线性石蜡基钻井液的试验研究

近期在室内研制成功了新型的第二代合成基钻井液的代表——线性石蜡基钻井液。首先从大量的试验结果中优选出了线性石蜡基钻井液配方 ,在此基础上 ,对线性石蜡基钻井液的性能进行了系统的评价。研究结果表明 ,优选出的线性石蜡基钻井液配方简单。和柴油基钻井液相比 ,线性石蜡基钻井液具有优良的热稳定性、页岩抑制性、润滑性能和储层保护性能 ,可用作深井复杂地层的钻井液     

脂肪酸酯分子结构对酯基钻井液性能的影响

脂肪酸酯的分子结构对酯基钻井液的性能具有重要的影响。在分析脂肪酸酯分子中酯基基团数、饱和度、分子构型、分子量大小以及分子间作用力的基础上,选取了6种饱和脂肪酸酯作为研究介质,测试了在不同温度条件下介质的粘度与密度,分析了影响介质粘度与密度的机理,得出了在低温下介质的粘度大小主要取决于脂肪酸酯中脂肪醇分子链的长度。介质密度的高低主要取决于脂肪酸酯的分子量,与脂肪酸酯中酯基的位置、α氢的活泼性以及分子间作用力大小无关。     

Hofmann法制备新型两性离子AM-AMPS共聚物降滤失剂

采用溶液聚合的方法使丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)共聚,然后进行一定程度的Hofmann降解,得到了一种新型两性离子AM-AMPS共聚物降滤失剂(HL).讨论了反应条件对产物性能的影响,对其结构进行了红外光谱表征,用胶体滴定法测定了其胺化度,并考察了HL在淡水钻井液、盐水钻井液、饱和盐水钻井液、人工海水钻井液、含钙盐水钻井液的降滤失性能及其在180℃下16 h滚动老化前后的性能变化.结果表明,HL具有良好的降滤失作用,抗高温、耐盐能力也较强.     

钻井液类型对南极冰层取心钻进工作的影响

钻井液的类型与性能对于提高极地冰层取心钻进的效率与保证钻孔稳定性具有重要的影响。在分析铠装电动机械钻具工作原理与钻井液循环方式的基础上,较为详细地分析了升降钻具的速度与钻井液粘度与密度之间的关系;分析了现有钻井液类型和所存在的问题;以二元脂肪酸二醇酯、低分子量饱和脂肪酸酯与甲基硅油的试验测试数据为基础,确定了可用于极地冰层取心钻进的钻井液类型及其性能要求。     

涠西南地区岩石特性及钻井液技术研究

北部湾盆地涠西南油田群是南海西部重要的原油产区，同时油田群紧邻众多国家级自然保护区，属于环境敏感区域。针对北部湾盆地涠西南地区环保要求，以及涠洲组和流沙港组钻井过程经常出现井壁失稳导致的憋卡、起下钻阻卡等问题，开展了涠西南地区地层泥页岩特性及环保钻井液技术研究。通过地层岩石黏土矿物分析、孔喉结构分析以及理化性能评价，明确了涠西南地区泥页岩井壁失稳的机理；提出以类油基的水溶性复合基基液为核心，构建了一套具有油基钻井液工程特性和水基钻井液环保特性的新型环保防塌钻井液技术，并进行了相关的现场应用。现场应用显示：应用井与邻井相比，12-1/4″井段阻卡划眼时间减少，井径扩大率大幅度降低，并且在128 h的长时间浸泡过程中没有复杂情况产生，有效地解决了涠洲组、流沙港组易失稳地层的井壁稳定问题；同时，钻井液环保性能达到一级海域环保要求，可以替代目前应用的油基钻井液体系，解决了海上使用油基钻井液存在配制成本高、含油钻屑需全回收及环境危害隐患大等技术难题。该研究对于涠西南油田环保、井壁失稳和钻井液技术发展具有较高的理论价值和借鉴意义。     

皖页1HF井油基钻井液技术研究及应用

针对皖页1HF水平井用油基钻井液性能的要求,开展了密度1.3 g/cm3和抗温120 ℃钻井液体系的优选与评价。以0号柴油为基础油,通过分析主乳、辅乳、润湿剂、有机土和降滤失剂对体系性能的影响,优选出5种因素的最优配比,并对优选配方进行了密度和抗温性能的评价,确定油基钻井液体系为主乳4%、辅乳1.5%、润湿剂1%、有机土3.5%、降滤失剂5%,该体系经过120 ℃老化16 h后,塑性粘度33 mPa·s,动切力9 Pa,平均破乳电压735 V,高温高压滤失量1.8 mL;该体系在皖页1HF井现场应用中性能稳定。     

稳定盐膏层井眼的不饱和有机盐水钻井液新技术

从力学和物理学角度分析,人们一般采用油基钻井液、饱和盐水钻井液或欠饱和盐水钻井液钻盐膏层,但油基钻井液因为自身缺陷无法大规模使用,而且井下经常出现事故或复杂情况。在成本可接受的情况下,采用适当密度的不饱和有机盐钻井液,可使钻井液在满足地层盐岩适当溶解的同时又具有较强的抑制性,从而达到盐膏层井眼稳定的目的。在室内进行了以密度为1.30 g/cm3和1.36 g/cm3有机盐水溶液为基液配制而成的两套钻井液常规性能、抗污染性能和盐溶量实验,认为两套钻井液都能够满足盐膏层的钻井需要,且在Y5-2井也进行了现场试验,表明与同构造上的其它完成井相比,无事故或复杂情况,综合成本低。     

油基钻井液在南海西部油气田复杂区块钻井中的应用

油基钻井液成本高昂,但对在复杂地层进行的海洋钻井而言,依然具有水基钻井液不可比拟的优势。针对南海西部油气田3个高难度钻井区块钻井过程中遇到的工程难题,给出了相应的油基钻井液体系配方、性能和维护方法;阐述了不同海域含油钻屑的处理方法。钻井实践证明,油基钻井液体系不仅是易坍塌井、高温高压井及老油田超低压调整井钻井作业顺利进行的重要保障,而且具有良好的储层保护性能,有利于油气田的勘探和开发。     

新型水基钻井液体系在页岩气钻井中应用探讨

目前中国页岩气水平井水平段钻井主要使用油基钻井液,但油基岩屑处理费用昂贵,急需开发和应用一种具有环境保护特性的高性能水基钻井液体系。通过室内实验,优选出适合于水基钻井液的封堵剂、降失水剂等主要处理剂,进而研制出了钾铵基聚磺成膜钻井液体系配方,并进行了抗温性、润滑性、防塌抑制性、封堵性、抗污染性性能评价实验。结果表明：钾铵基聚磺钻井液流变性能良好,抗温可达150 ℃;润滑性能优良,具有较好的抗盐、抗钙污染性能和防漏封堵性能,防塌抑制性强。     

线性石蜡基钻井液高温高压性能的研究

为了评价近期研制出的新型线性石蜡基钻井液的高温高压性能,对优选出的线性石蜡基钻井液开展了一系列的实验研究。评价试验包括：高温老化试验、高温流变性试验以及温度压力共同作用下钻井液的流变参数的测定。在试验研究的基础上,建立了预测高温高压条件流变参数的回归模型。该回归模型可用来预测限定条件下某一井深处的流变参数。研究结果表明,优选出的线性石蜡基钻井液可用作深井钻井的钻井液。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861