基于高分影像纹理分维变化的灾害自动识别方法

目前遥感变化检测主要是人机交互式目视解译,不能满足灾害自动识别尤其是卫星在轨变化检测自动化的新要求,亟须研究遥感影像变化自动检测算法,以实现灾害遥感自动识别。该文将高空间分辨率遥感影像的多尺度格网分割与纹理分维变化比较相结合,提出基于高分影像纹理分维单调变化(Texture Fractal MonotonousChange,TFMC)的灾害自动识别方法。通过计算和对比不同格网分割尺度下前后两期高分影像的纹理分维变化及其空间分布,并基于纹理分维变化单调性准则,可自动检测并识别灾区范围。以2011年3月11日日本地震海啸灾区的Worldview 0.5m全色影像为例,进行实验研究,表明MTFC方法无需人工干预即可根据纹理分形单调下降(当前减先前)可靠地识别出海水淹没区和密集房屋损毁区。经进一步优化,MTFC方法可望发展为高分遥感卫星在轨变化检测及灾害链聚焦监测的新技术。     

基于图模型和流形排序的遥感影像人工地物提取

人工地物自动提取是目标识别领域的重要研究内容。该文将图模型和流形排序算法相结合,提出一种基于遥感影像自动提取人工地物的算法。该算法在基于量子遗传算法的KSW熵分割算法获得影像人工地物先验值的基础上,构建以色调、纹理、方向等多特征为邻接边权重的图模型,并以超像素作为基本单位在图模型中进行流形排序,最终通过自适应阈值的方式获得人工地物分割结果。通过利用两幅不同分辨率遥感影像对该算法进行验证,结果显示该算法可以较为完整地提取人工地物,具有较高的正确识别率和较低的漏检率。     

多源遥感影像的侵蚀沟信息提取分析

以多源遥感影像为基础,结合DEM数据,运用定性方法全面分析各遥感影像中提取的侵蚀沟的信息特征,并在研究区选取两个调查单元进行野外验证,对所得结果与遥感影像目视解译结果进行定量比较分析,得出以下结论:1)虽然空间分辨率最高的Pleiades遥感影像与DMC航片影像表现侵蚀沟的信息最为清晰,但空间分辨率过高会使侵蚀沟的内部细节过于详细,对信息提取增加噪声信息。2)不同遥感影像所能提取的侵蚀沟的类型不同。与Pleiades和Alos遥感影像相比,资源三号卫星影像能够呈现稳定沟、切沟和冲沟的信息,且成本低廉,是侵蚀沟信息提取最为理想的遥感影像。3)资源三号与高分一号卫星影像在提取重点调查的冲沟与切沟的数量与长度和宽度信息时,所得结果与实地验证结果十分接近,是比较合适的遥感影像。     

基于像元级RS影像数据融合方法应用评价

遥感信息融合（Fusion）是目前遥感应用领域的一个热点问题。高分辨率的全色影像与多光谱彩色低分辨率的遥感数据叠加，可以最大限度地利用不同分辨率、不同光谱信息和不同时相分辨率的遥感信息。融合中对同一地区长江流域秭归段的TM4、3、2多光谱和TM8高分辨率的遥感影像采用了IHS变换、分辨率（主成分分析）融合方法进行了数据融合，并对不同的融合方法所得到的融合影像进行目视和统计特征的分析与评价。     

一种基于球面QTM格网的面要素边界跟踪填充算法

为实现四元三角网(Quaternary Triangular Mesh,QTM)对球面面状要素矢量数据的离散化及可视化,该文将基于栅格单元的"边界代数法"扩展到球面三角格网单元,提出了一种基于QTM格网的边界跟踪填充算法,主要内容包括:通过ETP投影实现球面QTM格网与平面三角格网的相互转换,建立矢量线角度与三角格元邻近搜索的对应关系;"边界跟踪"并记录边界格元进行分类处理;最终给出"边界跟踪"下两种不同的填充模式。实验表明,该算法实现了球面矢量多边形在QTM格网中的填充。     

不同空间分辨率影像的沼泽湿地分类研究(英文)

成功的生态系统的监测取决于准确的分类结果。本文试图对沼泽湿地的生态特征进行监测。遥感分类常被用于描述生态系统或土地覆盖的格局情况。不同空间分辨率的的遥感影像反映的景观类型,景观特征均存在差异。本文利用不同空间分辨率的遥感影像,对洪河自然保护区湿地生态系统在群落尺度上进行监测。洪河湿地自然保护区是典型的内陆原始沼泽湿地生态系统的保护地,以草本沼泽植被和水生植被为主。根据SPOT-5不同分辨率10 m×10 m、20 m×20 m、30 m×30 m的影像,以及30 m空间分辨率的Landsat TM影像,利用最大似然法(MLC)对洪河保护区进行分类。为了验证分类结果的精度,本文利用航空影像分类数据作为样本,对SPOT-5和TM分类结果进行KAPPA精度验证。由分类结果,得出以下结论:(1)分类结果验证数据对结果的影响很重要;(2)不同传感器的影像对地面生态系统的表达内容不一样,即使是处于相同的光谱波段,同一空间分辨率的情况下。分类结果不仅取决于生态系统类型的多样性和斑块形状,还取决于面积维数和斑块的聚合度。(3)洪河自然保护区核心区湿地保护最好,其次是缓冲区,最差的是实验区。实验区已经有大面积的湿地被人类开垦成农田,湿地生态系统已经退化的很严重。因此,对珍稀生态系统的保护应该与人类的活动区强制的隔离开,才能保护原始湿地生态系统多样性。     

球面似均匀格网的剖分方法及特征分析

给出球面"似均匀格网"概念的内涵,并介绍3种常用的球面似均匀格网(三角形格网、菱形格网和六边形格网)的剖分方法.从几何上分析3种格网的单元特征及不同格网在不同领域的应用优势.通过对比得出3种格网的特征对照表及相互关系,即:三角形格网是最基本的球面剖分格网,球面六边形格网和菱形格网可以通过球面三角格网来生成,且这3种剖分格网各有优缺点并在一定条件下可以相互转换.     

平面影像到QTM像元的转换算法及精度分析

平面影像数据到四元三角网(Quaternary Triangular Mesh,QTM)像元的转换是实现全球QTM格网影像无缝建模的首要任务。提出基于面积权的数据转换方法,给出不同类型的权重及格网值的计算,并利用ArcGIS中256级灰度的Wsiearth.tif图像数据分析了转换精度。结果表明:将4 km分辨率的影像数据转换到12层的QTM像元时,转换误差在0~2灰度内占96.27%,对一般应用的影响可以忽略不计。     

菱形三十面体六边形全球离散格网系统构建算法

全球离散格网系统是递归剖分整个地球空间形成的多分辨率离散地球参考模型,有助于建立以空间位置为主键的多源数据关联融合新模式。正二十面体的三角面不利于建立格网单元行列索引,且生成的球面格网单元存在较大形状差异,对此,该文采用面数更多、结构更优的菱形三十面体构建六边形全球离散格网系统。首先,在单个菱形面上建立离散斜坐标系描述多种孔径六边形剖分产生的多分辨率格网;其次,根据菱形三十面体的几何属性确定跨面单元归属,据此拼接各面上的多分辨率单元,构成封闭三十面体上的格网系统;最后,通过Snyder等积多面体投影将封闭菱形三十面体上的格网系统映射至球面。实验结果表明,相比二十面体的同类成果,菱形三十面体六边形全球离散格网系统的几何属性和应用潜力更好,有助于建立地球空间信息数据的高精度承载模型。     

独立分量分析与主成分分析方法的湿地遥感分类精度对比——以西洞庭湖湿地为例

拟探索提高中、高分辨率遥感影像湿地分类精度的新方法,为洞庭湖湿地研究提供方法支持。通过将独立分量分析方法应用于遥感图像分类,并与主成分分析方法结果进行对比,验证其是否能有效提高湿地分类精度。结果表明,应用独立分量分析和主成分分析方法处理遥感影像,没有造成图像信息损失;Landsat5TM影像经过两种方法处理后,影像清晰度变差,但并不足以影响典型湿地类型的目视判读;SPOT5影像经过两种方法处理后,影像更加清晰。独立分量分析方法可以明显提高典型湿地类型的可分性,但对于草滩地和水田的分类仍然存在缺陷。Landsat 5TM影像经独立分量分析算法处理后,总体精度比原始影像提高11.83%,比用主成分分析方法处理后的影像精度高5.35%;SPOT 5影像经独立分量分析算法处理后,总体精度比原始影像提高10.7%,比用主成分分析方法处理后的影像精度高5.07%。独立分量分析基于高阶统计信息,不但能去除波段之间的相关性,而且可以得到分量之间相互独立的特性,增强不同湿地类型的可分离性,从而提高了信息提取的精度。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.     

Metals and models: Diagenic modelling in freshwater lacustrine sediments

This review aims to distill and synthesize the existing information on the use of models to describe and predict the distribution and movement of metals in lacustrine sediments. As such it examines the causes of metal diagenesis, the origin and form of the equations that govern these phenomena, and the predictability or measurability of the parameters that appear in the models. The paper concludes by highlighting some seminal results from modelling studies, including the determination of the factors controlling the formation of surficial Mn-Fe-enriched zone or layers, the substantial contribution possible from metal reduction to organic matter regeneration, the calculation of mixing-corrected metal input histories to lakes, and the prediction of growth rates and morphologies for both deep-sea and lacustrine ferromanganese nodules.     

Guidelines to Authors

正1.Aims and scope Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions(SCAR)is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies;focus on the objects of glacier,snow,river,lake,sea ice,permafrost and seasonal frozen ground,and periglacial geomorphology,etc.;and think much of cold regions     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.