The Role of Seal and Source Rocks in Fluid-rock Interactions and their Reservoir Effects within the Carbonate Deep Burial Realm

Discoveries of deep high-quality carbonate reservoirs challenged the general understanding on the evolution of porosity decreasing with depth. New mechanisms of pore generation and preservation in the deep realm require to be proposed. Dolostones in the Feixianguan and Dengying Formations experienced maximum depths in excess of 8000 m, but still retained high porosity. Petrographic observation and homogenization temperatures help to identify products of deep fluid-rock interactions, visual and experimental porosity were used to quantify reservoir effects, the distribution of products finally being plotted to unravel the mechanisms. Th data reveal that thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), burial dissolution and quartz cementation are typical deep fluid-rock interactions. The SO42? of residual porewater sourced from the evaporative dolomitizing fluid was supplied for TSR in the hydrocarbon column, the TSR-inducing calcite cements were homogeneously dispersed in the hydrocarbon column. Quartz cementation was caused by the increasing acidity and Si-rich residual porewater in the oil column. Burial dissolution is forced by organic acid and limited in oil–water contact. This study suggests that seal and source rocks not only play important roles in hydrocarbon accumulation, but also have a general control on the deep fluid-rock interactions and porosity evolution in the deep burial realm.     

Lithology and Oil-and-Gas Potential of Carbonate Rocks

Lithology and Mineral Resources -     

Some Promising Avenues of Carbonate Rocks Investigation

Achievements in the study of modern carbonate sediments and ancient sedimentary carbonate rocks, as well as recent data pose new problems and generate a need for the revision of some seemingly unambiguous concepts. The prevalent role of biogenic and, first of all, microbial sedimentation of carbonate (including dolomitic) material and specific nontraditional settings of carbonate accumulation (intermediate and even high latitudes, deep-water basins) becomes more and more evident. The study of the internal structure of carbonate formations and its relationship with specific features of carbonate material deposition, climate, basin depth, and other factors represent a new important problem. The existing concepts of carbonate accumulation evolution need to be revised both from the standpoint of its factual reflection in sedimentary sequences and explanation.     

塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩与油气

塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩主要分布于台盆区寒武系—奥陶系,它既可以作为油气的储层和源岩,也可以作为油气的盖层或遮挡体。碳酸盐岩主要发育于碳酸盐岩台地相和斜坡相之中,其中开阔台地及台地边缘坡折带的生物碎屑滩和砂屑滩、局限台地的白云岩坪是主要的储集相带。潜山溶孔溶洞型白云岩、石灰岩及礁滩复合体中的生物碎屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩、礁灰岩以及潮坪白云岩是主要的储集岩。寒武系—下奥陶统、中—上奥陶统都发育有较好的碳酸盐岩烃源岩。根据油气的分布与聚集特点,对碳酸盐岩油气藏作了分类。论述了塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩油气勘探的前景和重要目标。     

Seismic Sequence in Carbonate Rocks By Vibrational Liquefaction

On the basis of the records of strong seismic events taking place in soft carbonate sediments, a new seismic sequence system of vibrational liquefaction is established, which consists of a series of units, such as escaped structure of micrite veins and liquefied deformation formed in the period of seismic liquefaction, land subsidence structure after liquefaction, tsunamic hummocky and turbidite produced by seismic events, This sequence is a generalization and summation of field observation in vast areas, which shows the whole process of a strong seismic event and provides an unified theoretical explanation. The pattern of the seismic sequence by vibrational liquefaction provides one of correlation standards for geologists in the field to discriminate events in carbonate sequences. Based on the pattern of seismic sequence, the authors first advance a new conception of the Palaeo-Tanlu (Tancheng-Lujiang) Zone and discuss primarily its geological significations.     

碳酸盐岩中碳酸盐矿物稀土元素分析方法进展

碳酸盐岩中测定碳酸盐矿物的稀土元素主要有酸溶-ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS方法.酸溶-ICP-MS方法用盐酸、硝酸溶解碳酸盐矿物,但也能溶解部分非碳酸盐矿物,而影响分析结果;用醋酸溶样可避免非碳酸盐矿物的干扰,但可能没有溶样完全,同样影响分析结果.LA-ICP-MS是应用激光对碳酸盐矿物进行原位剥蚀,将蒸发物导入ICP-MS进行分析,对不合粘土等的碳酸盐矿物最有效,由于激光束光斑较大,且碳酸盐岩中普遍含有微小的粘土矿物,可能也存在不确定性.总体而言,酸溶-ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS获得的稀土元素页岩标准化配分模式及主要参数相似,均可用于沉积环境的示踪.     

压溶碳酸盐岩地层厚度恢复初步探讨

通过碳酸盐岩压溶作用基本特征的分析,笔者提出了压溶的碳酸盐岩地层厚度恢复的原理和公式,同时还探讨了缝合线有机质丰度的校正方法与公式。实际计算结果表明了碳酸盐岩地层的压溶作用是很强的,压溶的碳酸盐岩地层厚度在相应的碳酸盐岩岩心长度中所占的百分比最低为２．１０％,最高可达５８％,主要集中于３１％以下,平均为１１．６０％。     

Heterogeneity of Parent Rocks and Its Constraints on Geochemical Criteria in Weathering Crusts of Carbonate Rocks

Owing to the low contents of their acid-insoluble components, carbonate rocks tend to decrease sharply in volume in association with the formation of weathering crust. The formation of a 1 m-thick weathering crust would usually consume more than ten meters to several tens of meters of thickness of parent rocks. The knowledge of how to identify the homogeneity of parent rocks is essential to understand the formation mechanism of weathering crust in karst regions, especially that of thick-layered red weathering crust. In this work the grain-size analyses have demonstrated that the three profiles studied are the residual weathering crust of carbonate rocks and further showed that there objectively exists the heterogeneity of parent rocks in the three studied weathering crusts. The heterogeneity of parent rocks can also be reflected m geochemical parameters of major elements, just as the characteristics of frequency plot of grain-size distribution. Conservative trace element ratios Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta are proven     

湘中坳陷上古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩特征及生烃模式

据野外露头观察和采样分析,湘中坳陷上古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩以泥质灰岩、泥灰岩和石灰岩为主,生油母质以偏泥型为主,烃源岩的沉积厚度大、分布范围广,并具有有机碳丰度高、样品达标率高、热演化程度高的"三高"特点。在对碳酸盐岩烃源岩热演化研究的基础上总结出生烃模式,认为本区的生烃分为原始沥青解聚成烃、干酪根降解成烃、包裹有机质释放成烃和热裂解气共四个成烃阶段。     

碳酸盐岩二次生烃研究综述

二次生烃是指停止生烃的烃源岩再次被深埋,并且受热温度超过一次生烃的最大温度,达到二次生烃门限时又重新开始生烃。主要生烃物质有干酪根及其衍生的丝沥青、可溶有机质,包裹体有机质、晶包有机质、固体沥青、一次生烃形成的吸附有机质以及缝合线有机质等。不管二次生烃起始成熟度是否达到一次生烃高峰所对应的成熟度,其二次生烃曲线均有一个相对的生烃高峰,而且二次生烃起始成熟度越高,生烃高峰就越迟,高峰值也相对较小。对于二次生烃的数量、演化路径以及生烃始点等关键问题仍存在分歧,今后应在热模拟实验的基础上,结合化学动力学和数值模拟方法,进一步加强碳酸盐岩二次生烃理论的研究。     

Weathering-pedogenesis of Carbonate Rocks and Its Environmental Effects in Subtropical Region

We investigated the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and its environmental effects in subtropical regions of China. The investigation demonstrated that the weathering- pedogenesis of carbonate rocks is the process of a joint action of corrosion and illuviation and metasomatism in subtropical region. It is characterized by multi-stage, multi-path and multi-style. With the persisting development of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks, metasomatic pedogenesis progressively became the main process of the weathering-pedogenesis and the dominant style of formation of minerals. And it proceeds through the whole process of evolution of the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks. The stage evolution of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and the fractionation evolution of newly produced minerals are characterized by obvious vertically zoning structures and the rules of gradation of elements geochemical characteristics in the carbonate rocks weathering profiles. The geochemical process of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks can be divided into three geochemical evolution stages, i.e., the Ca, Mg-depletion and Si, Al-enrichment stage; the Fe, Mn enrichment stage and the Si-depletion and Al-enrichment stage in the subtropical regions. Consistent with the three geochemical evolution stages, the sequence of formation and evolution of minerals can be divided into the clay mineral stage; the Fe, Mn oxide and the gibbsite stage. The influence of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks on the chemical forms of heavy elements is mainly affected via newly produced components and minerals in the process of weathering-pedogenesis, e.g., iron oxide minerals and organic matters. The important mechanism for the mobilization, transport and pollution of F and As is affected the selective adsorption and desorption of F and As on the surface of iron oxide minerals in the subtropical karst zones, i.e., the selective adsorption and desorption on mineral surfaces of newly produced minerals in the process of weath     

塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩油气勘探方向

<正> 塔河油田是塔里木盆地第一个被证实地质储量大于1×10~8t 的大型油田,也是中国第一个海相自生自储的大型油田,其主要含油层为下奥陶统石灰岩。对塔河油田深入剖析后,可以认为塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩油气藏的勘探方向或思路主要有以下几个方面。(1)明确主要目标,逼近油源奥陶系、寒武系,有时还包括震旦系的原生油气藏有可能形成大型油气田或大、中型油气田群。因此,作为全缸地内部勘探的指导思想之一是把主要力量用于发现和探明古生代(可包括震旦纪)海相碳酸盐岩中的油气田,同时在立体勘探中注意其上的碎屑岩中的油气藏。(2)立足古隆起和古斜坡在已经证实塔里木内部古生界有丰富源岩的前提下,寻找良好的聚集保存条件是问题的关键。塔北隆起区和它的南斜坡(其中阿克库勒凸起又是斜     

碳酸盐岩中有机质组成特征分析

对碳酸盐岩有机质组分进行分类时,有两种分类标准,一是主要采用煤岩学方法,二是采用孢粉学研究方法。本文使用煤岩学方法作为标准,对碳酸盐岩有机质的组成特征进行分析。按有机质来源和有机组分光性和形态等方面差别划分为内源有机质、次生有机质和陆源有机质三类。内源有机质类中分腐泥组和动物有机组,前者主要来源于菌藻类,后者则主要来源于浮游动物有机体;次生有机质中区分出微粒体、有机包裹体、沥青;陆源有机质类分类术语仍沿用煤显微组分分类系统和术语。碳酸盐岩烃源岩的有机质主要为腐泥型,有机质来源以低等藻类为主,且有机质组成特征与碳酸盐岩烃源岩的地质年代有关。碳酸盐岩还存在着差异演化的特征。     

A New Example of Retrograde Solubility Model for Carbonate Rocks

<正>Objective The dissolution and precipitation of carbonate during burial diagenetic process controls the reservoir property in deep buried strata.The geological process related with it has become a research focus during recent years.The most important dissolution fluids to carbonates are probably H_2S and CO_2 as byproducts of sulfate reduction in deep-buried setting with sulfate minerals,but carbonates are more soluble in relatively low temperature,which is the so-called retrograde solubility.Several geological processes can result in the decrease of temperature,including the upward migration of thermal fluids and tectonic uplift.The Ordovician strata in the Tahe oilfield of the Tarim Basin     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定碳酸盐岩石中19个元素

使用ＪＹ７０Ｐ 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,分别考察了一些主要基体对待测元素的各种干扰。综合各种干扰因素,采用干扰系数校正法消除综合干扰,拟定了适用于包括碳酸盐岩石的区域化探样品中１９ 个元素的电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱同时测定方法。１９ 个元素的测定限在０ ．２０ ～８ ．０ μｇ／ｇ 。对碳酸盐岩石国家一级标准物质ＧＢＷ０７１０８ 进行检测,各元素的结果与标准值吻合,相对标准偏差（ｎ ＝ １１） 在１ ．２ ％ ～５ ．３ ％ 。     

Nd Isotopes and Geochemistry of Phanerozoic Clastic Sedimentary Rocks from the Yangtze Block and Their Tectonic Implications

This article presents Sm-Nd and geochemical data on fine-grained sediments of the northern margin from the Yangtze block, China, to understand the variations of Nd isotopic compositions and crustal evolution history in this area. The results are as follows: (1) Nd isotopic compositions for clastic sedimentary rocks of the Middle-Late Proterozoic have relatively positive Nd(t) values ( 2.72 to 0.69), with Nd model ages from 1.38 Ga to 1.55 Ga, corresponding to the contemporaneous volcanic rocks from the Xixiang (西乡) Group. This indicates that the arc-related materials from Middle-Late Proterozoic dominate the provenances of the Middle-Late Proterozoic periods. (2) The gradual decrease in εNd(t) during the Cambrian-Carboniferous periods is likely to reflect the progressively increasing proportion of erosion materials from the Foping (佛坪) and Qinling (秦岭) complexes, corresponding to a gradually decreasing trend in the La/Th ratios. (3) A prominent increase in the εNd(t) value of the Late Permian strata probably reflects the significant incorporation of the mantle-derived materials. The trace element data are compared with data of the Emeishan (峨嵋山) flood basalts. These data indicate that the volcanic dust has been added to the Late Permian strata during the Late Permian, represented by periods of extremely high Emeishan flood basalt activity in the south-eastern margin of the Yangtze block.     

碳酸盐烃源岩有机质分布与排烃特征

通过碳酸盐岩地层中的纯碳酸盐岩、缝合线缝隙物和泥质条带有机质含量和残留烃量分析表明,碳酸盐岩地层中不同的组成部分之间有机质的分布是不均匀的,其中缝合线缝隙物和泥质条带具有高的TOC值和较低的S1/ TOC 值,而纯碳酸盐岩TOC值则很低,但其S1/ TOC 却很高。这说明缝合线缝隙物和泥质条带发生了明显的排烃作用,而纯碳酸盐岩排烃作用不明显。因此可以认为高有机质丰度的缝合线缝隙物和泥质条带是碳酸盐岩地层烃源的主要贡献者。压溶作用对碳酸盐岩的排烃起重要作用。     

塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩埋藏溶蚀特征及初步预测

塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩发育多种形式岩溶作用,其中埋藏溶蚀是形成有利储层的重要机制之一.录井岩心分析化验资料及宏观地质背景分析表明,塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩主要发育4期埋藏溶蚀,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ期溶蚀孔洞基本已被充填,Ⅲ期残留部分孔隙和Ⅳ期溶蚀孔洞为现今储层有效储集空间.上奥陶统良里塔格组现今未被充填的粒内溶孔及铸模孔可能主要形成于埋藏溶蚀,并非准同生溶蚀.埋藏溶蚀发生的流体介质主要为有机质演化过程中形成的有机酸和CO2,在更深部或经历更高热史经历的区域,H2S对储层的形成可能会有较大贡献,热水-热液溶蚀对储集空间贡献有限.初步分析表明,卡塔克隆起西北部埋藏溶蚀孔隙较发育,塔中南部台地边缘带可能是埋藏溶蚀另一相对较发育地区.     

碳酸盐岩油源岩有机质丰度分级评价标准

碳酸盐岩油源岩分级评价标准研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。以塔里木、渤海湾、鄂尔多斯盆地地质参数（地层、地史、热史）为例分别计算了不同地质条件下单位面积碳酸盐岩的生油量及源岩和围岩的残留油量，进而根据物质平衡原理（排油量＝生油量－残油量）计算出排油量，以排油量为指标给出划分油源岩分级评价的标准，并计算出其对应的有机质丰度。模拟计算显示油源岩有机质丰度工业下限值TOCgy随源岩厚度的增加而减小；随成熟度的增加先减小后增加；随有机质类型（生烃潜力）的变好而减小，碳酸盐岩油源岩评价标准随地质条件的不同变化很大。建立了塔里木、渤海湾、鄂尔多斯盆地碳酸盐岩油源岩的分级评价表。经过分析综合，归纳出我国碳酸盐岩沉积区有机质类型为Ⅱ型的成熟油源岩“非、无效、差、中、好”各级对应的TOC界限值分别为“0.25、0.5、0.8、1.5”。     

松辽盆地北部深层火山岩中缝合线的特征与成因

松辽盆地北部深层的酸性火山岩中广泛发育缝合线构造。缝合线可分为两类,一类常发育于岩性差异面或流纹面等界面处,产状受岩性界面或流纹面控制;另一类则与岩性界面无关,产状与构造裂缝相似。扫描电镜(SEM)的观察表明,缝合线的三维形态复杂多变,缝合柱的侧面具有显微滑痕特征。电子探针分析表明,火山岩缝合线中主要富集Fe,Al,K等元素,亏损Si和Na等元素,反映其主要物质组成为铁的氧化物、高岭石和钾盐等,局部含少量的碳酸盐岩。综合分析认为火山岩中的缝合线属后生成岩作用阶段的产物,与长英质矿物的溶解或蚀变有关,是本区火山岩岩性、地温场、流体场及应力场等因素共同作用的结果。