五台群变质砂岩的物源和构造环境

华北克拉通中北部五台杂岩中出露一套变质砂岩,归属于上太古界五台群,其物质来源和构造环境分析对理解本区新太古代末期的地壳演化具有重要意义.该变质砂岩主要由石英、长石和粘土质胶结物组成,岩相学特征显示为杂砂岩,利用主量、微量元素判别的结果与岩相学观察一致.岩石地球化学分析结果显示,样品的SiO2含量变化较大(64.51％～...     

胶莱盆地早白垩世莱阳群沉积物源及地质意义

应用古流向、砾石成分及砂岩碎屑锆石定年方法,综合分析了胶莱盆地早白垩世莱阳群沉积时期的物源组成及其地质意义。古流向,五莲—诸城显示较稳定的N向,莱阳—乳山一带由早期的E-SE向逐渐转变为晚期W-NW向。砾石成分,五莲—诸城—胶州地区以花岗片麻岩、花岗岩、大理岩和石英岩为主,莱阳—乳山早期花岗岩砾石成分含量高,晚期成分复杂。碎屑锆石年龄分布主要集中在110~145 Ma,150~180 Ma,200~250 Ma,600~950 Ma和1700~2600 Ma。由此推断胶莱盆地在早白垩世莱阳群沉积期的物源主要由三部分组成:1盆地南缘苏鲁造山带超高压-高压变质岩和浅变质杂岩;2盆地周缘燕山期(J2-3-K1)花岗岩;3北侧胶北隆起基底(亲华北型)变质岩。并且盆地物源组成表现出明显的区域差异性,这种差异说明当时苏鲁造山带的南、北段在抬升及抬升后可能存在着差异性的隆起和改造,表现为苏鲁造山带南段(南苏鲁造山带)隆升幅度大并且稳定,北段(北苏鲁造山带)表现出较为低缓的隆起或者局部的小隆起并且后期经历大规模的塌陷。另外,物源也指示早白垩世莱阳群沉积时期,胶莱盆地呈现出西高东低的古地貌特征,直到莱阳群沉积晚期,盆地东部才有所抬升。     

The significance of the metamorphic rocks of Timor in the development of the Banda Arc, Eastern Indonesia

The metamorphic rocks of Timor are reinterpreted in the light of reconnaissance mapping of the whole island. All metamorphic rocks that crop out in Timor are allochthonous. Several metamorphic massifs are reported for the first time, the outline of others is revised. On the basis of their grade, three distinct groups can be mapped: lustrous slate, amphibolite-serpentinite, and a granulite-amphibolite-greenschist complex. Each group has distinctive structural relations to other allochthonous elements. The granulite facies meta-anorthosite in Timor must have originated near the boundary between the continental mantle and the crust. These and related high-grade metamorphic rocks may represent slices of an ancient Asian continental basement. These rocks imply that the history of the Mesozoic-Cinozoic fold belt of the Outer Banda Arc extends into the Precambrian Era. The metamorphic rocks of Seram appear to be remarkably similar to those of Timor in grade, distribution and structural relations. The overthrust directions of the metamorphic rocks in Timor is southwards, in Seram it is northwards. As the islands are separated by the 4–5 km deep Banda Sea, these directly opposite thrusts may be explained in terms of the Banda Arc acquiring its sinuosity after the emplacement of the metamorphic rocks.     

柴达木盆地北缘牦牛山组物源分析及其构造意义

柴达木盆地北缘牦牛山组为一套由砂砾岩组成的陆相紫红色粗碎屑沉积岩,其时代一直存在争议。本文对两个剖面牦牛山组的沉积特征、古水流、砾石成分进行了研究,并对砂质充填物中锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS测年分析。结果表明,牦牛山组发育冲击扇沉积,古流向主要为自北西至南东和自南东至北西两个方向。两个剖面砾石成分差异显著,城墙沟剖面砾石成分以碳酸盐岩为主,而旺尕秀剖面砾石成分则较为复杂。砂质充填物中碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄可分为3个组:360～560Ma、890～1050Ma和2200～2500Ma。它们代表本区3次构造事件,包括早古生代柴达木盆地北缘由洋-陆至陆-陆的碰撞过程,新元古代Grenville造山事件及新太古代陆壳的增长。其中最小的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄为365±3Ma,结合区域地质背景与古生物等资料,表明牦牛山组的时代为晚泥盆世。本区早古生代第三期和第四期花岗岩类的锆石U-Pb年龄与本文最年轻的一组锆石U-Pb年龄在误差范围内一致,表明这两期岩体发生了快速抬升剥蚀。结合前人研究,柴达木盆地北缘在牦牛山组沉积期处于后碰撞阶段。     

扬子陆块西缘寒武系砂岩的物源分析：对古地理位置重建和构造背景的指示

扬子陆块西缘寒武系主要为一套碎屑岩- 碳酸盐岩的岩石组合,前人研究多认为形成于相对稳定的克拉通盆地。但同时期出现的大陆岩浆作用显然与前期认定的克拉通盆地性质不符,需要借助扬子西缘的物质来源探讨构造背景。基于野外露头等资料,本文通过对扬子陆块西缘会泽和会东附近寒武系3件砂岩样品进行重矿物分析、电气石电子探针和碎屑锆石U- Pb测年分析,确定扬子西缘寒武纪沉积物的源区;并结合沉积序列等综合探讨扬子陆块西缘寒武纪的构造背景。沉积序列表明,扬子西缘寒武系沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组主要由砂岩和白云岩等组成,沉积环境为滨岸—潮坪。细—粗砂岩碎屑颗粒为次棱角状—次圆状,分选较差;碎屑组分主要为石英,岩屑几乎全部为燧石,长石含量较少。测试分析结果表明：重矿物分析指示扬子西缘寒武系砂岩重矿物主要由锆石、赤—褐铁矿、电气石、钛铁矿、金红石、磷灰石等组成,重矿物组合指示岩浆岩为其主要母岩;电气石电子探针分析结果表明,物源主要来自于贫锂花岗岩和变砂岩、变泥岩;碎屑锆石测年分析表明物源区母岩主要为983~540 Ma岩浆岩。碎屑锆石年龄对比等综合分析表明,寒武系沉积物部分源自康滇古陆983~708 Ma的岩浆岩和变沉积岩,部分源自冈瓦纳大陆东非造山带663~540 Ma的岩石,物源区岩石经历再旋回产物作用。扬子西缘寒武系的沉积序列、碎屑锆石年龄谱图和碎屑组成等特征综合分析表明,扬子陆块西缘寒武系形成于前陆盆地。     

西藏江孜地区上白垩统宗卓组沉积混杂堆积基本特征及构造意义

分布于藏南江孜一带的上白垩统宗卓组沉积混杂堆积岩呈近东西向与雅鲁藏布江缝合带平行相伴,由"基质"、原地岩块、外来岩块三部分组成。"基质"以正常沉积的细碎屑岩为主;原地岩块是沉积物未完全固结时,由于重力或其它地质作用使之变形变位后形成的;外来岩块成分复杂、形态各异、大小悬殊,不同岩块中产晚三叠世一早白垩世的箭石、双壳类等化石。岩块间很少直接接触,地貌上明显突起,其变形变质程度与"基质"极不协调,它是早白垩世以来。喜马拉雅板片向冈底斯一念青唐古拉板片俯冲,于被动陆缘形成近东西向的狭长海槽,而仰冲板片受到强烈的破碎,大小不等的岩块滑落于海槽中构成的沉积混杂堆积岩。     

Geochemistry of sandstones from the Neoproterozoic Jinshanzhai Formation in northern Anhui Province, China: Provenance, weathering and tectonic setting

Sandstones from the Neoproterozoic Jinshanzhai Formation in northern Anhui Province, China, were analyzed for major oxides and trace elements to infer their provenance, the intensity of paleo-weathering of their source rocks and the depositional tectonic setting. Diagrams of (SiO2/20)-(Na2O+K2O)-(MgO+TiO2+FeO*), TiO2-Ni, Th-Hf-Co, Hf-La/Th and some ratios of elements indicate that felsic rocks constitute the source rocks in the provenance. The values of Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) are low, which are considered to be affected by K-metasomatism. Whereas the high CIW (Chemical Index of Weathering) values indicate intensive weathering of the source material. Plots of sandstones on bivariate and triangle discriminant diagrams, as well as ICV (Index of Compositional Variation) values revealed that they were deposited on a passive continental margin or in an intra-plate basin. Our recent study, in combination with previous studies and the research progress of the Rodinia super continent, demonstrated that the convergence and extension of the Rodinia super continent were preserved by twice extension as expressed by petrological variation of the southeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) during the Neoproterozoic.     

Early Cretaceous radiolarians of the Amur River lower stream area (Russia Far East) and their tectonic significance

The results of lithological-biostratigraphic study of volcanogenic–chert rocks developed on the left side of the Machtovaya River, a right tributary of the Amur River, are given. The composition, structure, and age of these strata and the rocks constituting the Kiselevka–Manoma accretionary complex are different, which indicates their different tectonic origins.     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗北奥陶系砂岩物源分析及其地质意义

对内蒙古苏尼特左旗北奥陶系砂岩的岩石学和锆石年龄进行研究。镜下特征显示该套砂岩为岩屑砂岩,含有较多的火山岩屑;砂岩颗粒骨架成分图解显示其来自再旋回造山带。应用LA-ICP-MS测年技术对该套砂岩进行碎屑锆石分析,其年龄峰期从小到大可分为：①440~574Ma,主峰值年龄为506Ma,次峰值年龄为442Ma;②650~799Ma,峰值年龄为767Ma;③874~936Ma,峰值年龄为887Ma;另外大于1000Ma的4颗单颗粒锆石年龄分别为 1145Ma、1756Ma、2618Ma和2626Ma。通过邻区相关地块/地体年龄及岩浆事件的对比可知,该套砂岩的沉积时间约为440Ma,沉积物源主要来自于额尔古纳地块和兴安地块,并且沉积过程受到火山事件的影响。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗北奥陶系砂岩物源分析及其地质意义

对内蒙古苏尼特左旗北奥陶系砂岩的岩石学和锆石年龄进行研究。镜下特征显示该套砂岩为岩屑砂岩,含有较多的火山岩屑;砂岩颗粒骨架成分图解显示其来自再旋回造山带。应用LA-ICP-MS测年技术对该套砂岩进行碎屑锆石分析,其年龄峰期从小到大可分为:1440~574Ma,主峰值年龄为506Ma,次峰值年龄为442Ma;2650~799Ma,峰值年龄为767Ma;3874~936Ma,峰值年龄为887Ma;另外大于1000Ma的4颗单颗粒锆石年龄分别为1145Ma、1756Ma、2618Ma和2626Ma。通过邻区相关地块/地体年龄及岩浆事件的对比可知,该套砂岩的沉积时间约为440Ma,沉积物源主要来自于额尔古纳地块和兴安地块,并且沉积过程受到火山事件的影响。     

兴蒙造山带南缘早—中二叠世砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及其构造意义

利用LA-MC-ICP-MS 分析技术,对兴蒙造山带南缘下二叠统三面井组和中二叠统额里图组砂岩中的碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb 年龄和Hf 同位素研究。结果显示,三面井组砂岩记录了3 组碎屑锆石年龄：280~369Ma（4 颗）、1800~2271Ma（43 颗,峰值1877Ma）和2507~2711Ma（9 颗）。额里图组砂岩碎屑锆石年龄集中分布在271~371Ma（9 颗）、1258~1395Ma（18 颗,峰值1326Ma）和1695~2454Ma（34 颗,峰值1864Ma）3 个年龄区间。对比研究发现,样品中的元古宙和太古宙碎屑锆石是华北克拉通古老基底的反映;晚古生代锆石具有较低的εHf(t)值（-5.3~-23.7）和较老的Hf 模式年龄（1124~3039Ma）,与华北克拉通北缘晚古生代岩浆岩具有一致性,而明显区别于兴蒙造山带内岩浆岩Hf 同位素特征,说明前者是其物源供给区。结合区域资料认为,华北克拉通北缘在早―中二叠世期间不存在类似安第斯型的俯冲大陆边缘,三面井组和额里图组砂岩是在伸展背景下沉积形成的。     

Provenance and geochronology of Cenozoic sandstones of northern Borneo

The Crocker Fan of Sabah was deposited during subduction of the Proto-South China Sea between the Eocene and Early Miocene. Collision of South China microcontinental blocks with Borneo in the Early Miocene terminated deep water sedimentation and resulted in the major regional Top Crocker Unconformity (TCU). Sedimentation of fluvio-deltaic and shallow marine character resumed in the late Early Miocene. The Crocker Fan sandstones were derived from nearby sources in Borneo and nearby SE Asia, rather than distant Asian and Himalayan sources. The Crocker Fan sandstones have a mature composition, but their textures and heavy mineralogy indicate they are first-cycle sandstones, mostly derived from nearby granitic source rocks, with some input of metamorphic, sedimentary and ophiolitic material. The discrepancy between compositional maturity and textural immaturity is attributed to the effects of tropical weathering. U–Pb ages of detrital zircons are predominantly Mesozoic. In the Eocene sandstones Cretaceous zircons dominate and suggest derivation from granites of the Schwaner Mountains of southern Borneo. In Oligocene sandstones Permian–Triassic and Palaeoproterozoic zircons become more important, and are interpreted to be derived from Permian–Triassic granites and Proterozoic basement of the Malay Tin Belt. Miocene fluvio-deltaic and shallow marine sandstones above the TCU were mostly recycled from the deformed Crocker Fan in the rising central mountain range of Borneo. The provenance of the Tajau Sandstone Member of the Lower Miocene Kudat Formation in north Sabah is strikingly different from other Miocene and older sandstones. Sediment was derived mainly from granitic and high-grade metamorphic source rocks. No such rocks existed in Borneo during the Early Miocene, but potential sources are present on Palawan, to the north of Borneo. They represent continental crust from South China and subduction-related metamorphic rocks which formed an elevated region in the Early Miocene which briefly supplied sediment to north Sabah.     

Continent — Island arc collision in the Banda Arc

Acoustical structure of seismic profiles, and morphology of the Timor—Tanimbar—Ceram troughs and adjacent slopes of the outer Banda Arc, show remarkable similarities to equivalent parameters of many arcs subducting oceanic lithosphere and sediments, despite the fact that the outer Banda Arc is underlain by continental crust continuous with that of the colliding Australian craton. Such similarities include diffractions and anticlinal folds at the toe of the inner slope of the Timor—Tanimbar—Ceram troughs, which could be interpreted as thrust slices and thrust folds. Slope basins comprising sediments obviously dammed behind acoustic basement highs are also common on the trough inner slope, with some basins containing strata adjacent to the highs dipping away from the trough. Ridges and basins occur on the trough inner slope oriented parallel to the trough trend, and a slab continuous with down-bowed continental margin can often be detected a considerable distance in from the trough below the inner slope. On face value these observations are compatible with a mechanism of underthrusting by Australian and New Guinea crust with consequent imbrication and accretion of packages of off-scraped sediments. However, they may also be explained as possible outward-directed gravity slides of nappes displaced from uplifted inner portions of the arc, similar to the published structural interpretation of at least the eastern portion of the neighbouring, closely related New Guinea Fold Belt. It is shown that the weight of marine geological and geophysical evidence, including the alignment with the oceanic Indonesian Arc, the gravity anomalies, and the persistence of the various morphological and structural entities around the arc, favours subduction in the Timor—Tanimbar—Ceram troughs rather than massive gravity sliding towards the troughs. By this working model the outer Banda Arc would be the accretionary prism of a subduction zone which was formerly in an ocean-crust setting but since Pliocene has been interacting with continental lithosphere. If its structural evolution is analogous to that of the New Guinea orogenic belt, then the Banda Arc has not yet reached the stage of major, foreland-directed gravity slides. The proposed structural model for the Banda Arc is at variance with some but not all structural interpretations of the island of Timor, which is an emergent portion of the outer arc. Further critical studies are obviously required, both in marine and terrestrial areas, to resolve this impasse.     

西藏拉萨地块北部白垩纪火山岩及其对冈底斯岛弧构造演化的制约

拉萨地块北部广泛分布着白垩纪火山岩。本文及已有年代学研究表明,这些火山岩主要形成于早白垩世中期(140～110Ma)和晚白垩世早期(100～80Ma)两个阶段。早白垩世中期火山岩主要为则弄群和多尼组地层中的火山岩夹层,岩性组合包括玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩,主体为高钾钙碱和钾玄质系列,具有初始87Sr/86Sr比值(0.7068～0.7102)较高、εNd(t)(-9.3～-1.5)较低和δ18OV-SMOW(7.2‰～9.8‰)较高等同位素组成特征,源区为受消减沉积物和/或蚀变玄武质洋壳的含水流体/熔体交代的富集岩石圈地幔楔。晚白垩世早期火山岩零星分布在拉萨地块北部和羌塘地块南部,岩石类型以玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩为主,有少量的酸性火山岩(英安岩),主体为典型的钙碱性系列组合(低钾拉斑+中钾钙碱),具有较高的Mg(Mg#可高达59)和相容元素Cr(162×10-6)、V(216×10-6)和Ni(80×10-6)含量以及更为原始的Sr-Nd同位素组成,(87Sr/86Sr)t=0.7041～0.7048,εNd(t)=0.9～2.2,指示源区可能为受到上涌软流圈地幔熔体二次交代的交代富集岩石圈地幔,本文将其命名为尼玛火山岩。综合以上白垩纪火山岩和拉萨地块南部叶巴组、桑日群和林子宗群火山岩的时空分布特征,认为中生代至早第三纪冈底斯岛弧的演化发生了两次大的空间迁移:中生代早侏罗世以来由南向北变新,从最南部的叶巴组(早侏罗世,193～174Ma)和桑日群火山岩(J3—K1),到北部的则弄群和多尼组火山岩(早白垩世中期,140～110Ma),最后到最北部的尼玛火山岩(晚白垩世早期,100～80Ma);早第三纪由北向南跃迁回南部,从北部的尼玛火山岩迁移到南部的林子宗群火山岩(70～40Ma)。冈底斯岛弧火山岩的时空分布特征和成分演化规律,揭示了新特提斯洋板块的俯冲历史,即早期新特提斯洋壳由南向北低角度俯冲,然后再高角度反向旋转,直至最后发生拆沉。     

冈底斯带桑巴区早白垩世后碰撞花岗岩类的确定及构造意义

桑巴区花岗岩体位于冈底斯带嘉黎断裂之北,呈近东西向分布于桑巴、建多等地。岩石类型主要有巨斑黑云母花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩及斑状花岗闪长岩。其中斑状花岗闪长岩(TW1530)的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为117.2±1.6Ma,黑云母花岗岩(TW1637)年龄为121.2±1.7Ma,表明桑巴区花岗岩体形成于早白垩世。桑巴区花岗岩类为高钾钙碱性岩,根据地球化学特征和微量元素构造判别图解,确定该时代的花岗岩具后碰撞花岗岩特征,形成于从挤压体制向拉张体制转变的构造环境。早白垩世后碰撞花岗岩的出现预示着班公湖怒江缝合带主造山作用的结束,冈底斯火山岩浆弧带至此进入造山后伸展构造环境,并一直持续至晚白垩世竟柱山组沉积之前。