岩体裂隙动水注浆扩散半径影响试验

水灰比与注浆压力是动水注浆设计中的关键因素,基于自主设计的模拟裂隙动水注浆室内试验平台,开展了裂隙动水注浆试验,探讨了浆液在裂隙中的扩散方式,分析了纯水泥浆液扩散半径与注浆压力和水灰比之间的联系,并通过计算流体力学软件模拟对试验结论进行了验证。研究结果表明：浆液的扩散方式为分区扩散,注浆压力不变时,扩散半径与水灰比成反比;水灰比不变时,扩散半径与注浆压力成正比。     

裂隙岩体渗透性研究

提出了裂隙岩体中单一非等宽裂隙的渗透模型,探讨了对具有多组节理的裂隙岩体进行渗透性分析的方法,并以锦屏一级水电站工程为例,基于坝址区岩体节理的实际测量资料,建立渗流计算模型,对岩体的渗透特性进行评价。     

裂隙岩体渗透系数确定方法研究

裂隙岩体渗透系数以及渗透主方向的确定对研究岩体渗透性大小及各向异性具有重要意义。高放废物地质处置库介质岩体的渗透性能将直接影响其使用安全性。本文运用离散裂隙网络模拟的方法对我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区3#钻孔附近裂隙岩体进行了渗透性质分析。通过对3#钻孔171.5~178.0m段压水试验数据的反演,标定了离散裂隙网络渗流模型中的裂隙渗透参数(导水系数T)。利用标定的离散裂隙网络模型对场区裂隙岩体进行了渗流模拟,确定了该区域裂隙岩体的渗流表征单元体(REV)的尺寸大小以及渗透主值和主渗透方向。运用离散裂隙网络模型计算得出的渗透主值的几何均值与现场压水试验计算结果较接近,证明了计算结果的有效性。     

基于三维裂隙网络的裂隙岩体表征单元体研究

岩体表征单元体（REV）的研究一直是岩土工程中的重要问题。裂隙岩体REV是其内部复杂结构在尺寸效应上的体现,归因于岩体内裂隙系统的随机性。在三维网络模型的基础上通过计算体积节理数建立了确定岩体REV的方法。这种方法考虑了岩体内裂隙的三维空间密度的特征,采用体积节理数这一参数的收敛状况确定岩体REV的大小。建立了实际岩体的模拟裂隙系统,用一定大小的立方体来分割裂隙系统,统计不同立方体内的体积节理数,并将均值作为最终裂隙岩体的参数。将此参数作为裂隙岩体的属性,通过判别其收敛状况获得了岩体REV的尺寸。考虑了岩体不连续面的特征,建立了REV的分析模型,得出工程岩体的REV的尺寸是裂隙平均迹长的4倍的结论。     

岩溶地区岩体裂隙网络渗流分析

岩溶区由于其特殊的岩性,造成岩体裂隙非常发育,这些发育的裂隙很容易形成连通网络,在具有化学侵蚀性水流的作用下,裂隙通道被加宽,从而导致渗漏量增加。在岩溶区岩体裂隙发育特点的基础上对岩体裂隙网络进行了划分,用Monte-Carlo三维模拟技术模拟岩体裂隙的发育程度,同时也模拟出裂隙网络连通图,该图再现了优势裂隙的发育方向。在岩体节理网络的基础上,将各种裂隙和孔隙按规模和渗透性分为四级处理, 即一级真实裂隙网络、二级随机裂隙网络、三级等效连续介质体系、四级连续介质体系,各级裂隙之间以水量平衡原理建立联系。然后采用多重裂隙网络渗流模型对岩溶区岩体裂隙的渗流进行分析。研究表明,将多重裂隙网络渗流模型应用于岩溶区坝基岩体渗流分析中,能够比较确切而直观的反映出岩溶区岩体裂隙系统渗流分布规律,对岩溶区水库的防渗和防腐蚀措施具有重要的指导意义     

裂隙岩体渗流概念模型研究

裂隙岩体中的渗流和传统的多孔介质渗流在机理上存在本质的差别,这种差别主要表现为裂隙岩体在各种尺度上存在的非均质性。模拟裂隙岩体渗流的主要困难在于描述这种非均质性。目前的概念模型,包括等效连续体模型、离散裂隙网络模型和混合模型使用了不同的技术来预测裂隙岩体中的渗流。这些模型基于不同的假设和概念框架,有着各自不同的优缺点。在实际应用时,应当根据研究域的具体特点和所要解决的问题的要求对其选择,此外,还讨论了单裂隙的概念模型。     

裂隙参数分析在岩体力学和水力学习性研究中的应用

岩体的力学和水力学习性主要取决于其中裂隙的发育程度。一定成因的裂隙具有一定的发育规律,这一规律既具确定性又具随机性。本文详细讨论了表示岩体裂隙发育程度特征参数的量测和分析方法,重点论述了裂隙参数分析在研究岩体渗透习性、岩体中裂隙网络计算机模拟及岩体弹性参数分析等方面的应用。     

裂隙岩体非饱和渗流的分形模型

基于毛细吸持理论和Sierpinski空间的假定,建立了用分维数表示的毛细压力-有效饱和度及毛细压力-相对渗透系数关系的裂隙岩体非饱和渗流分形模型。根据Monte-Carlo模拟技术由平硐资料生成三维裂隙网络,利用盒维数方法计算裂隙岩体体积分维数。探讨了分维数与裂隙渗透率的关系。结合糯扎渡水利工程实例,将模型计算结果与Brook-Corey模型对比,结果表明相对渗透率主要受最大裂隙开度的影响,当裂隙开度范围不大时,分形模型可较好描述岩体裂隙的毛细压力与有效饱和度的关系。当裂隙开度范围较大时, ,忽略最大裂隙开度,模型可以等价于Brook-Corey模型。     

多场耦合作用下岩体裂隙扩展演化关键问题研究

裂隙岩体热-水-应力（THM）耦合是目前研究的热点和难点。首先总结了裂隙岩体多场耦合的机制、模型、方法及研究内容,并通过分析裂隙对THM耦合的重要控制作用,提出了在THM耦合中考虑裂隙网络扩展演化及模拟的关键问题,同时指出了研究的3个关键点：（1）建立考虑裂隙网络演化的耦合模型;（2）裂隙扩展的数值模拟方法;（3）THM耦合及岩体变形、失稳全过程的数值模拟算法。随后通过对模拟多场耦合和裂隙扩展数值方法的归类比较,重点论述了目前适用于模拟多场耦合下裂隙扩展模拟的各种数值方法（包括有限单元法、无单元法、单位分解法、离散单元法、岩石破裂过程分析方法和数值流形方法）的优缺点,并通过对比研究,推荐采用数值流形方法（NMM）来实现对关键问题的模拟研究。最后,对研究思路和难点进行了初步探讨。     

裂缝性致密油藏直井体积改造产能评价模型

针对裂缝性致密油藏,基于拉普拉斯变换及Stehfest数值反演, 建立了一种可用于直井体积改造产能评价的半解析两区复合模型,模型内区包含有限条无限导流水力裂缝,外区是经典的Warren-Root双重介质系统. 并分析了导压系数比α、裂缝传导率比β、储容比ω、窜流系数λ以及改造半径r_eD等参数敏感性,绘制了产量递减图版。结果表明：从产量递减曲线,可以看出体积改造直井产能遵循“L”形递减规律;导压系数比越大,初期产量越高;裂缝传导率比对整个生产周期的产能都有影响,裂缝传导率比越大,单井产量越高,同时还会伴有明显的复合边界流特征;储容比和窜流系数分别影响双重介质基质-裂缝系统窜流发生的程度和时间;内区人工主裂缝条数越多或改造渗透率越大,复合边界流越明显,产能也越高,这说明改造程度与改造体积对产能的增加都很重要,应注意两者的合理优化。矿场实例验证了该模型在裂缝性封闭边界油藏直井多次压裂改造以及裂缝性致密油藏直井体积改造方面的适用性和实用性。     

Application of Stochastic Fracture Network with Numerical Fluid Flow Simulations to Groundwater Flow Modeling in Fractured Rocks

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Modelling poroelastic hollow cylinder experiments with realistic boundary conditions

A general poroelastic solution for axisymmetrical plane strain problems with time dependent boundary conditions is developed in Laplace domain. Time‐domain results are obtained using numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. Previously published solutions can be considered as special cases of the proposed solution. In particular, we could reproduce numerical results for solid and hollow poroelastic cylinders with suddenly applied load/pressure (Rice and Cleary, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 1976; 14 :227; Schmitt, Tait and Spann, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 1993; 30 :1057; Cui and Abousleiman, ASCE J. Eng. Mech. 2001; 127 :391). The new solution is used to model laboratory tests on thick‐walled hollow cylinders of Berea sandstone subjected to intensive pressure drawdown. In the experiments, pressure at the inner boundary of the hollow cylinder is observed to decline exponentially with a decay constant of 3–5 1/s. It is found that solutions with idealized step‐function type inner boundary conditions overestimate the induced tensile radial stresses considerably. Although basic poroelastic phenomena can be modelled properly at long time following a stepwise change in pressure, realistic time varying boundary conditions predict actual rock behaviour better at early time. Experimentally observed axial stresses can be matched but appear to require different values for α and ν than are measured at long time. The proposed solution can be used to calculate the stress and pore pressure distributions around boreholes under infinite/finite boundary conditions. Prospective applications include investigating the effect of gradually changing pore pressure, modelling open‐hole cavity completions, and describing the phenomenon of wellbore collapse (bridging) during oil or gas blowouts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

采用Laplace变换分析桩基应力波传播问题

将土体中的混凝土桩基简化为黏滞介质中的一维黏弹性杆,桩顶部受锤头冲击产生内部应力波。根据杆内微元应力平衡条件建立杆中一维黏弹性应力波传播的控制方程,结合桩顶锤头冲击条件和桩底弹-黏性约束条件给出桩基两端的耦合边界条件。对控制方程和定解条件作Laplace变换并求解变换后的常微分方程,得到变换域的应力像函数解析解。采用数值反变换技术将像函数转变为时间域的应力波形。应用此方法可以较方便地分析桩基中应力波的产生、传播、反射及相互作用过程。     

The Development of a new Numerical Modelling Approach for Naturally Fractured Rock Masses

Summary. An approach for modelling fractured rock masses has been developed which has two main objectives: to maximise the quality of representation of the geometry of existing rock jointing and to use this within a loading model which takes full account of this style of jointing. Initially the work has been applied to the modelling of mine pillars and data from the Middleton Mine in the UK has been used as a case example. However, the general approach is applicable to all aspects of rock mass behaviour including the stress conditions found in hangingwalls, tunnels, block caving, and slopes. The rock mass fracture representation was based on a combination of explicit mapping of rock faces and the synthesis of this data into a three-dimensional model, based on the use of the FracMan computer model suite. Two-dimensional cross sections from this model were imported into the finite element computer model, ELFEN, for loading simulation. The ELFEN constitutive model for fracture simulation includes the Rotating Crack, and Rankine material models, in which fracturing is controlled by tensile strength and fracture energy parameters. For tension/compression stress states, the model is complemented with a capped Mohr-Coulomb criterion in which the softening response is coupled to the tensile model. Fracturing due to dilation is accommodated by introducing an explicit coupling between the inelastic strain accrued by the Mohr-Coulomb yield surface and the anisotropic degradation of the mutually orthogonal tensile yield surfaces of the rotating crack model. Pillars have been simulated with widths of 2.8, 7 and 14 m and a height of 7 m (the Middleton Mine pillars are typically 14 m wide and 7 m high). The evolution of the pillar failure under progressive loading through fracture extension and creation of new fractures is presented, and pillar capacities and stiffnesses are compared with empirical models. The agreement between the models is promising and the new model provides useful insights into the influence of pre-existing fractures. Further work is needed to consider the effects of three-dimensional loading and other boundary condition problems.     

Laplace变换边界积分方程与Schapery数值反演法模拟溶质运移问题

本文将对流－弥散方程化为纯尔散方程，采用Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换，Ｓｃｈａｐｅｒｙ数值反演法求解，通过裕列计算对选取不同的Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换参数的计算结果进行比较，分析Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换参数对计算精度的影响，给出Ｐ值的选取方法式。     

基于离散裂缝网络模型裂缝储层的随机模拟——以王窑区块为例

在燕山期、喜山期构造活动作用下,王窑区块发育北东向和南北向共轭剪切裂缝。针对该裂缝进行了统计分析,并利用离散裂缝网络模型对裂缝进行了随机模拟。模拟结果表明:研究区共轭裂缝北东向较为显著,且以高角度裂缝为主。裂缝对渗透率影响较为明显,将研究区的渗透率提高到20×10-3μm2,孔隙度增加约2%。     

Analytical study of mine closure behaviour in a poro‐visco‐elastic medium

This paper is interested in the hydro‐mechanical behaviour of an underground cavity abandoned at the end of its service life. It is an extension of a previous study that accounted for a poro‐elastic behaviour of the rock mass (Int. J. Comput. Geomech. 2007; DOI: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.11.003 ). Deterioration of the lining support with time leads to the transfer of the loading from the exterior massif to the interior backfill. The in situ material has a poro‐visco‐elastic constitutive behaviour while the backfill is poro‐elastic, both saturated with water. This loading transfer is accompanied by an inward cavity convergence, thereby compressing the backfill, and induces an outward water flow. This leads to a complex space–time evolution of pore pressures, displacements and stresses, which is not always intuitive. In its general setting, a semi‐explicit solution to this problem is developed, using Laplace transform, the inversion being performed numerically. Analytical inversion leading to a quasi‐explicit solution in the time domain is possible by identifying the characteristic creep and relaxation times of volumetric strains with those of the deviatoric strains, on the basis of a parametric study. A few numerical examples are given to illustrate the hydro‐mechanical behaviour of the cavity and highlight the influence of key parameters (e.g. stiffness of backfill, lining deterioration rate, etc.). Further studies accounting for more general material behaviours for the backfill and external ground are ongoing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

裂缝性储层裂缝的阵列侧向测井响应数值模拟

为了研究裂缝性储层裂缝的阵列侧向测井响应, 采用裂缝组平板裂缝模型, 利用三维有限元方法, 进行不同裂缝参数条件下的高分辨率阵列侧向测井响应数值模拟.表明阵列侧向视电导率和裂缝孔隙度与裂缝流体电导率成线性关系; 低角度裂缝的阵列侧向深浅视电阻率呈现负差异特征, 高角度缝呈现正差异; 相同裂缝孔隙度下, 裂缝密度增加可使得阵列侧向视电阻率增加, 当裂缝密度足够大时, 测井响应特征基本不随裂缝密度发生变化; 交叉缝的测井响应与具有相同角度的平行裂缝组差异明显, 且不同倾角组合的交叉缝的测井响应之间差异明显.阵列侧向测井对裂缝有较强的敏感性, 根据其测井视电阻率大小可以评价裂缝孔隙度, 根据深浅视电阻率的幅度差异可以研究裂缝的产状, 这些为将阵列侧向测井用于裂缝性储层裂缝评价有指导意义.      

地下水封石油洞库深部岩体二维裂隙网络模拟

低渗透性的裂隙岩体是地下水封石油洞库建库的最佳选择.为研究深部岩体的稳定性及裂隙渗流特征,对深部洞库区进行了二维裂隙网络模拟.通过深部钻孔裂隙统计和地表裂隙测量统计相结合的方法,得出了洞库区剖面二维裂隙网络图和线密度图.分析了运用钻孔成像结果获得深部裂隙统计参数的优点,并对模拟结果做了进一步分析,结果显示,模拟区主要发...