试论我国海上溢油应急反应体系专项基金

近几十年来,随着世界各国对石油需求量的不断增加,海洋石油勘探开发活动加剧,海上油类运输行业迅猛发展,据统计,每年因人类活动而造成流入海洋中的各种油类产品约1000万t余,约占世界石油年产量的0.5%。全球海洋遭受重大溢油污染的事故时有发生,除如1967年利     

A force source of tectonic movement-A secondary mass center restoring force

The earth system discussed in this paper is composed of two secondary particle systems: a water body and a base body. The base body shows different behaviours under the actions of long term and short term effects of its rheologic character and viscoelasticity. The short term effects result in a secondary particle system to deviate from its original position, and produce a secondary mass center restoring force directly proportional to the deviating distance. The long term effects result in the earth's material producing a secondary mass center restoring motion under the action of the secondary mass center restoring force.     

Motion compensation system for ocean profiling

The vertical profiles of ocean temperature and salinity measured with instruments lowered by cable from surface ships can be seriously affected by the nonuniform drop rate caused by ship motion. This paper describes a motion compensation system developed for conductivity, temperature, and depth profilers that significantly reduces the effect of ship motion on profiler drop rates, thereby enhancing the measurement capabilities of vertical profilers.     

海洋污染与监测

介绍了海洋环境污染的特点及其污染的种类，并对国内外海洋污染监测的现状及应用技术进行了综述。对于加强我国近海岸环境保护意识，提高海洋环境污染监测自动化水平有所裨益。     

上海市湿地损失补偿机制博弈分析

我国河口湿地保护与开发之间的矛盾非常突出,针对长江口地区人地矛盾,采用博弈论的方法探讨长江口湿地补偿问题,并以上海市南汇边滩为例,基于多层博弈模型,从湿地补偿资金的来源、运作方式、投向及产生的生态补偿效益进行一个全过程研究。在第一层博弈分析中提出上海市通过圈围滩涂湿地解决人地矛盾,只有通过降低造地成本才能不违反国家相关政策,风险最小。第二层博弈的结果是基层湿地管理单位力图节约造地成本,并获得来自上海市政府的激励性补偿。第三层博弈带来上海市和基层单位在利益上的双赢,但是却损害了湿地的环境功能。为了弥补环境损失,第四层博弈把南汇边滩造地收益中降低的成本用于补偿其它具有湿地功能的湿地,表面上是补偿湿地面积,实质是补偿生态系统的平稳过渡。通过连续分层博弈过程给予了一个处理河口湿地补偿问题的可选方案。     

Evaluation of methods to remove inertial force from measured model wave impact force signals

The subject of wave impact on offshore structures and their components is important to vessel designers and operators for many reasons. They are often required to quantify these impact loads. Standard methods for wave load prediction will underestimate the forces on these structures due to intermittent loading. This necessitates the use of physical model tests to establish wave impact loads. The model measurement systems are designed to have high stiffness. This ensures that the natural frequency of the structure is above the wave frequency. However, it is widely believed that impacting waves contain high-frequency energy components that cause the structure to vibrate at its modal frequencies. This impact-induced vibration is recorded by the measuring system as a force (inertial force), and corrupts the actual applied force measurement. Before scaling can occur, the inertial force must be removed from the measured signal.A number of techniques for removing inertial force from measured signals are described in the published literature. Three methods are discussed, implemented and compared in this paper. The algorithms and procedures are presented. Each technique contains inherent and unique problems, while some are common to all methods.Neither of the techniques produced results that are fully satisfactory. The main problem is unwanted high-frequency content after the application of the methods. While neither method offers the perfect solution, the use of digital filtering techniques is recommended based on their relative performance and ease of implementation.     

Wave-current force on horizontal cylinder

For the calculation of wave-current force on horizontal cylinder a modified Morison's equation is used. A redefined Keulegan- Carpenter number KC2 is determined for the horizontal cylinder in wave-current co-existing field. The force coefficients are well related to the redefined KC2 number. As to the comparison with the force on vertical cylinder, the characteristics of force on horizontal cylinder are quite similar to those on vertical cylinder, but the force coefficients for horizontal cylinder are larger than those for vertical cylinder. It is proved by the authors' calculation that the results of monochromatic wave can be used directly for the determination of irregular wave-current force on horizontal cylinder in time domain.     

Active heave compensation on drill-ships in irregular waves

This paper investigates a possible method for heave compensation on board deep-water drill-ships subjected to irregular-wave excitation. The proposed system exploits favorable interaction of coupled oscillators to achieve the desired results. This study examines an actively controlled compensator which performs well over a large wave-frequency bandwidth. Performance under certain operating conditions is investigated using a dynamic model. Simple mathematical arguments and frequency-domain computations in an irregular wave spectrum show the proposed heave compensation system to be effective within the bounds of linearity.     

Nonlinear control of an active heave compensation system

Heave motion of a vessel or a rig has an adverse impact on the response of a drill-string or a riser. To compensate for heave motion, passive and active devices are usually used. Active heave compensators, in which a control system is an essential part, allow conducting operations under more extreme weather conditions than passive ones. This paper presents a constructive method to design a nonlinear controller for an active heave compensation system using an electro-hydraulic system driven by a double rod actuator. The control system reduces the effect of the heave motion of the vessel on the response of the riser by regulating the distance from the upper end of the riser to the seabed. The control development is based on Lyapunov's direct method and disturbance observers. The paper also includes a method to select the control and disturbance observer gains such that actuator saturations are avoided. Stability of the closed loop system is carefully examined. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.     

A novel CFAR tonal detector using phase compensation

A novel tonal detector is presented in this paper. The detector uses phase compensation for detecting sinusoidal signal with unknown amplitude, frequency, and phase in complex Gaussian noise with unknown variance. We analyze the statistical properties of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the observations and consider the leakage effect. Then we develop the detector by using generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). The new detector fully utilizes the phase information of the signal and achieves constant false alarm rate (CFAR) property. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show its improvement in detection performance.     

海水养殖污染与生态修复对策

随着我国海水养殖规模的不断扩大,海水养殖污染已成为不可忽视的环境问题。文章综述了海水养殖过程中产生的营养盐污染、有机质污染、重金属污染、抗生素污染问题及其生态影响和生态修复对策措施。对于海水养殖污染,单纯的物理化学修复方法制约较大,以生物修复为基础的生态浮床修复技术、大型藻类修复技术及人工湿地修复技术,是较为有效的海水养殖污染防治措施。在未来研究中,还应加强养殖污染源头的治理,加强海水综合养殖理论方法研究,以实现海水养殖经济效益和环境效益双赢。     

海洋污染监测传感器

本文综述了海洋环境污染自动监测中传感器的现状、遥感器在海洋环境污染监测中的应用以及今后海洋污染监测传感器的发展动态。     

Barrier and compensation layers in the East China Sea

Climatology of the isothermal layer depth （ILD） and the mixed layer depth （MLD） has been produced from in-situ temperaturesalinity observations in the East China Sea （ECS） since 1925. The methods applied on the global are used to compute the ILD and the MLD in the ECS with a temperature criterion AT=0. 8 ℃ for the ILD, and a density criterion with a threshold △σθ corresponding to fixed △T=0. 8 ℃ for the MLD, respectively. With the derived climatology ILD and MLD, the monthly variations of the barrier layer （BL） and the compensation layer （CL） in the ECS are analyzed. The BL mainly exists in the shallow water region of the ECS during April-June with thickness larger than 15 m. From December to next March, the area along the shelf break from northeast of Taiwan Island to the northeast ECS is characterized by the CL. Two kinds of main temperature - salinity structures of the CL in this area are given.     

水下机器人主动升沉补偿系统研究

介绍一种基于水下机器人常规液压收放绞车的主动升沉补偿系统,利用加速度传感器获得母船的升沉运动信号,控制绞车的运转来降低母船的升沉运动对水下机器人的影响。通过理论计算建立主动升沉补偿系统的数学模型,仿真分析绞车运动对水下机器人升沉运动的补偿效果,并利用主动升沉补偿系统实验台验证基于常规液压收放绞车的主动升沉补偿方案的可行性。     

A computationally efficient Doppler compensation system forunderwater acoustic communications

A Doppler compensation system is presented which is suitable for high-data-rate acoustic communication between rapidly moving platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles. The proposed approach provides a generic preprocessor to conventional adaptive receiver structures with only a marginal increase in computational load and hardware cost. The preprocessor employs a novel Doppler estimation technique and efficient sample rate conversion to remove Doppler shift induced by platform velocity and acceleration. Performance predicted by simulation is compared to that of sea trials of a prototype communication system in the North Sea. Successful communication is demonstrated at 16 kbit/s with a transmitting platform moving at up to ±2.6 m/s