南海北部陆缘地壳结构特征及其构造过程

根据“北部湾大陆缘地壳结构ＰＳ转换波测深”等地球物理测量结果,本文研究了南海北部陆缘的地壳结构特征,讨论了其白垩纪以来的构造过程。地球物理测量表明,由陆向海,南海北部陆缘地壳由陆壳、过渡壳变为洋壳,厚度由３４ｋｍ减薄至８ｋｍ左右。垂向上地壳为３层结构模式。陆壳、过渡壳和洋壳的下地壳Ｐ波速度普遍较高。地壳伸展系数的计算表明南海北部陆缘伸展主要发育于陆坡地区。结合区域地质研究,本文认为：南海北部陆缘及     

太平洋板块形成以来的中国东部构造动力学背景

构造动力学研究是分析区域构造、沉积演化、岩浆活动及矿产分布的重要前提,前人研究证实自太平洋板块形成以来中国东部构造动力学背景发生了多次转变,但对于具体的转换机制还缺乏深入研究.为此,首先基于对近年来发表的同位素年龄和古地磁数据的系统收集和整理,对太平洋板块形成以来围限中国东部的太平洋板块、印度板块和菲律宾海板块等的形成年代、漂移轨迹和速率变化规律进行了详细梳理.然后依据这3大板块及其周缘板块的运动学规律,结合区域上的构造变形特征,将太平洋板块形成以来的中国东部构造动力学背景划分为:中侏罗世—早白垩世((175 ～ 170) ～ (145±5),(145±5) ～ 125和125～95 Ma BP)、晚白垩世—古近纪(95 ～ 80,80 ～ 43和43 ～ 23 Ma BP)和新近纪—第四纪(23 ～ 10 Ma BP和10 Ma BP至今)等多个阶段.指出中国东部中侏罗世—早白垩世为压扭性背景,晚白垩世—古近纪则转为伸展拉张背景,到了新近纪—第四纪又转变为挤压背景,并对这3大阶段不同时期构造动力学背景作了进一步的论述.     

南海北部陆缘中生代沉积层序、对比和油气地质意义

南海北部陆缘陆上粤中-粤东地区出露一系列的中生界,可以划分为15个Ⅲ级沉积层序。在毗邻海区的潮汕坳陷的地震剖面和LF35-1-1井也可以识别出12个Ⅲ级沉积层序。这些Ⅲ级层序组成了6个Ⅱ级层序和2个Ⅰ级层序,反映出由海向陆的环境变化过程。陆区和海区中生界在岩性、岩相以及层序地层等方面存在可对比性。陆区上地层-沉积特征以及模式可以作为模型应用于海区中生界相关研究,对南海北部中生界油气勘探具有指导意义。     

南海北部陆缘东、西部新生代沉积盆地基底特征对比分析

本文通过对南海北部大陆边缘东、西部新生代沉积盆地基底岩性特征、基底构造格局、地壳结构和基底沉降结构等方面的论述,分析了北部陆缘东西部的地质差异,探讨了这些差异产生的原因。认为南海北部陆缘东西部新生代沉积盆地发育于不同的构造单元上,在形成演化过程中,基底具有不同的沉降结构和构造活动性,而地壳结构的明显差异,揭示了东、西部沉积盆地形成内因的差异,东部盆地发育于拉张减薄的陆壳之上,并伴有地幔隆起与地壳的上拱作用,西部盆地则主要以地壳的裂陷作用为主。     

中国中、新生代含油气盆地构造和动力学背景

中国有大约26个含油气盆地。盆地主要有两种类型:(1)伸展盆地;(2)前陆(或挠曲)盆地。第一种伸展盆地主要位于东部,第二种前陆盆地主要位于中部和西北地区。本文讨论了伸展和前陆盆地的以下特征:(1)沉降史;(2)热史;(3)构造样式和运动学。结合深部地球物理和火山岩资料,确定了盆地的地球动力学背景,并且推测盆地形成与西太平洋板俯冲作用和特提斯洋闭合有关。     

南海北部陆缘结构及构造-岩浆演化

南海北部陆缘发育独特的远端带结构,以“裂谷宽、基底厚和地貌起伏”为主要特点,显著有别于经典贫岩浆型和富岩浆型张裂陆缘.为了解释陆缘结构的成因,综合已有研究进展和国际大洋发现计划（IODP）的钻探成果,对南海北部陆缘基底性质进行了调研,探讨了拆离断层和岩浆作用的特点以及两者间的相互作用.结果表明,在38 Ma之前南海北部大范围发育核杂岩构造,并伴随大量岩浆侵入到中下地壳;岩浆作用一方面加剧了地壳的韧性变形,导致应变无法集中而在多个地方同时发育大型拆离,另一方面对拆离面和减薄的基底进行了强烈改造.最终提出同张裂期就位的岩浆作用和中下地壳的韧性流动是形成南海北部宽裂谷陆缘的关键,深化了对陆缘结构、变形过程和岩石圈减薄机制的理解.      

南海北部陆缘磁静区及与全球大洋磁静区对比的研究评述

磁静区与磁异常条带不同,具有宽缓的低幅值磁异常特征,但可能同样包含了从陆壳张裂到海底扩张早期的构造活动和演化信息.为了加深认识南海北部陆缘磁静区,归纳了全球深海和边缘两大类型磁静区的物理、化学及构造三大成因,主要包括大西洋和西太平洋侏罗纪磁静区,以及北太平洋、印度洋和南大洋白垩纪磁静区,强调磁静区与不同程度地幔柱活动、斜交扩张初始产生的小型错断磁源体及隐含弱磁条带关系的重要性.总结了南海北部陆缘磁静区的研究现状,并从区域综合地球物理和地幔热活动作用两方面探讨了南海北部陆缘磁静区的可能成因机制,最后阐述了需要关注的研究重点及其研究意义.     

南黄海北部前陆盆地的构造演化与油气突破

南黄海北部盆地是我国近海海域中唯一由中生代陆-陆碰撞造山作用形成的前陆盆地。其构造演化经历了4个阶段:(1)前造山期大陆边缘盆地阶段(Z—T2);(2)苏鲁造山带晚期前陆盆地阶段(J3—K);(3)造山期后陆内断陷盆地阶段(K2t—E);(4)区域沉降覆盖阶段(N—Q)。对其中陆内断陷盆地的详细调查研究结果表明,盆地内晚白垩世泰州组烃源岩发育,具有4套储盖组合,圈闭构造多,成藏配套条件好,计算其石油资源量约20×108t,是当前在南黄海获取油气重要突破的首选区域。     

南海大陆边缘盆地构造演化差异性及其与南海扩张耦合关系

南海大陆边缘盆地由于边界条件的差异,不仅形成了不同类型的陆缘盆地,如离散型、走滑伸展型和伸展挠曲复合型,而且这些盆地构造演化存在明显的非同步性。这些陆缘破裂过程与南海扩张作用过程呈现明显不一致性。研究表明,南海扩张时期南海南、北大陆边缘均形成了一系列裂陷盆地,然而,南海南部、北部大陆边缘盆地裂陷作用结束时间不同,北部大陆边缘盆地裂陷作用结束于23 Ma或21 Ma,而南部大陆边缘盆地裂陷作用结束于15.5 Ma,显然北部大陆边缘盆地裂陷结束时间明显早于南部大陆边缘盆地。南海扩张停止后,南海南、北部陆缘仍表现出明显差异,北部陆缘仍以伸展作用为主,晚中新世以来出现快速沉降幕,而南海南部陆缘则以挤压作用为主,且其挤压时间及强度呈现南早北晚的特点,即南部曾母盆地明显早于南薇西盆地和北康盆地。南海南、北大陆边缘盆地形成演化的差异性,特别是构造转型差异变化,为新生代南海扩张的迁移性提供了有力的佐证,可以推断南海不同期次海盆扩张可能存在向南的突然跃迁。因此,本次研究梳理出的南海不同陆缘盆地张裂伸展的非同步性可为南海洋盆扩张演化过程解释提供新的证据。     

从陆缘伸展探讨新生代南海构造演化

南海的形成和演化是地学界长期争论的问题,前人给出了多种成因模式,目前较流行的模式是海底扩张,但它难以合理解释南海海底扩张中的洋中脊跳跃现象及南海大洋中的大陆残片。基于欧亚东缘的陆缘伸展,从地幔上涌和陆壳沿莫霍面的重力滑移的新大陆漂移模型出发,通过横跨南海的几条地震勘探剖面的地质新解释,研究了南海的形成和演化过程。结果说明,南海的形成是一种“构造被动挤出+微陆块主动漂移”模式。构造被动挤出是指印度-欧亚碰撞造成的欧亚大陆东南缘的微陆块被大规模挤出,而由陆缘伸展形成的微陆块在被挤出后发生了主动裂解漂移,南海的海底扩张现象是诸多微陆块主动漂移的结果。这个新的模式能够合理地解释南海形成过程中的洋中脊跳跃现象及南海中大陆残片的成因机制。进一步恢复了南海演化过程中周边陆块的运动演化历史,说明欧亚东缘在中生代晚期发生的大规模伸展构造运动是南海形成的基础,新生代印度-欧亚碰撞是南海形成的直接动力,微陆块的裂解漂移是南海形成的主要参与者。     

南海华南陆缘中生界层序地层模式与海平面变化

华南陆缘中生界地层以广东省出露最广,这套地层为陆源碎屑沉积岩,局部为火山岩。上三叠统—上白垩统划分为2个巨层序、7个超层序和15个层序。沉积充填序列展示出本地区经历了海侵-海退过程,沉积环境由海相转化为陆相环境。3个级别的海平面变化控制了层序、超层序和巨层序的发育。粤中--粤东地区中生界发育的Ⅲ级层序可归纳出3种类型:浅水型、深水型和湖盆型;浅水型层序又可以分为浅水Ⅰ型和浅水Ⅱ型。     

Plate tectonic control on the formation and tectonic migration of Cenozoic basins in northern margin of the South China Sea

The tectonic evolution history of the South China Sea(SCS) is important for understanding the interaction between the Pacific Tectonic Domain and the Tethyan Tectonic Domain,as well as the regional tectonics and geodynamics during the multi-plate convergence in the Cenozoic.Several Cenozoic basins formed in the northern margin of the SCS,which preserve the sedimentary tectonic records of the opening of the SCS.Due to the spatial non-uniformity among different basins,a systematic study on the various basins in the northern margin of the SCS constituting the Northern Cenozoic Basin Group(NCBG) is essential.Here we present results from a detailed evaluation of the spatial-temporal migration of the boundary faults and primary unconformities to unravel the mechanism of formation of the NCBG.The NCBG is composed of the Beibu Gulf Basin(BBGB),Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB),Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB) and Taixinan Basin(TXNB).Based on seismic profiles and gravity-magnetic anomalies,we confirm that the NE-striking onshore boundary faults propagated into the northern margin of the SCS.Combining the fault slip rate,fault combination and a comparison of the unconformities in different basins,we identify NE-striking rift composed of two-stage rifting events in the NCBG:an early-stage rifting(from the Paleocene to the Early Oligocene) and a late-stage rifting(from the Late Eocene to the beginning of the Miocene).Spatially only the late-stage faults occurs in the western part of the NCBG(the BBGB,the QDNB and the western PRMB),but the early-stage rifting is distributed in the whole NCBG.Temporally,the early-stage rifting can be subdivided into three phases which show an eastward migration,resulting in the same trend of the primary unconformities and peak faulting within the NCBG.The late-stage rifting is subdivided into two phases,which took place simultaneously in different basins.The first and second phase of the early-stage rifting is related to back-arc extension of the Pacific subduction retreat system.The third phase of the earlystage rifting resulted from the joint effect of slab-pull force due to southward subduction of the proto-SCS and the back-arc extension of the Pacific subduction retreat system.In addition,the first phase of the late-stage faulting corresponds with the combined effect of the post-collision extension along the Red River Fault and slab-pull force of the proto-SCS subduction.The second phase of the late-stage faulting fits well with the sinistral faulting of the Red River Fault in response to the Indochina Block escape tectonics and the slab-pull force of the proto-SCS.     

南海北部陆坡分类及成因分析

陆坡形态隐含了丰富的地质信息,其差异性是大陆边缘沉积、侵蚀过程长期交互作用的结果。利用横跨南海北部的二维地震测线,采取曲线拟合的研究手段,在南海北部识别出了下凹型、平直型、"S"型等三种类型的陆坡。下凹型陆坡发育在莺歌海-琼东南西部、珠江口中部两个陆坡区,但其成因不同,前者主要受控于快速的沉积物供给,而后者受到陆架边缘三角洲进积和海底峡谷侵蚀的联合作用;平直型陆坡仅见于琼东南东部地区,其主控因素为弱的沉积物供给和较快的构造沉降;"S"型陆坡发育在珠江口地区的两翼,其形成明显受到海流和内波等外作用的改造。不同类型的陆坡具有特定的地层叠置样式、陆架坡折迁移轨迹类型和沉积体系分布特征。对陆坡类型的研究有助于建立沉积过程和产物的预测模式,从而指导古代陆坡的深水油气勘探。     

Microstructures documenting Cenozoic extension processes in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea

ABSTRACT

In order to investigate the thinning process of the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, petrographic and microstructural analysis were carried out on 20 greenschistfacies mylonite samples, which were obtained from Site U1504 of IODP Expedition 367/368 in the Outer Margin High of the region. The mineral assemblage of the greenschist-facies mylonite is chlorite + epidotite + albite (Ab = 94.7–99.9) + quartz, which contains 10-30% gravel components. Microstructural analysis indicates that the greenschist-facies mylonite experienced two episodes of deformation：early ductile deformation followed by a later stage of brittle deformatio. Both episodes of deformation suggest an extensional environment. The extensive development of bulging recrystallization (BLG) of quartz, microscopic fractures and fine granulation of albite suggest that the temperature of ductile deformation is about 300-400°C, compatiable with a ductile shearing at shallow crust levels (~5-10 km). Petrographic features suggest that the greenschist-facies mylonite might originate from volcanic sedimentary rocks or sedimentary rocks affected by the intrusion of mafic magma. Combined with seismic interpretation, we propose that the greenschist-facies mylonite might be formed by crustal exhumation after thick Mesozoic sediments were denuded by a major extension.     

南海北部陆缘的构造属性问题

以1号断裂为界,南海北部陆缘可分为东,西两段：东段包括北部湾盆地,琼东南盆地,珠江口盆地和台西盆地等,西段包拓莺歌海盆地。两者构造形变特征存在一定的差异性：东段盆地边界断层主要为NE－EW向,为分支断层通过不同类型转换坡连接而成的多支正断层系,因断层位移沿走向有规律变化,在其上盘发育相关褶皱,如横向褶皱;西段盆地边界断层也是由多条分支断层连接的多支断层系,但方向为NW向,以走滑作用为主,上盘没有发育断层相关褶皱。结合新生代岩浆作用,沉降和充填作用及地壳结构等特征分析,南海北部陆缘东段在构造活动上可以分成三个相对活跃时期,即50－40,30－28和10－5Ma左右。每一期拥有各自的特点,并具有不同的动力学来源,前两期与南海的扩张关系密切,3则与南海扩张无成因联系。南海北部陆缘虽然有一定的岩浆活动,但不是张烈的同期产物,因而它在形成机制上属于非火山型被动大陆边缘,其活动性因素是受周边板块相互作用的叠加所致。西段从成因机制上来讲并不属于南海北部陆缘,可能与印－藏碰撞关系更为密切。     

Differences in the Tectonic Evolution of Basins in the Central‐Southern South China Sea and their Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions

To reveal the causes of differences in the hydrocarbon accumulation in continental marginal basins in the centralsouthern South China Sea,we used gravity-magnetic,seismic,drilling,and outcrop data to investigate the tectonic histories of the basins and explore how these tectonic events controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in these basins.During the subduction of the Cenozoic proto-South China Sea and the expansion of the new South China Sea,the continental margin basins in the central-southern South China Sea could be classified as one of three types of epicontinental basins:southern extensional-foreland basins,western extensional-strike slip basins,and central extensional-drift basins.Because these basins have different tectonic and sedimentary histories,they also differ in their accumulated hydrocarbon resources.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the southern South China Sea generally progressed through three stages:faulting and subsidence from the late Eocene to the early Miocene,inversion and uplift in the middle Miocene,and subsidence since the late Miocene.Hydrocarbon source rocks with marine-continental transitional facies dominated byⅡ-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in extremely thick Miocene sedimentary series with the filling characteristics being mainly deep-water deposits in the early stage and shallow water deposits in the late stage.With well-developed sandstone and carbonate reservoirs,this stratum has a strong hydrocarbon generation potential.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the western South China Sea also progressed through the three developmental stages discussed previously.Hydrocarbon source rocks with lacustrine facies,marine-continental transitional facies,and terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅡ2-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in the relatively thick stratum with the filling characteristics being mainly lacustrine deposits in the early stage and marine deposits in the late stage.As a reservoir comprised of self-generated and self-stored sandstone,this unit also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.Throughout those same three developmental stages,the basin groups in the central South China Sea generated hydrocarbon source rocks with terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅢkerogen that have developed in a stratum with medium thicknesses with the filling characteristics being mainly sandstone in the early stage and carbonate in the late stage.This reservoir,which is dominated by lower-generation and upper-storage carbonate rocks,also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.     

南海北部陆缘西沙海槽—台湾恒春半岛地学断面

利用南海北部陆缘及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,综合编制了印支半岛东缘-西沙海槽-南海北部陆坡-台湾恒春半岛-菲律宾海地学断面,从地形地貌、地球物理场、地质构造特征和时空演化等多个方面综合揭示了南海北部陆缘洋陆转换带岩石圈结构及其相互作用,对深入认识南海北部陆缘构造格局和深水区油气地质具有重要意义.