基于地面高光谱数据的典型作物类型识别方法——以青海省湟水流域为例

高光谱技术运用于农作物识别与分类目前已成为农业遥感应用领域前沿课题之一。使用ASD FieldSpec4地物光谱仪实测青海省湟水流域大豆、青稞、土豆、小麦和油菜5种典型作物冠层光谱,经数据预处理,利用1/R、d(R)、N(R)、log(R)、d(log(R))、d(N(R))6种光谱数据变换形式和在"绿峰"、"红谷"、"红边"、"光谱吸收特征区"提取的16种光谱特征变量的6种选取结果,分别构建基于BP神经网络的典型作物类型识别模型,通过模型精度比较以寻求用于高光谱农作物分类的有效光谱数据形式和光谱特征变量。结果表明:1/R、d(R)、log(R)、d(log(R))及d(N(R))5种数据变换形式能显著提高模型识别精度,以d(N(R))变换数据构建BPNN模型其辨识精度最高,总体分类精度达88%;在提取的16种光谱特征变量中,以变量数分别为16、14、12的3种选取方案构建BPNN模型其辨识精度较优,总体分类精度分别为88%、86%、84%;BPNN模型能较好地识别5种作物光谱,且采用选取光谱特征变量方法构建BPNN模型其网络训练效率和模型稳定性优于光谱数据变换方法构建BPNN模型。     

剑湖湿地中菰的叶绿素含量高光谱估算模型研究

2017年7月27日,在云南省剑湖湿地中,利用ASD Filed Spec 3光谱仪和CCM-200 Plus叶绿素仪,分别测量了菰(Zizania caduciflora)的反射光谱和叶绿素含量指数(chlorophyll content index,CCI);利用原始光谱反射率以及经一阶微分和连续小波变换的反射率数据,对菰的反射光谱特征进行了研究;分析原始光谱反射率、一阶微分的反射率、"三边"参数、经Mexican Hat小波变换的反射率的小波系数与叶绿素含量指数之间的关系,筛选出显著相关的变量,采用多元逐步线性回归方法,建立叶绿素含量指数的估算模型,并检验估算模型的精度。研究结果表明,菰与健康绿色植物的原始反射光谱特征相同,利用经一阶微分和连续小波变换的反射率数据,可以更好地提取菰反射率信息和分析菰的反射光谱特征;菰的所有波段的原始反射率都与叶绿素含量指数不相关,但是经过一阶微分和小波变换后的反射率,其在一些波长范围内与叶绿素含量指数显著相关;在同一环境下生长的菰叶绿素含量差异明显;在建立的3个叶绿素含量指数估算模型中,利用小波系数建立的回归模型的估算精度相对较高,其决定系数为0.310,均方根误差为6.725。     

土壤氧化铁光谱特征研究

土壤光谱反射特性的研究是土壤遥感的物理基础,土壤氧化铁含量影响土壤反射率。对采集的174个土样350~2 500 nm谱段的光谱数据进行分析,着重探讨下述3类光谱变量,寻找对土壤氧化铁含量敏感的光谱特征。1)原始光谱反射率及其各种变换形式;2)基于光谱吸收峰特征的变量,因为已知三价铁在870 nm附近有吸收峰存在,提取该吸收峰的面积、宽度、深度等变量;3)基于植被指数的变量,构建土壤氧化铁指数。研究结果表明,各类变量中土壤氧化铁指数对土壤氧化铁含量最敏感,建立相应的回归预测模型,模型拟合度R2为0.534。     

基于实测冠层光谱数据的三明市13种树种识别研究

针对亚热带地区树种丰富,树种间相似度大对树种识别带来的问题,本研究以福建省三明市莘口镇格氏栲自然保护区附近13种常见树种的冠层实测高光谱数据为例,采用一种分层分析方法,探讨不同光谱类别的树种识别精度以及树种识别的最佳波段。首先,对原始光谱进行变换处理,包括一阶微分、二阶微分、对数一阶微分、包络线去除和植被指数;其次,通过分析选择出13种树种各光谱类别的差异显著波段;最后,利用逐步判别法对选择的差异显著波段进一步降维,判断不同光谱类别的树种识别精度并找出识别13种树种的最佳波段。结果表明:光谱变换能有效地提高树种的识别精度,尤其是对数一阶微分光谱,总识别精度高达98.7%;对于原始光谱,近红外波段(760~1 300 nm)的树种识别能力更强,对于变换光谱,可见光波段(350~760 nm)的树种识别效果更佳;不同光谱类别之间具体的显著性差异波段存在很大差别,原始光谱与变换光谱之间仅在绿光波段(500~600 nm)有少量相同的显著性差异波段,此研究成果可为亚热带地区树种识别提供参考。     

基于高光谱的河套灌区农田表层土壤质地反演研究

以河套灌区解放闸灌域农田表层0～10 cm土壤为研究对象,研究风干土样的不同粒级含量与光谱特性关系,遴选出反映土壤粘粒、粉粒、砂粒含量各自敏感的光谱波段,分别建立土壤粘粒、粉粒、砂粒含量与敏感波段的一元线性回归模型和BP神经网络模型,模型验证结果表明:土壤粘粒、粉粒、砂粒含量的一元回归模型与BP神经网络模型精度基本一致,且都在85％以上.该研究结果可为应用高光谱遥感图像大范围识别河套灌区的土壤质地提供理论依据.     

基于高光谱信息的芦苇和香蒲地上干生物量反演方法研究

植物生物量是反映湿地生态系统功能与健康状况的重要指标,高光谱技术可以为定量监测挺水植物生物量提供快速、无损的数据采集与分析处理方法。利用Field Spec 3野外高光谱辐射仪,获取了北京市门城湖湿地公园内典型挺水植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)和香蒲(Typha angustifolia)的冠层高光谱数据,同步采集了对应区域两种挺水植物的样品,测定了其地上干生物量;分别采用原始光谱、微分光谱、植被指数、归一化和比值光谱指数、"三边"参数、吸收特征参数6种方法,分析了芦苇和香蒲的冠层高光谱数据与其地上干生物量关系的差异,选择与地上干生物量显著相关的高光谱特征参数,利用一元线性回归、逐步多元回归和偏最小二乘回归方法,建立反演模型;利用交叉检验中的3K-CV(Three K-fold Cross Validation)方法,对反演模型的估测精度进行了检验。结果表明,在通过6种光谱分析方法获得的高光谱特征参数中,与芦苇地上干生物量相关系数最大的高光谱特征参数为550~800 nm波段的吸收深度,相关系数为0.847;与香蒲地上干生物量相关系数最大的高光谱特征参数是由680 nm、735 nm两波段构建的归一化光谱指数,相关系数为0.953。从3种回归模型的反演结果来看,偏最小二乘回归模型的反演结果最好,其次是逐步多元回归模型,而一元线性回归模型的反演结果相对较差。3K-CV法的交叉检验结果显示,反演芦苇和香蒲地上干生物量的3种模型都取得了较理想的估测精度,最小估测精度为90.86%,最大为95.23%。利用挺水植物冠层高光谱信息,可以反演其地上干生物量。     

黄淮海地区主要农作物的光谱结构与时相分析方法

本文总结了我国黄淮海地区小麦、玉米、大豆、棉花的反射光谱结构和绿度模式。讨论了该四种农作物的变换图形和绿度时间剖面曲线,並指出了它们在遥感作物鉴别中的作用。     

基于神经网络的超光谱热红外辐射传输模型快速算法

基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络技术设计了一种新的超光谱热红外大气辐射传输模型快速算法,通过模拟实验,确定神经网络样本和输入输出数据,并对典型波段训练出相应的多层神经网络,用于快速计算超光谱热红外大气顶部辐射传输亮度.实验中分别训练了9 μm、10 μm和12μm波长处相应的神经网络,实验结果表明所建算法不仅具有较高的计算精度,而且每个波长对应亮温的计算速度比利用4A模型的计算速度最多可提高100倍以上,同时,在波段的选择上也具有更高的灵活性.     

基于Hyperion数据的南四湖叶绿素浓度反演研究

通过对2005年5月7日南四湖Hyperion高光谱影像的几何纠正和6S模型辐射校正,以及水体光谱数据分析,对22个水体样点原始光谱数据分别采用归一化处理和包络线消除处理后,以波段比值数据构建叶绿素浓度反演模型,选取相关系数最大的反演模型,获得南四湖叶绿素浓度的空间分布图。研究表明,包络线消除法能很好地去除水体的光谱曲线背景影响,突出光谱曲线的吸收和反射特征,与归一化处理相比,反演模型的相关系数都有很大提高。R700/R560波段比值数据构建的模型相关性最高,相关系数为0.834,可用于叶绿素浓度反演研究。     

棉花各生育期高光谱数据与叶片生物物理生物化学量的相关分析

利用高光谱非成像光谱 (辐射 )仪对北疆棉花 4个生育期 (蕾期、花期、铃期、吐絮期 )的叶片及冠层进行了5°FOV室内、野外 ,2 5°FOV野外高光谱遥感测定 ,试验表明北疆棉花具有绿色植物所特有的反射光谱曲线特征。本文分析了棉花在不同生育期特征光谱变化规律以及棉花叶面积指数 (LAI)与叶绿素 (CH .D)含量、叶片全氮 (TN)含量在整个生育期的变化规律和它们之间的关系 ,应用光谱一阶微分分析技术 ,清晰地描述棉花“红边”变化趋势的特征。通过监测作物生育期内的光谱变化 ,研究作物的反射光谱与叶面积指数 (LAI)、叶绿素密度 (CH .D)等农学参数之间的关系 ,使人们能够定性描述和定量分析作物的生长与遥感光谱数据之间的关系 ,促进高光谱分辨率遥感技术在作物的生长监测和产量估测中的应用。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,