古代碳酸盐岩同位素保持性及其地质应用

北京大学郑淑惠指出:“古代碳酸盐岩的地质应用,只有解决了矿物同位素数据的保存性问题,才能更好地阐明地质过程^①”。很多地球化学家研究现代、亚近代和古代沉积时,不但研究全岩,而且研究沉积物组份、胶结物和各种生物化石的碳、氧稳定同位素组成,并且进行彼此间的对比,进而探讨矿物岩石同位素变化规律和地质应用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系不同组构碳酸盐岩埋藏溶蚀实验

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层受埋藏溶蚀作用控制明显,而地层深部复杂的水-岩反应造成埋藏溶蚀研究难度较大,并进而影响了储层的评价与预测。分别利用CO₂溶液和乙酸溶液为流体介质进行溶蚀模拟实验,探讨埋藏条件下温度、压力、流体等因素对不同矿物及组构碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用的影响。结果表明:1）随着温度与压力升高,碳酸盐岩样品在乙酸溶液中的溶解速率均相应提高,在CO₂溶液中的溶解速率则先增加后减小,且在110℃~130℃区间内溶蚀速率最大;深埋藏环境下,各岩类溶蚀速率差异减小,并趋于一致;2）岩石矿物成分和组构,原岩初始孔隙度的大小及其连通关系,以及晶体的产状对成岩后期的埋藏溶蚀作用也具有重要的影响。不溶组分含量低、颗粒/灰泥比高、矿物成分复杂的碳酸盐岩由于组构选择性溶蚀作用而更易被溶蚀;碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率随方解石含量的增加而增加,但深埋藏环境下,矿物成分含量差异对溶蚀速率的影响作用减弱;硬石膏与白云岩相伴生时,可优先溶蚀形成膏模孔,并促进白云石的溶解,改善储层效果。不同岩性,总体上灰岩较白云岩及过渡岩类更易发生埋藏溶蚀作用。结合研究区实际地质条件分析,砂屑灰岩、膏质白云岩等埋藏溶蚀强度较大,通过对原岩早期组构选择性溶蚀形成孔隙的继承和调整,叠加埋藏期岩溶作用后,可形成规模优质储层。     

The Role of Seal and Source Rocks in Fluid-rock Interactions and their Reservoir Effects within the Carbonate Deep Burial Realm

Discoveries of deep high-quality carbonate reservoirs challenged the general understanding on the evolution of porosity decreasing with depth. New mechanisms of pore generation and preservation in the deep realm require to be proposed. Dolostones in the Feixianguan and Dengying Formations experienced maximum depths in excess of 8000 m, but still retained high porosity. Petrographic observation and homogenization temperatures help to identify products of deep fluid-rock interactions, visual and experimental porosity were used to quantify reservoir effects, the distribution of products finally being plotted to unravel the mechanisms. Th data reveal that thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), burial dissolution and quartz cementation are typical deep fluid-rock interactions. The SO42? of residual porewater sourced from the evaporative dolomitizing fluid was supplied for TSR in the hydrocarbon column, the TSR-inducing calcite cements were homogeneously dispersed in the hydrocarbon column. Quartz cementation was caused by the increasing acidity and Si-rich residual porewater in the oil column. Burial dissolution is forced by organic acid and limited in oil–water contact. This study suggests that seal and source rocks not only play important roles in hydrocarbon accumulation, but also have a general control on the deep fluid-rock interactions and porosity evolution in the deep burial realm.     

不纯碳酸盐岩的变质作用

不纯碳酸盐岩中的矿物共生组合与变质时的总压和二氧化碳分压密切相关。总压增高促使透闪石、透辉石和橄榄石等矿物生成温度增高。变质过程中岩石中流体成分的变化有两种极端情况,即渗滤作用和缓冲作用。渗滤作用下变质反应,变质矿物界线和变质矿物特征等均与缓冲作用下有所差异,以此可以区别它们。湖北宿松群和河北红旗营子群不纯大理岩是在渗滤作用下变质的。山西五台群板峪口组不纯大理岩是在缓冲加渗滤作用下变质的。     

Lithology and Oil-and-Gas Potential of Carbonate Rocks

Lithology and Mineral Resources -     

压实过程中埋深和时间对碎屑岩孔隙度演化的共同影响

在相同埋深条件下,由于经历时间不同,地层压实程度将会存在差别。从粘弹塑性体应力-应变模型（Bingham 模型）推导出均速埋藏条件下地层孔隙度是埋深和经历时间的双元函数。该函数充分表明,在压实作用阶段,埋藏时间和埋深两个因素对地层孔隙度演化的影响都是非常重要的。为了充分证实这一结论,作者首先分析3个代表性沉积盆地地层孔隙度与埋深和埋藏时间的关系,阐明了除了埋深因素的作用,埋藏时间明显影响到了地层孔隙度的改变。另外,利用沉积物实验室压实物理模拟实验结果与实际盆地地层压实特征的差异性,进一步证明了压实过程中承压时间对压实程度起着重要的作用。任一深度地层孔隙度与埋深的表面关系不能掩盖地层孔隙度受埋藏过程控制的实质,即地层孔隙度受埋藏时间和深度的双重影响。     

Some Promising Avenues of Carbonate Rocks Investigation

Achievements in the study of modern carbonate sediments and ancient sedimentary carbonate rocks, as well as recent data pose new problems and generate a need for the revision of some seemingly unambiguous concepts. The prevalent role of biogenic and, first of all, microbial sedimentation of carbonate (including dolomitic) material and specific nontraditional settings of carbonate accumulation (intermediate and even high latitudes, deep-water basins) becomes more and more evident. The study of the internal structure of carbonate formations and its relationship with specific features of carbonate material deposition, climate, basin depth, and other factors represent a new important problem. The existing concepts of carbonate accumulation evolution need to be revised both from the standpoint of its factual reflection in sedimentary sequences and explanation.     

塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩与油气

塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩主要分布于台盆区寒武系—奥陶系,它既可以作为油气的储层和源岩,也可以作为油气的盖层或遮挡体。碳酸盐岩主要发育于碳酸盐岩台地相和斜坡相之中,其中开阔台地及台地边缘坡折带的生物碎屑滩和砂屑滩、局限台地的白云岩坪是主要的储集相带。潜山溶孔溶洞型白云岩、石灰岩及礁滩复合体中的生物碎屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩、礁灰岩以及潮坪白云岩是主要的储集岩。寒武系—下奥陶统、中—上奥陶统都发育有较好的碳酸盐岩烃源岩。根据油气的分布与聚集特点,对碳酸盐岩油气藏作了分类。论述了塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩油气勘探的前景和重要目标。     

碳酸盐岩压溶埋藏史和排烃数值模拟模型初步探讨

压溶作用产生的缝合线是烃富集的场所及初次运移的通道。碳酸盐岩烃源岩压溶过程,随着地层厚度和体积的减小,未熟和低熟油气会伴随孔隙流体一同排出。根据碳酸盐岩埋藏与压溶机理,提出了压溶的碳酸盐岩缝合线或溶解缝厚度恢复及其古厚度恢复的数学模型,同时结合碳酸盐岩基质和缝合线孔度随深度的变化曲线建立了定量计算碳酸盐烃源岩压溶排烃量的数学模型。上述数学模型的关键是确定压溶作用开始和结束的深度和时间,缝合线的厚度     

碳酸盐岩中碳酸盐矿物稀土元素分析方法进展

碳酸盐岩中测定碳酸盐矿物的稀土元素主要有酸溶-ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS方法.酸溶-ICP-MS方法用盐酸、硝酸溶解碳酸盐矿物,但也能溶解部分非碳酸盐矿物,而影响分析结果;用醋酸溶样可避免非碳酸盐矿物的干扰,但可能没有溶样完全,同样影响分析结果.LA-ICP-MS是应用激光对碳酸盐矿物进行原位剥蚀,将蒸发物导入ICP-MS进行分析,对不合粘土等的碳酸盐矿物最有效,由于激光束光斑较大,且碳酸盐岩中普遍含有微小的粘土矿物,可能也存在不确定性.总体而言,酸溶-ICP-MS和LA-ICP-MS获得的稀土元素页岩标准化配分模式及主要参数相似,均可用于沉积环境的示踪.     

湘中坳陷上古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩特征及生烃模式

据野外露头观察和采样分析,湘中坳陷上古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩以泥质灰岩、泥灰岩和石灰岩为主,生油母质以偏泥型为主,烃源岩的沉积厚度大、分布范围广,并具有有机碳丰度高、样品达标率高、热演化程度高的"三高"特点。在对碳酸盐岩烃源岩热演化研究的基础上总结出生烃模式,认为本区的生烃分为原始沥青解聚成烃、干酪根降解成烃、包裹有机质释放成烃和热裂解气共四个成烃阶段。     

Heterogeneity of Parent Rocks and Its Constraints on Geochemical Criteria in Weathering Crusts of Carbonate Rocks

Owing to the low contents of their acid-insoluble components, carbonate rocks tend to decrease sharply in volume in association with the formation of weathering crust. The formation of a 1 m-thick weathering crust would usually consume more than ten meters to several tens of meters of thickness of parent rocks. The knowledge of how to identify the homogeneity of parent rocks is essential to understand the formation mechanism of weathering crust in karst regions, especially that of thick-layered red weathering crust. In this work the grain-size analyses have demonstrated that the three profiles studied are the residual weathering crust of carbonate rocks and further showed that there objectively exists the heterogeneity of parent rocks in the three studied weathering crusts. The heterogeneity of parent rocks can also be reflected m geochemical parameters of major elements, just as the characteristics of frequency plot of grain-size distribution. Conservative trace element ratios Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta are proven     

埋藏环境中硫酸盐岩生物岩溶作用的硫同位素证据

为了揭示油气盆地埋藏环境中碳酸盐岩和硫酸盐岩共生时的岩溶发育机制, 以硫酸盐岩为研究对象, 采用室内模拟实验与野外实测资料相结合的方法, 分析了温度、SO₄2-浓度和时间等因素对水-岩-细菌封闭系统内稳定硫同位素的影响, 并指出硫同位素对地球化学作用的指示意义.结果表明, 细菌硫酸盐还原形成的H₂S中硫同位素分馏明显, 并受系统的温度和开放性等因素影响.结合鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系风化壳中充填的黄铁矿硫同位素特征, 提出了鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系岩溶的生物成因模式; 揭示了风化壳顶部的黄铁矿化与风化壳下部压释水岩溶共生的机制, 建立了生物岩溶发育的硫同位素地球化学标志.研究成果拓宽了岩溶的压释水成因机制.      

Seismic Sequence in Carbonate Rocks By Vibrational Liquefaction

On the basis of the records of strong seismic events taking place in soft carbonate sediments, a new seismic sequence system of vibrational liquefaction is established, which consists of a series of units, such as escaped structure of micrite veins and liquefied deformation formed in the period of seismic liquefaction, land subsidence structure after liquefaction, tsunamic hummocky and turbidite produced by seismic events, This sequence is a generalization and summation of field observation in vast areas, which shows the whole process of a strong seismic event and provides an unified theoretical explanation. The pattern of the seismic sequence by vibrational liquefaction provides one of correlation standards for geologists in the field to discriminate events in carbonate sequences. Based on the pattern of seismic sequence, the authors first advance a new conception of the Palaeo-Tanlu (Tancheng-Lujiang) Zone and discuss primarily its geological significations.     

压溶碳酸盐岩地层厚度恢复初步探讨

通过碳酸盐岩压溶作用基本特征的分析,笔者提出了压溶的碳酸盐岩地层厚度恢复的原理和公式,同时还探讨了缝合线有机质丰度的校正方法与公式。实际计算结果表明了碳酸盐岩地层的压溶作用是很强的,压溶的碳酸盐岩地层厚度在相应的碳酸盐岩岩心长度中所占的百分比最低为２．１０％,最高可达５８％,主要集中于３１％以下,平均为１１．６０％。     

碳酸盐岩二次生烃研究综述

二次生烃是指停止生烃的烃源岩再次被深埋,并且受热温度超过一次生烃的最大温度,达到二次生烃门限时又重新开始生烃。主要生烃物质有干酪根及其衍生的丝沥青、可溶有机质,包裹体有机质、晶包有机质、固体沥青、一次生烃形成的吸附有机质以及缝合线有机质等。不管二次生烃起始成熟度是否达到一次生烃高峰所对应的成熟度,其二次生烃曲线均有一个相对的生烃高峰,而且二次生烃起始成熟度越高,生烃高峰就越迟,高峰值也相对较小。对于二次生烃的数量、演化路径以及生烃始点等关键问题仍存在分歧,今后应在热模拟实验的基础上,结合化学动力学和数值模拟方法,进一步加强碳酸盐岩二次生烃理论的研究。     

Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Studies of Contact Metamorphism of Carbonate Rocks

O¹⁸/O¹⁶ and C¹²/C¹³ ratios have been determined for carbonaterocks and coexisting minerals from two contact metamorphic aureolesat Birch Creek, California and Marble Canyon, Texas. The peliticmetasediments and granitic intrusions of the Birth Creek localitywere also analyzed for their O¹⁸/¹⁶ and D/H ratios. Oxygen andcarbon isotope fractionations in coexisting dolomite and calciteare interrelated but show no obvious correlation with sampledistance from the intrusive contact. Small-scale oxygen isotopicexchange effects between rock units are observed within a fewfeet of the intrusive-country rock contacts and the marble-schistcontacts at Birch Creek. Oxygen isotopic temperatures obtainedfrom quartz—biotite fractionations in the biotite schistsof Birch Creek show a systematic decrease with increasing distanceaway from the intrusive contact; the isotopic contact temperatureis calculated to be 535–45°C. Low O¹⁸/¹⁶ and C¹³/¹²ratiosof the contact metamorphic marbles generally correlate wellwith presence of calc-silicate minerals, indicating that theCO₂ liberated during metamorphic decarbonation reactions isenriched in both O¹⁸and C¹² relative to the carbonates. Materialbalance calculations indicate that the liberated CO₂ is about5 per mille richer in O¹⁸ and about 6 per mille richer in C¹³than coexisting calcite.     

超高压变质岩中柯石英的产出和保存机制

了解柯石英的产出并制约其保存机制对于深入认识超高压变质岩的形成和演化具有重要的启示意义.早期的研究发现超高压变质岩中的柯石英主要以包裹体的形式产在刚性寄主矿物中,而粒间柯石英之前仅在苏鲁仰口的超高压双矿物榴辉岩中有过发现.目前提出的柯石英保存机制主要包括以下两种:涉及"构造超压"的"高压釜"模型和较干的变质演化环境.新近报道的大别山甘家岭超高压变沉积岩中的粒间柯石英和白云石中的大量柯石英包裹体肯定了较干的变质演化环境而削弱了传统的"高压釜"模型在保存柯石英方面所起的作用.      

碳酸盐岩裂缝与岩溶作用研究

从构造与非构造作用角度出发,突出研究断层对裂缝的控制作用、断裂与岩溶的关系和裂缝与岩溶之间的关系,揭示碳酸盐岩裂缝与岩溶的发育规律。研究表明：构造裂缝为岩溶发育提供岩溶作用进行的有利通道,非构造裂缝则可以加速溶蚀作用的进行,促进岩溶的发育;裂缝与岩溶之间的关系始终是相辅相成、相互促进的关系。     

Weathering-pedogenesis of Carbonate Rocks and Its Environmental Effects in Subtropical Region

We investigated the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and its environmental effects in subtropical regions of China. The investigation demonstrated that the weathering- pedogenesis of carbonate rocks is the process of a joint action of corrosion and illuviation and metasomatism in subtropical region. It is characterized by multi-stage, multi-path and multi-style. With the persisting development of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks, metasomatic pedogenesis progressively became the main process of the weathering-pedogenesis and the dominant style of formation of minerals. And it proceeds through the whole process of evolution of the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks. The stage evolution of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and the fractionation evolution of newly produced minerals are characterized by obvious vertically zoning structures and the rules of gradation of elements geochemical characteristics in the carbonate rocks weathering profiles. The geochemical process of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks can be divided into three geochemical evolution stages, i.e., the Ca, Mg-depletion and Si, Al-enrichment stage; the Fe, Mn enrichment stage and the Si-depletion and Al-enrichment stage in the subtropical regions. Consistent with the three geochemical evolution stages, the sequence of formation and evolution of minerals can be divided into the clay mineral stage; the Fe, Mn oxide and the gibbsite stage. The influence of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks on the chemical forms of heavy elements is mainly affected via newly produced components and minerals in the process of weathering-pedogenesis, e.g., iron oxide minerals and organic matters. The important mechanism for the mobilization, transport and pollution of F and As is affected the selective adsorption and desorption of F and As on the surface of iron oxide minerals in the subtropical karst zones, i.e., the selective adsorption and desorption on mineral surfaces of newly produced minerals in the process of weath