液化土层对地表加速度反应谱的影响

采用一种改进的有效应力方法研究土层液化对地表加速度反应谱的影响，分析中考虑了砂层的厚度、埋深和输入地震波的幅值和波型等因素。分析结果表明，土层液化使地表加速度反应谱的特征周期至少延长0．1秒以上，使原Ⅱ类场地变为Ⅲ类场地，高烈度时易变成Ⅳ类场地，反应谱中周期0．8秒-1．0秒是液化砂层加震或减震的一个分界点，液化对反应谱短周期分量具有一定的减震作用，而对长周期分量有非常显著的放大作用。     

输入地震动相位特性对不同类别场地土层地震反应影响

以某Ⅷ度设防区基岩场地地震危险性计算为基础,拟合不同随机相位的人造地震动时程作为输入,采用一维等效线性化方法,计算了Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类典型场地的土层地表地震反应。结果表明:(1)在不同地震动强度、不同随机相位基岩时程输入条件下,对不同类型场地土层地震反应计算得到的地表加速度峰值和反应谱值相对极差差别较大,地震动相位特征对土层地震反应的影响不可忽略;在反应谱特征周期2.0 s内,地表峰值和反应谱值变异系数随输入地震动强度的增大有增大趋势;(2)采用统计学方法计算给出了不同场地类别的基岩输入随机相位样本时程的必要数量,不同场地类别不同地震强度输入条件下所需要的最少样本量不同。在输入地震动强度不大(PGA0.20 g)且满足反应谱变异系数在均值加1倍标准差范围内时,不同类别场地至少需要15组不同随机相位的基岩时程,基本能满足均值统计要求;在输入地震动强度较大(PGA≥0.20 g),满足反应谱变异系数在均值加1倍标准差范围内时,至少需要30组不同随机相位的基岩时程,才能满足均值统计要求。     

渭河盆地中土层场地对地震动的放大作用

土层场地对地震动的影响较大,建(构)筑物的选址及其抗震设防必须考虑土层场地的放大作用,以避免或减轻其震害.汶川地震中,布设在渭河盆地中的数字强震动台网共有27个台站(包括2个基岩台站和25个土层台站)获得良好的主震加速度时程.利用这些加速度时程,选择汤峪台做为参考场地,基于考虑几何衰减的传统谱比法分析研究了25个土层场地的放大作用.结果表明:(1)汶川地震中渭河盆地土层场地上的加速度峰值(PGA)有随震中距增加而减小的趋势,且与土层的厚度无关.(2)根据汶川地震中渭河盆地土层场地的加速度反应谱特征及其对地震动的放大作用特征,渭河盆地的土层场地可分为3类:深厚、中厚和薄土层场地.而且,深厚、中厚和薄土层场地分别对地震动的低频、1 Hz附近和高频分量放大作用显著;值得注意的是,深厚土层对地震动的高频分量也有一定程度的放大,只不过相对于低频分量的放大作用较小.(3)汶川地震中渭河盆地的土层场地对不同方向地震动的放大作用不同,且有EW＞NS＞UD的关系.(4)汶川地震中从宝鸡到眉县沿着盆地边缘分布的Ⅶ度烈度异常区是盆地边缘效应和土层场地对地震动放大作用共同作用的结果.     

液化土层对地表位移谱的影响

通过现场地震记录分析和理论计算,研究了液化土层对地表位移谱的影响规律,提出了液化位移增量谱和液化修正位移谱.对比了美国Superstition Hills地震和日本阪神地震中液化场地加速度时程和位移时程,分析了液化和非液化场地位移谱区别.采用改进的一维有效应力分析方法,计算了在不同强度和波型地震波输入下厚度和埋深不同的液化砂层对地表位移谱的影响.结果表明:液化对地表位移和位移谱有显著放大作用,位移谱在1s左右开始增大,加震最显著频段为1～5s,谱位移增加0.1～0.7m,烈度8度时平均加震增幅0.1～0.25m,9度时平均增幅0.4～0.7m.     

人工拟合地震动时程参数对场地反应的影响分析

采用目标谱拟合法人工合成地震动时程,拟合过程中对包络线参数进行定量的变化,进行土层地震反应分析.根据其对场地反应的影响,讨论时程参数对人工拟合地震动时程的影响规律,为场地抗震设防参数的选取提供依据.研究结果表明:t1、t2和c不同时,所拟合的地震动时程对土层地震反应结果有较大影响,其影响程度与土层结构关系密切.     

考虑远场大震对持时影响的人工地震动时程

概率地震危险性分析方法确定的场地地震动反应谱Sa(T,(),综合考虑了场地周围潜在震源区对场地地震危险性的影响,通常称为一致概率反应谱,即不同控制周期T对应谱值的超越概率相同.在获得Sa(T,()后,还需要以Sa(T,()为目标合成用于场地土层地震反应分析或结构动力反应分析的人工地震动时程,通常步骤如下:     

基于蒙特卡洛方法的剪切波速误差影响分析

场地土层剪切波速测试不可避免会存在误差,误差达30%左右。目前,在对剪切波速误差对土层地震反应计算影响的研究中,设计波速误差或者设计土层模型的方式偏于理想化。为更接近现实情况,本文基于实测土层模型,用蒙特卡洛方法研究剪切波速误差对土层地震反应计算结果的影响。本文搜集并建立了均匀分布在山东地区的132个场地计算模型,涵盖了山东境内分布广泛的Ⅱ类场地和Ⅲ类场地。根据蒙特卡洛随机模拟原理,对每一场地计算模型,在实测剪切波速值30%的偏差范围内随机生成100组剪切波速值,分别进行土层地震反应计算,分析反应谱值、反应谱平台值和特征周期的变化。研究表明,30%以内的随机波速误差会导致某些周期处的反应谱的变化达30%以上,其对反应谱平台值最大的影响大多在10%~50%之间,对Ⅱ类场地特征周期的最大影响大多在0~50%之间,对Ⅲ类场地特征周期的最大影响大多在20%~90%之间。     

Ⅳ类场地某医院隔震结构抗震设防参数确定

针对隔震技术在Ⅳ类场地应用抗震设防参数不明确问题,以天津塘沽某医院工程场地抗震设防参数确定为例,在充分考虑了工程场地的地震环境和地质条件的基础上进行土层反应分析,给出了场地相关反应谱,按当前的法律法规标定场地相关反应谱给出了场地设计谱,再以场地设计谱为目标谱拟合给出了地表设计地震动时程(包括人造地震动时程和调整后天然时程),满足了隔震结构抗震设计对抗震设防要求,有利于隔震技术在Ⅳ类场地建筑结构中的应用推广。     

三种土层结构反应谱特征周期的统计分析

本文人工合成了若干条能够反映不同地震动特征的基岩加速度时程,并将其作为土层地震反应分析的地震动输入。选取了若干个软弱夹层分别在底部、中部和顶部的场地剖面,利用工程上广泛应用的场地地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法,计算了不同场地类别,3种土层结构在不同地震动输入下的地表加速度反应谱的特征周期。给出了不同土层结构在统计意义上的反应谱特征周期的平均值,并通过与正常剖面反应谱特征周期的比较给出了不同场地类别,3种土层结构的反应谱特征周期的影响系数。本文的研究结果对进一步考虑场地分类具有一定的意义。     

三种土层结构反应谱平台值的统计分析

本文以建筑抗震设计规范规定的反应谱为目标谱,通过调整加速度峰值和特征周期来人工合成数百条加速度时程曲线,并将其作为土层地震反应分析的地震动输入。在若干有工程意义的场地剖面中,选取和构造了部分软弱土层分别在底部、中部和顶部的三种土层剖面,利用土层地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法,计算了不同土层剖面在不同地震动输入下的地表加速度反应谱的平台值。在统计分析的基础上,给出了不同场地三种土层结构的反应谱平台值的平均值。通过与正常剖面的反应谱平台值比较,给出了三种土层结构的反应谱平台值的影响系数。本文的研究获得了一些有意义的成果。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.