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1.
Kazuhiko Kano 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(2-3):131-143
A subaqueous volcaniclastic mass-flow deposit in the Miocene Josoji Formation, Shimane Peninsula, is 15–16 m thick, and comprises
mainly blocks and lapilli of rhyolite and andesite pumices and non- to poorly vesiculated rhyolite. It can be divided into
four layers in ascending order. Layer 1 is an inversely to normally graded and poorly sorted lithic breccia 0.3–6 m thick.
Layer 2 is an inversely to normally graded tuff breccia to lapilli tuff 6–11 m thick. This layer bifurcates laterally into
minor depositional units individually composed of a massive, lithic-rich lower part and a diffusely stratified, pumice-rich
upper part with inverse to normal grading of both lithic and pumice clasts. Layer 3 is 2.5–3 m thick, and consists of interbedded
fines-depleted pumice-rich and pumice-poor layers a few centimeters thick. Layer 4 is a well-stratified and well-sorted coarse
ash bed 1.5–2 m thick. The volcaniclastic deposit shows internal features of high-density turbidites and contains no evidence
for emplacement at a high temperature. The mass-flow deposit is extremely coarse-grained, dominated by traction structures,
and is interpreted as the product of a deep submarine, explosive eruption of vesicular magma or explosive collapse of lava.
Received: 10 January 1996 / Accepted: 23 February 1996 相似文献
2.
Coarse, co-ignimbrite lithic breccia, Ebx, occurs at the base of ignimbrite E, the most voluminous and widespread unit of
the Kos Plateau Tuff (KPT) in Greece. Similar but generally less coarse-grained basal lithic breccias (Dbx) are also associated
with the ignimbrites in the underlying D unit. Ebx shows considerable lateral variations in texture, geometry and contact
relationships but is generally less than a few metres thick and comprises lithic clasts that are centimetres to a few metres
in diameter in a matrix ranging from fines bearing (F2: 10 wt.%) to fines poor (F2: 0.1 wt.%). Lithic clasts are predominantly
vent-derived andesite, although clasts derived locally from the underlying sedimentary formations are also present. There
are no proximal exposures of KPT. There is a highly irregular lower erosional contact at the base of ignimbrite E at the closest
exposures to the inferred vent, 10–14 km from the centre of the inferred source, but no Ebx was deposited. From 14 to <20 km
from source, Ebx is present over a planar erosional contact. At 16 km Ebx is a 3-m-thick, coarse, fines-poor lithic breccia
separated from the overlying fines-bearing, pumiceous ignimbrite by a sharp contact. This grades downcurrent into a lithic
breccia that comprises a mixture of coarse lithic clasts, pumice and ash, or into a thinner one-clast-thick lithic breccia
that grades upward into relatively lithic-poor, pumiceous ignimbrite. Distally, 27 to <36 km from source Ebx is a finer one-clast-thick
lithic breccia that overlies a non-erosional base. A downcurrent change from strongly erosional to depositional basal contacts
of Ebx dominantly reflects a depletive pyroclastic density current. Initially, the front of the flow was highly energetic
and scoured tens of metres into the underlying deposits. Once deposition of the lithic clasts began, local topography influenced
the geometry and distribution of Ebx, and in some cases Ebx was deposited only on topographic crests and slopes on the lee-side
of ridges. The KPT ignimbrites also contain discontinuous lithic-rich layers within texturally uniform pumiceous ignimbrite.
These intra-ignimbrite lithic breccias are finer grained and thinner than the basal lithic breccias and overlie non-erosional
basal contacts. The proportion of fine ash within the KPT lithic breccias is heterogeneous and is attributed to a combination
of fluidisation within the leading part of the flow, turbulence induced locally by interaction with topography, flushing by
steam generated by passage of pyroclastic density currents over and deposition onto wet mud, and to self-fluidisation accompanying
the settling of coarse, dense lithic clasts. There are problems in interpreting the KPT lithic breccias as conventional co-ignimbrite
lithic breccias. These problems arise in part from the inherent assumption in conventional models that pyroclastic flows are
highly concentrated, non-turbulent systems that deposit en masse. The KPT coarse basal lithic breccias are more readily interpreted
in terms of aggradation from stratified, waning pyroclastic density currents and from variations in lithic clast supply from
source.
Received: 21 April 1997 / Accepted: 4 October 1997 相似文献
3.
Non-welded, lithic-rich ignimbrites, hereintermed the Roque Nublo ignimbrites, are the most distinctive deposits of the Pliocene
Roque Nublo group, which forms the products of second magmatic cycle on Gran Canaria. They are very heterogeneous, with 35–55%
volume lithic fragments, 15-30% mildly vesiculated pumice, 5–7% crystals and 20–30% ash matrix. The vitric components (pumice
fragments and ash matrix) are largely altered and transformed into zeolites and subordinate smectites. The Roque Nublo ignimbrites
originated from hydrovolcanic eruptions that caused rapid and significant erosion of vents thus incorporating a high proportion
of lithic clasts into the eruption columns. These columns rapidly became too dense to be sustained as vertical eruption columns
and were transformed into tephra fountains which fed high-density pyroclastic flows. The deposits from these flows were mainly
confined to palaeovalleys and topographic depressions. In distal areas close to the coast line, where these palaeovalleys
widened, most of the pyroclastic flows expanded laterally and formed numerous thin flow units. The combined effect of the
magma–water interaction and the high content of lithic fragments is sufficient to explain the characteristic low emplacement
temperature of the Roque Nublo ignimbrites. This fact also explains the transition from pyroclastic flows into lahar deposits
observed in distal facies of the Roque Nublo ignimbrites. The existence of hydrovolcanic eruptions generating high-density
pyroclastic flows, unable to efficiently separate the water vapour from the vitric components during transport, also accounts
for the intense zeolitic alteration in these deposits.
Received: 5 November 1996 / Accepted: 3 March 1997 相似文献
4.
This study investigates the types of subaqueous deposits that occur when hot pyroclastic flows turbulently mix with water
at the shoreline through field studies of the Znp marine tephra in Japan and flume experiments where hot tephra sample interacted
with water. The Znp is a very thick, pumice-rich density current deposit that was sourced from subaerial pyroclastic flows
entering the Japan Sea in the Pliocene. Notable characteristics are well-developed grain size and density grading (lithic-rich
base, pumice-rich middle, and ash-rich top), preponderance of sedimentary lithic clasts picked up from the seafloor during
transport, fine ash depletion in coarse facies, and presence of curviplanar pumice clasts. Flume experiments provide a framework
for interpreting the origin and proximity to source of the Znp tephra. On contact of hot tephra sample with water, steam explosions
produced a gas-supported pyroclastic density current that advanced over the water while a water-supported density current
was produced on the tank floor from the base of a turbulent mixing zone. Experimental deposits comprise proximal lithic breccia,
medial pumice breccia, and distal fine ash. Experiments undertaken with cold, water-saturated slurries of tephra sample and
water did not produce proximal lithic breccias but a medial basal lithic breccia beneath an upper pumice breccia. Results
suggest the characteristics and variations in Znp facies were strongly controlled by turbulent mixing and quenching, proximity
to the shoreline, and depositional setting within the basin. Presence of abundant curviplanar pumice clasts in submarine breccias
reflects brittle fracture and dismembering that can occur during fragmentation at the vent or during quenching. Subsequent
transport in water-supported pumiceous density currents preserves the fragmental textures. Careful study is needed to distinguish
the products of subaerial versus subaqueous eruptions. 相似文献
5.
Susan L. Donoghue Alan S. Palmer Elizabeth McClelland Kate Hobson Robert B. Stewart Vincent E. Neall Jèrôme Lecointre Richard Price 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1999,61(4):223-240
The ca. 10,500 years B.P. eruptions at Ruapehu volcano deposited 0.2–0.3 km3 of tephra on the flanks of Ruapehu and the surrounding ring plain and generated the only known pyroclastic flows from this
volcano in the late Quaternary. Evidence of the eruptions is recorded in the stratigraphy of the volcanic ring plain and cone,
where pyroclastic flow deposits and several lithologically similar tephra deposits are identified. These deposits are grouped
into the newly defined Taurewa Formation and two members, Okupata Member (tephra-fall deposits) and Pourahu Member (pyroclastic
flow deposits). These eruptions identify a brief (<ca. 2000-year) but explosive period of volcanism at Ruapehu, which we define
as the Taurewa Eruptive Episode. This Episode represents the largest event within Ruapehu's ca. 22,500-year eruptive history
and also marks its culmination in activity ca. 10,000 years B.P. Following this episode, Ruapehu volcano entered a ca. 8000-year
period of relative quiescence. We propose that the episode began with the eruption of small-volume pyroclastic flows triggered
by a magma-mingling event. Flows from this event travelled down valleys east and west of Ruapehu onto the upper volcanic ring
plain, where their distal remnants are preserved. The genesis of these deposits is inferred from the remanent magnetisation
of pumice and lithic clasts. We envisage contemporaneous eruption and emplacement of distal pumice-rich tephras and proximal
welded tuff deposits. The potential for generation of pyroclastic flows during plinian eruptions at Ruapehu has not been previously
considered in hazard assessments at this volcano. Recognition of these events in the volcanological record is thus an important
new factor in future risk assessments and mitigation of volcanic risk at Tongariro Volcanic Centre.
Received: 5 July 1998 / Accepted: 12 March 1999 相似文献
6.
《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2005,139(3-4):271-293
The 0.196 Ma, lithic-rich Abrigo Ignimbrite on Tenerife, Canary Islands contains localised massive, coarse pumice-rich ignimbrite lobes (MPRILs). They typically form low ridges up to 2 m high with axes parallel to the flow direction, and, in cross-section, they range from symmetrical to asymmetrical and highly skewed lobate bedforms generally with flat bases. The major components are rounded pebble- to cobble-sized phonolitic pumice clasts within an ignimbritic matrix of ash, fine lithics and minor crystals, which varies from lithic-rich to lithic-poor. Commonly, there is a vertical increase in pumice concentration from matrix-supported texture at the base to clast-supported at the top, accompanied by an increase in pumice clast size. MPRILs often thin and grade laterally perpendicular to current flow into planar pumice concentration zones. They occur at one or more stratigraphic levels as either solitary lobes associated with flat topography or as multiple onlapping lobes or within a laterally complex stratified pumice-rich ignimbrite facies (LCSPIs) near palaeotopographic highs.MPRILs are original depositional features, not erosional in origin and are derived from a larger pyroclastic flow. It is likely that pumice was segregated to the upper and outer regions of the parent flow causing a significant rheological contrast with the lower lithic-rich zone. The more pumice-rich parts are interpreted to have detached from the parent flow as it decelerated onto gentler slopes or interacted with topographic highs and raced ahead as mobile derivative pyroclastic flows. The flow-parallel ridge shape of MPRILs may be a result of fingering within these flows or concentration of pumice within the intermediary clefts. Deposition occurred “en masse” at the termination of the flow front. The resultant lobate deposits were then overridden and mantled by normal ignimbrite facies from either a later flow pulse or the following main part of the parent flow. 相似文献
7.
A method for estimating the instantaneous dynamic pressure near the base of ancient pyroclastic flows, using large lithic boulders from the late Pleistocene Abrigo Ignimbrite, is proposed here. The minimum instantaneous dynamic pressure is obtained by determining the minimum aerodynamic drag force exerted by a pyroclastic flow onto a stationary boulder that will allow the boulder to overcome static friction with the underlying substrate, and move within the flow. Consideration is given to the properties of the boulder (shape, roughness, size, density and orientation relative to the flow), substrate (type and hill slope angle), boulder-substrate interface (looseness of boulder, coefficient of static friction) and flow (coefficient of aerodynamic drag). Nineteen boulders from massive, lithic-rich ignimbrite deposits at two localities on Tenerife were assessed in this study. Minimum dynamic pressures required for Abrigo pyroclastic flows to move these boulders ranged from 5 to 38 kPa, which are comparable to dynamic pressures previously calculated from observations of the damage caused by recent pyroclastic flows. Considering the maximum possible range in flow density, the derived minimum velocity range for the Abrigo pyroclastic flows is 1.3 to 87 m s−1. 相似文献
8.
Pyroclastic deposits as a guide for reconstructing the multi-stage evolution of the Somma-Vesuvius Caldera 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The evolution of the Somma-Vesuvius caldera has been reconstructed based on geomorphic observations, detailed stratigraphic
studies, and the distribution and facies variations of pyroclastic and epiclastic deposits produced by the past 20,000 years
of volcanic activity. The present caldera is a multicyclic, nested structure related to the emptying of large, shallow reservoirs
during Plinian eruptions. The caldera cuts a stratovolcano whose original summit was at 1600–1900 m elevation, approximately
500 m north of the present crater. Four caldera-forming events have been recognized, each occurring during major Plinian eruptions
(18,300 BP "Pomici di Base", 8000 BP "Mercato Pumice", 3400 BP "Avellino Pumice" and AD 79 "Pompeii Pumice"). The timing of
each caldera collapse is defined by peculiar "collapse-marking" deposits, characterized by large amounts of lithic clasts
from the outer margins of the magma chamber and its apophysis as well as from the shallow volcanic and sedimentary units.
In proximal sites the deposits consist of coarse breccias resulting from emplacement of either dense pyroclastic flows (Pomici
di Base and Pompeii eruptions) or fall layers (Avellino eruption). During each caldera collapse, the destabilization of the
shallow magmatic system induced decompression of hydrothermal–magmatic and hydrothermal fluids hosted in the wall rocks. This
process, and the magma–ground water interaction triggered by the fracturing of the thick Mesozoic carbonate basement hosting
the aquifer system, strongly enhanced the explosivity of the eruptions.
Received: 24 November 1997 / Accepted: 23 March 1999 相似文献
9.
Jane K. Hart 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(1):65-80
The Athabasca Glacier, resting on a rigid bed, provides an excellent example of subglacial ice and till erosion. The presence of a thin mobile till layer is shown by the presence of flutes, saturated till layer, push moraines and ploughed boulders. Cross‐cutting striations, v‐shaped striations and reversed stoss‐and‐lee clasts are indicative of clasts rotating within this layer. As the till moves it erodes the bedrock and clasts within it. A combination of erosion by ice and till produces stoss‐and‐lee‐clasts and generates striations on flutes and embedded clasts, as well as eroding the bedrock into a continuum of smoothed, rounded and streamlined forms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
We describe texture, mineralogy and whole-rock composition of cognate monzonite sub-volcanic clasts within debris flow deposits
related to the 5000 years catastrophic phreatomagmatic eruption probably linked to the Sciara del Fuoco sector collapse. The
debris flows are at the top of accretionary lapilli-rich ash deposits overlying potassic (KS, shoshonites) lavas of the Neostromboli
period. The monzonites are inferred to be crystallized in situ, at low P, at the side walls and/or roof margins of a shallow magma chamber and to be cogenetic with the KS Neostromboli
extrusives. They can be considered "ideal orthocumulates" since they approximately retain a bulk liquid composition and possibly
represent "slowly cooled equivalents" of their KS shoshonite host rock. The "closure temperature" of final solidification
of the monzonite lithic suite was estimated through ternary-feldspar geothermobarometry, plagioclase–K-feldspar and K-feldspar–biotite
equilibria and is in the range of 750–790 °C with a maximum –logfO2 around 15.1–15.3. The estimated pressure of crystallization is <0.5 kbar. Potassic lavas and dikes, previously emplaced during
the Neostromboli period, also resemble the monzonites in both major trace elements and mineral chemistry. The cogenetic relationship
between KS Neostromboli extrusives and the monzonite host-rock magma from which the sub-volcanic clasts were derived is clear
evidence that a shallow magma chamber existed between the caldera collapse of the Vancori period and the Sciara del Fuoco
sector collapse (i.e. between 13 000 and 5000 years). The monzonite clasts were derived from crystallization at very shallow
depth (ca. 1 km) and strongly support the hypothesis of violent decompression of the shallow magmatic plumbing system during
the Sciara del Fuoco sector collapse. Climax of the regressive landslide event, with maximum disruption of the chamber walls,
took place during emplacement of the debris flows, i.e. during the late stage of the Neostromboli phreatomagmatic eruption.
Received: 15 September 1996 / Accepted: 5 May 1997 相似文献
11.
A model is presented for the emplacement of intermediate volume ignimbrites based on a study of two 6 km3 volume ignimbrites on Roccamonfina Volcano, Italy. The model considers that the flows were slow moving, and quickly deflated from turbulent to non-turbulent conditions. Yield strength and density increased whereas fluidisation decreased with time and runout of the pyroclastic flows. In proximal locations, on the caldera rim, heterogeneous exposures including discontinuous lithic breccias, stratified and cross-stratified units interbedded with massive ignimbrite suggest deposition from turbulent flows. In medial locations thick, massive ignimbrite occurs associated with three types of co-ignimbrite lithic breccia which we interpret as being emplaced by non-turbulent flows. Multiple grading of different breccia/lithic concentration types within single flow units indicates that internal shear occurred producing overriding or overlapping of the rear of the flow onto the slower-moving front part. This overriding of different parts of non-turbulent pyroclastic flows could be caused by at least two different mechanisms: (1) changes in flow regime, such as hydraulic jumps that may occur at breaks in slope; and (2) periods of increased discharge rate, possibly associated with caldera collapse, producing fresh pulses of lithic-rich material that sheared onto the slower-moving part of the flow in front.We propose that ground surge deposits enriched in pumice compared with their associated ignimbrite probably formed by a flow separation mechanism from the top and front of the pyroclastic flow. These turbulent clouds moved ahead of the non-turbulent lower part of the flow to form stratified pumice-rich deposits. In distal regions well-developed coarse, often clast-supported, pumice concentrations zones and coarse intra-flow-unit lithic concentrations occur within the massive ignimbrite. We suggest that the flows were non-turbulent, possessed a relatively high yield strength and may have moved by plug flow prior to emplacement. 相似文献
12.
The Pliocene Roque Nublo Series, the second of three major magmatic series on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands), consists of a lower sequence (200 m) of alkalic lavas (basanite to phonolite) and a thicker upper section (600 m) of interlayered lava and widespread breccia sheets: encompassing pyroclastic flow deposits, lahars and reworked epiclastic rocks. Components in the poorly sorted block — and ash — flow deposits are (unwelded) pumice, rock fragments, crystals, glass shards and, locally, bread-crust bombs. Some flow units are graded with fine-grained basal zones and lithic-rich lower and pumice-rich upper parts. Some have strongly grooved the underlying rocks, directions of these striations being independent of preexisting topography and are constant in direction for more than 5 km. The flows are thought to have been emplaced below minimum welding temperatures by collapse of eruption columns. They are similar in many respects to coarse-grained pyroclastic flow deposits found in andesite volcanoes. Glass of tephritic to phonolitic composition of clasts of the breccias is generally altered to «palagonite» and is partly replaced by clay minerals and zeolites (mainly chabazite and phillipsite). Palagonitization was a low temperature diagenetic process, resulting in the hydration of glass accompanied and followed by precipitation of zeolites and clay minerals. Electron-microprobe data suggest the following decreasing order of mobility of selected elements during palagonitization: Na, K, Al, Si, Ca, Mg, and Fe; Ti was assumed to be inert. 相似文献
13.
Lithic-rich breccias are described from within a sequence of young (2000–3000 yrs B.P.) scoria and ash flow deposits erupted from Mount Misery and an older pumice and ash flow deposit (ignimbrite) on St. Kitts. Cross sections constructed through pyroclastic flow fans in well-exposed sea cliffs 4–6 km from the vent show that the lithic breccias are lensoid deposits which seem to occur as channel-shaped accumulations (up to > 20 m thick and > 150 m wide) within flow units. The best-developed example infills a deeply incised channel cut into older flow units. The coarsest lithic breccias are clast supported and fines depleted and grade laterally and vertically through finer-grained, matrix-supported breccias into scoria and ash flow deposits. Coarse scoria-concentration zones mainly occur at the tops of scoria and ash flow units but also at the bases, and gas-segregation pipes are common. The lithic breccias are a type of body-concentration deposit as they pass laterally into normal scoria and ash flow deposits and, where best developed, clearly occur above a reversely graded basal shear zone or layer. Grain-size studies indicate the lithic breccias and parent flows are strongly fines depleted and were highly fluidized. We suggest this may be a feature of many Lesser Antillean pyroclastic flows because of increased turbulence-induced fluidization resulting from a high degree of surface roughness caused by the steep (up to 40 °) irregular slopes, densely vegetated sinuous gullies of the tropical volcanoes, and ingestion and ignition of large amounts of lush vegetation. Accumulation of batches of lithics concentrated in the highly fluidized flows began at the break in slope where flows moved from gullies across hydraulic jumps onto the outer coastal flanks. The accumulations of breccias continued to move and be channelled down the central parts of the flows. Initially, on crossing onto the lower slopes, some of these flows seem to have had very powerfully erosive, nondepositional heads, and in the extreme example a deep channel as long as 1–2 km may have cut through underlying flow units at least as far as the present coastline. Much of the overriding remainder of the flow then drained away laterally. Thin, fine-grained ash flow deposits may form a marginal overbank facies to the pyroclastic flow fans. 相似文献
14.
Nature and origin of cone-forming volcanic breccias in the Te Herenga Formation, Ruapehu, New Zealand 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Volcanic breccias form large parts of composite volcanoes and are commonly viewed as containing pyroclastic fragments emplaced
by pyroclastic processes or redistributed as laharic deposits. Field study of cone-forming breccias of the andesitic middle
Pleistocene Te Herenga Formation on Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand, was complemented by paleomagnetic laboratory investigation
permitting estimation of emplacement temperatures of constituent breccia clasts. The observations and data collected suggest
that most breccias are autoclastic deposits. Five breccia types and subordinate, coherent lava-flow cores constitute nine,
unconformity-bounded constructional units. Two types of breccia are gradational with lava-flow cores. Red breccias gradational
with irregularly shaped lava-flow cores were emplaced at temperatures in excess of 580 °C and are interpreted as aa flow
breccias. Clasts in gray breccia gradational with tabular lava-flow cores, and in some places forming down-slope-dipping avalanche
bedding beneath flows, were emplaced at varying temperatures between 200 and 550 °C and are interpreted as forming part of
block lava flows. Three textural types of breccia are found in less intimate association with lava-flow cores. Matrix-poor,
well-sorted breccia can be traced upslope to lava-flow cores encased in autoclastic breccia. Unsorted boulder breccia comprises
constructional units lacking significant exposed lava-flow cores. Clasts in both of these breccia types have paleomagnetic
properties generally similar to those of the gray breccias gradational with lava-flow cores; they indicate reorientation after
acquisition of some, or all, magnetization and ultimate emplacement over a range of temperatures between 100 and 550 °C.
These breccias are interpreted as autoclastic breccias associated with block lava flows. Matrix-poor, well-sorted breccia
formed by disintegration of lava flows on steep slopes and unsorted boulder breccia is interpreted to represent channel-floor
and levee breccias for block lava flows that continued down slope. Less common, matrix-rich, stratified tuff breccias consisting
of angular blocks, minor scoria, and a conspicuously well-sorted ash matrix were generally emplaced at ambient temperature,
although some deposits contain clasts possibly emplaced at temperatures as high as 525 °C. These breccias are interpreted
as debris-flow and sheetwash deposits with a dominant pyroclastic matrix and containing clasts likely of mixed autoclastic
and pyroclastic origin. Pyroclastic deposits have limited preservation potential on the steep, proximal slopes of composite
volcanoes. Likewise, these steep slopes are more likely sites of erosion and transport by channeled or unconfined runoff rather
than depositional sites for reworked volcaniclastic debris. Autoclastic breccias need not be intimately associated with coherent
lava flows in single outcrops, and fine matrix can be of autoclastic rather than pyroclastic origin. In these cases, and likely
many other cases, the alternation of coherent lava flows and fragmental deposits defining composite volcanoes is better described
as interlayered lava-flow cores and cogenetic autoclastic breccias, rather than as interlayered lava flows and pyroclastic
beds. Reworked deposits are probably insignificant components of most proximal cone-forming sequences.
Received: 1 October 1998 / Accepted: 28 December 1998 相似文献
15.
Greig A. Paterson Andrew P. Roberts Conall Mac Niocaill Adrian R. Muxworthy Lucia Gurioli José G. Viramonté Carlos Navarro Shoshana Weider 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(3):309-330
Paleomagnetic data from lithic clasts collected from Mt. St. Helens, USA, Volcán Láscar, Chile, Volcán de Colima, Mexico and
Vesuvius, Italy have been used to determine the emplacement temperature of pyroclastic deposits at these localities and to
highlight the usefulness of the paleomagnetic method for determining emplacement temperatures. At Mt. St. Helens, the temperature
of the deposits (T
dep
) at three sites from the June 12, 1980 eruption was found to be ≥532°C, ≥509°C, and 510–570°C, respectively. One site emplaced
on July 22, 1980 was emplaced at ≥577°C. These new paleomagnetic temperatures are in good agreement with previously published
direct temperature measurements and paleomagnetic estimates. Lithic clasts from pyroclastic deposits from the 1993 eruption
of Láscar were fully remagnetized above the respective Curie temperatures, which yielded a minimum T
dep
of 397°C. Samples were also collected from deposits thought to be pyroclastics from the 1913, 2004 and 2005 eruptions of
Colima. At Colima, the sampled clasts were emplaced cold. This is consistent with the sampled clasts being from lahar deposits,
which are common in the area, and illustrates the usefulness of the paleomagnetic method for distinguishing different types
of deposit. T
dep
of the lower section of the lithic rich pyroclastic flow (LRPF) from the 472 A.D. deposits of Vesuvius was ~280–340°C. This
is in agreement with other, recently published paleomagnetic measurements. In contrast, the upper section of the LRPF was
emplaced at higher temperatures, with T
dep
~520°C. This temperature difference is inferred to be the result of different sources of lithic clasts between the upper
and lower sections, with the upper section containing a greater proportion of vent-derived material that was initially hot.
Our studies of four historical pyroclastic deposits demonstrates the usefulness of paleomagnetism for emplacement temperature
estimation. 相似文献
16.
Tanna island is part of a large volcanic complex mainly subsided below sea-level. On-land, two series of hydroclastic deposits
and ignimbrites overlie the subaerial remains of a basal, mainly effusive volcano. The ‘Older’ Tanna Ignimbrite series (OTI),
Late Pliocene or Pleistocene in age, consists of ash flows and ash- and scoria-flow deposits associated with fallout tephra
layers, overlain by indurated pumice-flow deposits. Phreatomagmatic features are a constant characteristic of these tuffs.
The ‘younger’ Late Pleistocene pyroclastics, the Siwi sequence, show basal phreatomagmatic deposits overlain by two successive
flow units, each comprising a densely welded layer and a nonwelded ash-flow deposit. Whole-rock analyses of 17 juvenile clasts
from the two sequences (vitric blocks from the phreatomagmatic deposits, welded blocks, scoriaceous bombs and pumices from
the ignimbrites) show basaltic andesite and andesite compositions (SiO2=53–60%). In addition, 296 microprobe analyses of glasses in these clasts show a wide compositional range from 51 to 69% SiO2. Dominant compositions at ∼54, 56, 58.5 and 61–62% SiO2 characterize the glass from the OTI. Glass compositions in the lower – phreatomagmatic – deposits from the Siwi sequence
also show multimodal distribution, with peaks at SiO2=55, 57.5, 61–62 and 64% whereas the upper ignimbrite has a predominant composition at 61–62% SiO2. In both cases, mineralogical data and crystal fractionation models suggest that these compositions represent the magmatic
signature of a voluminous layered chamber, the compositional gradient of which is the result of fractional crystallization.
During two major eruptive stages, probably related to two caldera collapses, the OTI and Siwi ignimbrites represent large
outpourings from these magmatic reservoirs. The successive eruptive dynamics, from phreatomagmatic to Plinian, emphasize the
role of water in initiating the eruptions, without which the mafic and intermediate magmas probably would not have erupted.
Received: February 19, 1993/Accepted October 10, 1993 相似文献
17.
Giovanni Fontana Conall Mac Niocaill Richard J. Brown R. Stephen J. Sparks Matthew Field 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(8):1063-1083
Palaeomagnetic techniques for estimating the emplacement temperatures of volcanic deposits have been applied to pyroclastic
and volcaniclastic deposits in kimberlite pipes in southern Africa. Lithic clasts were sampled from a variety of lithofacies
from three pipes for which the internal geology is well constrained (the Cretaceous A/K1 pipe, Orapa Mine, Botswana, and the
Cambrian K1 and K2 pipes, Venetia Mine, South Africa). The sampled deposits included massive and layered vent-filling breccias
with varying abundances of lithic inclusions, layered crater-filling pyroclastic deposits, talus breccias and volcaniclastic
breccias. Basalt lithic clasts in the layered and massive vent-filling pyroclastic deposits in the A/K1 pipe at Orapa were
emplaced at >570°C, in the pyroclastic crater-filling deposits at 200–440°C and in crater-filling talus breccias and volcaniclastic
breccias at <180°C. The results from the K1 and K2 pipes at Venetia suggest emplacement temperatures for the vent-filling
breccias of 260°C to >560°C, although the interpretation of these results is hampered by the presence of Mesozoic magnetic
overprints. These temperatures are comparable to the estimated emplacement temperatures of other kimberlite deposits and fall
within the proposed stability field for common interstitial matrix mineral assemblages within vent-filling volcaniclastic
kimberlites. The temperatures are also comparable to those obtained for pyroclastic deposits in other, silicic, volcanic systems.
Because the lithic content of the studied deposits is 10–30%, the initial bulk temperature of the pyroclastic mixture of cold
lithic clasts and juvenile kimberlite magma could have been 300–400°C hotter than the palaeomagnetic estimates. Together with
the discovery of welded and agglutinated juvenile pyroclasts in some pyroclastic kimberlites, the palaeomagnetic results indicate
that there are examples of kimberlites where phreatomagmatism did not play a major role in the generation of the pyroclastic
deposits. This study indicates that palaeomagnetic methods can successfully distinguish differences in the emplacement temperatures
of different kimberlite facies. 相似文献
18.
The previously poorly documented 26–16.6 ka interval of pyroclastic volcanism from Tongariro Volcano is marked by three distal
lapilli fall units (Rt1-3) exposed in ring-plain deposits. The distal Rt1-3 units are tentatively correlated to proximal scoria
deposits on the upper slopes of North Crater based on their dispersal patterns, petrography and geochemistry. Lapilli in each
of the Rt1-3 deposits are characterised by variable groundmass crystallinity, vesicularity and colour within individual clasts.
Matrix glasses are mostly microlite-free, and compositionally diverse across the deposits (SiO2 = 62–75 wt%), with wide composition ranges occurring within single clasts. The glasses represent different melts that were
mingled and mixed shortly before eruption; a finding supported by widely variable Fe–Ti oxide equilibrium temperature estimates
(∼830–1,200°C). Ranges of 30–160°C (typically 70°C) occur within individual clasts. Some clinopyroxene crystals display Mg-rich
(∼Mg #88) rim zones around homogeneous low-Mg (∼Mg #68) cores, with abrupt transition zones. This zoning is interpreted as
resulting from the injection of a more mafic melt into a stagnating, resident magma. Crystal-melt equilibria indicate that
several episodes of mafic intrusion occurred, to produce hybrid melts with zoned crystals forming isolated ponds within the
resident magma. Variable mixing from the percolation of melts and the coalescence of melt ponds would explain the wide range
of melt compositions and equilibrium temperatures observed in the ejecta. The magma heterogeneity was preserved by quenching
on prompt eruption, with much of the short-duration chaotic mixing of melts and crystals occurring in the conduit. The Rt1-3
eruptions were from an open magmatic system consisting of one or more long-lived stagnant crystal mush zones, from which eruptions
were rapidly triggered by new injections of mafic magmas from greater depths. A similar pattern of magmatic dynamics was observed
in the much smaller 1995 eruptions of the neighbouring Ruapehu Volcano. 相似文献
19.
C. Silva Parejas T. H. Druitt C. Robin H. Moreno J.-A. Naranjo 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(6):677-692
The Pucón eruption was the largest Holocene explosive outburst of Volcán Villarrica, Chile. It discharged >1.0 km3 of basaltic-andesite magma and >0.8 km3 of pre-existing rock, forming a thin scoria-fall deposit overlain by voluminous ignimbrite intercalated with pyroclastic
surge beds. The deposits are up to 70 m thick and are preserved up to 21 km from the present-day summit, post-eruptive lahar
deposits extending farther. Two ignimbrite units are distinguished: a lower one (P1) in which all accidental lithic clasts
are of volcanic origin and an upper unit (P2) in which basement granitoids also occur, both as free clasts and as xenoliths
in scoria. P2 accounts for ∼80% of the erupted products. Following the initial scoria fallout phase, P1 pyroclastic flows
swept down the northern and western flanks of the volcano, magma fragmentation during this phase being confined to within
the volcanic edifice. Following a pause of at least a couple of days sufficient for wood devolatilization, eruption recommenced,
the fragmentation level dropped to within the granitoid basement, and the pyroclastic flows of P2 were erupted. The first
P2 flow had a highly turbulent front, laid down ignimbrite with large-scale cross-stratification and regressive bedforms,
and sheared the ground; flow then waned and became confined to the southeastern flank. Following emplacement of pyroclastic
surge deposits all across the volcano, the eruption terminated with pyroclastic flows down the northern flank. Multiple lahars
were generated prior to the onset of a new eruptive cycle. Charcoal samples yield a probable eruption age of 3,510 ± 60 14C years BP. 相似文献
20.
J.-C. Thouret K. E. Abdurachman J.-L. Bourdier S. Bronto 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1998,59(7):460-480
In contrast to most twentieth-century eruptions of Kelud volcano (eastern Java), the 10 February 1990 plinian eruption was
not accompanied by lake-outburst lahars. However, at least 33 post-eruption lahars occurred between 15 February and 28 March
1990. They swept down 11 drainage systems and travelled as far as 24 km at an estimated mean peak velocity in the range of
4–11 m s–1. The deposits (volume ≥30 000 000 m3) were approximately 7 m thick 2 km from vent, and 3 m thick 10 km from vent, on the volcaniclastic apron surrounding the
volcano. Subtle but significant sedimentological differences in the deposits relate to four flow types: (a) Early, massive
deposits are coarse, poorly sorted, slightly cohesive, and commonly inversely graded. They are inferred to record hot lahars
that incorporated pumice and scoria from pyroclastic-flow deposits, probably by rapid remobilization of hot proximal pyroclastic
flow deposits by rainfall runoff. Sedimentary features, such as clasts subparallel to bedding and thick, reversely to ungraded
beds, suggest that these flows were laminar. (b) Abundant, very poorly sorted deposits include non-cohesive, clast-supported,
inversely graded beds and ungraded, finer-grained, and cohesive matrix-supported beds. These beds display layering and vertical
segregation/density stratification, suggesting unsteady properties of pulsing debris flows. They are interpreted as deposited
from segments of flow waves at a middle distance downstream that incorporated pre-eruption sediments. Sedimentological evidence
suggests unsteady flow properties during progressive aggradation. (c) Fine-grained, poorly sorted and ungraded deposits are
interpreted as recording late hyperconcentrated streamflows that formed in the waning stage of an overflow and transformed
downcurrent into streamflows. (d) Ungraded, crudely stratified deposits were emplaced by flows transitional between hyperconcentrated
flows and streamflows that traveled farther downvalley (as far as 27 km from the vent). At Kelud, the transformation of flow
and behavior occurs within only 10 km of the source, at the apex of the alluvial fans. The rapid change of flow behavior is
attributed to the low fines content and to the unsteady flow regime, which may be due to: (a) the rapid deposition of bedload,
owing to the break in channel gradient close to the vent and to changes in channel cross-section and roughness; and (b) the
very low silt+clay content in the non-cohesive deposits. These deposits mix with water to produce streamflows.
Received: 27 June 1997 / Accepted: 5 January 1998 相似文献