碳酸盐岩白垩状结构成岩环境及成因

白垩状结构碳酸盐岩是一种白色或淡色疏松、酥脆、多微孔的灰岩。狭义白垩状结构灰岩是指深水盆地、陆棚斜坡及内台地局限海(如潟湖)相中形成的白垩状微孔隙灰泥岩及粒泥岩。广义白垩状结构灰岩指盆地相和陆棚相中包括生物礁、滩的各种沉积体内各种沉积组构产生的白垩状灰岩,也包括白垩状去白云化灰岩及(真)白垩。综合各国学者的有关研究资料,建议将白垩状结构化定义为:"碳酸盐沉积物和碳酸盐岩中的镁方解石和文石在不同成岩阶段通过新生变形而转变成低镁方解石微晶和微亮晶格架,并在其中产生和保存晶间孔喉网络的作用;强化白垩状结构化是指微晶和微亮晶格架受到进一步溶蚀和淋滤,从而形成次生溶蚀孔隙网络的作用"。论述了世界各地的地史中不同成岩阶段白垩状结构碳酸盐岩成岩环境的例证和白垩状结构化成因。     

碳酸盐岩与泥质烃源岩生气规律对比研究

配制了两套成熟度相近的碳酸盐岩和泥质岩丰度系列样品。采用半封闭外加温加压式热压模拟装置对碳酸盐岩的生烃情况进行了热模拟实验，研究了碳酸盐岩生气量随成熟度和温度变化的趋势，探讨了碳酸盐岩生气的变化规律。碳酸盐岩与泥质岩的生烃潜力是有机质质量和有机质丰度的函数，与岩性无关；碳酸盐岩的产气规律与泥质岩相似，而且两者产烃的量级也相当，并不存在碳酸盐岩生排烃效率高的现象；碳酸盐岩和泥质岩总有机碳(TOC)含量在热模拟过程中基本上不发生变化；不同岩性的有机质的产烃效率主要受温度和有机质类型决定。     

A comparison between the fabric camera and texture goniometer methods of fabric analysis by X-ray diffraction

The effects of grain size on the analysis of fabrics by X-ray diffraction using both the fabric camera and the texture goniometer are discussed. Simple calculations show the interdependance between the mean grain diameter and the number of crystals which are measured by each instrument. The effects of both grain size and modal composition of the specimen are illustrated by comparative analyses. Both the fabric camera and texture goniometer are well suited to the analysis of specimens in which the mean grain diameter is between approximately 10 and 100 microns. The texture goniometer is more suitable when the grain size is less than this, while the fabric camera is better suited when the grain size is coarser, especially when the specimen is not monomineralic.     

Quantitative mineralogical analysis of carbonate sediments by X-ray diffraction: a new, automatic method for sediments with low carbonate content

A new X-ray diffraction method has been developed whereby the weight percentages of aragonite and low and high-magnesium calcite are determined from the integrated peak areas of samples. Peak areas are measured by a step scanning method. The weight percentages of MgCO₃ in calcite are determined from the angular position of the calcite peak. This technique uses a direct calculation method which simplifies the preparation of the samples and the calibration processes and increases the quality of the results. The fully automatic method uses a desk-top computer to guide the diffractometer and to carry out the necessary calculations. Tests on precision and accuracy of the method indicate that results with less than ± 4% error (mineral %) and ± 0.6% error (MgCO₃%) are obtainable for all samples even those with a low (10%) carbonate content.     

苏南地区碳酸盐岩的溶蚀性分析

为了解江苏南部地区碳酸盐岩地层的岩溶发育潜力,采集代表性岩石样品,并制作成统一规格的试片,开展一个水文年的溶蚀试验。结果表明,本地区碳酸盐岩的平均溶蚀速度约为1.42 mm?ka-1,与国内其它地区相比处于较低的水平,大致相当于西南地区的1/30,略高于北方岩溶区。实验证明了苏南地区二叠系、三叠系碳酸盐岩具有最强的溶蚀性,这为解释上述地层区的岩溶现象提供了地质依据。研究还表明,岩石的溶蚀性与Ca含量关系密切,同时也受岩石矿物成分、微构造影响,一般高Ca碳酸盐岩具有较高的溶蚀性。苏南地区的岩溶发育性以岩石溶蚀性为基础,但水动力条件也十分关键,宜兴地区二者兼备,岩溶最为发育。     

Automatic identification of rocks in thin sections using texture analysis

This paper presents a test of the automatic identification of photomicrographs of rocks in thin sections using digital image processing and texture analysis. Three sets of textural measures derived respectively from the cooccurrence matrix, texture space, and texture spectrum have been used to identify six rock types (mylonite, diorite porphyry, diorite. gabbro, granite, and peridotite). Exploring only the texture characteristics of images, the average correct recognition rate reaches 89% for 58 photographs belonging to the six types. The results also show the importance of using those more discriminating texture features in the classification algorithm. For the present study, the average rate of correct classification ranges from 46% to 89% depending on the set of texture measures used. The features extracted from the texture spectrum have more discriminating performance than the conventionally used Haralick measures derived from the cooccurrence matrix.     

The 3D quantitative lattice and shape preferred orientation of a mylonitised metagranite from Monte Rosa (Western Alps): Combining neutron diffraction texture analysis and synchrotron X-ray microtomography

Two complementary 3D techniques, neutron diffraction and synchrotron X-ray microtomography (SXR-μCT), were used to compare the Shape and Lattice Preferred Orientations of a mylonitised metagranite from the Monte Rosa unit (Western Alps, Italy). The goal of using these techniques was to obtain two different orientation distribution functions. Although the two functions describe relatively independent characteristics of the rock fabric, nonetheless they also exhibit close relationships to macroscopic fabrics and may be complementarily used to quantify rock fabrics and microstructures, thereby highlighting 3D features that cannot be obtained with either technique, if used independently. We describe an approach that can be potentially useful in various disciplines, e.g., structural geology, rock mechanics, tectonics and geophysics, when a complete data set of preferred orientations and size distribution is needed.Micas display a strong orthorhombic symmetry between mesoscopic lineation and microscopic SPO and LPO, whereas quartz and feldspars are characterised by a monoclinic symmetry between mesoscopic lineation and LPO. These observations suggest a rheological decoupling between the weak phase mica layers and the stronger quartz + feldspar layers. This mechanical decoupling occurred during the Alpine subduction-collision, when the Monte Rosa unit was part of the Insubric Line system and accommodated large vertical strain.     

碳酸盐岩Mg同位素分析方法及研究进展

Mg是中等挥发和流体活动性元素,也是生物所必需的元素,几乎参与了地球上所有的地球化学过程,包括物理、化学和生物循环。近20年来,随着多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）高精度测定Mg同位素技术的快速发展,Mg同位素在碳酸盐岩研究中显示出非常广阔的应用前景,其中低Mg碳酸盐岩的研究对了解大陆地壳的化学演化具有非常重要的作用。然而,由于现有高Ca低Mg碳酸盐岩的分析方法并不能很好地将Ca完全去除,因此利用低Mg碳酸盐岩的Mg同位素特征进行地质研究仍然存在很大的局限性。通过对已有碳酸盐岩的Mg同位素分析方法进行归纳总结,认为可采取下列措施提高低Mg碳酸盐岩样品的Mg同位素分析精度,即上柱前完全溶解样品;化学分离过程中确保Mg与其他基质元素完全分离;淋洗基质过程中采用HF与HNO3混合酸进行淋洗,同时提高Mg的进样量;采用新鲜的测试样品和标准溶液进行测试等。上述措施可为该分析方法的改进及其在碳酸盐岩类Mg同位素研究中的应用提供参考。     

Strain-rate estimation using fractal analysis of quartz grains in naturally deformed rocks

The area-perimeter fractal dimension (D) of quartz grains has earlier been proposed as a strain-rate gauge based on experimental deformation of quartz aggregates. To test the application in naturally deformed rocks, D is calculated in (a) three quartzites belonging to the Lunavada Group of rocks (Aravalli Mountain Belt, NW India) that developed textures between 420–600°C and (b) one quartz reef sample from the Malanjkhand Granite (Central India), which underwent dynamic recrystallization between 250–400°C. Using the above T ranges and calculated D values, strain-rates are calculated for the two sets of samples. A 10^−12.7 s⁻¹ strain rate at 250°C is calculated for the quartz reef sample. However, at higher temperatures the calculated strain-rate is >10⁻¹⁰ s⁻¹ for the quartz reef and the quartzite samples. The quartzites show evidence of dynamic recrystallization by grain boundary migration (GBM) and subgrain rotation (SGR), while the quartz reef is replete with evidence of bulging (BLG) recrystallization. T and calculated strainrates are plotted on available recrystallization map of quartz. It is demonstrated that whilst the T/strain-rate of the quartzites does not fall in the region of GBM and SGR, the T/strain-rate of the quartz reef falls in the BLG region. The problems with strain-rate calculations using area perimeter fractal dimension are discussed. It is concluded that the method of strain-rate calculation can be used only for lower T.     

Thermal expansion and high temperature structure evolution of zoisite by single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction

The thermo-elastic behaviour and the temperature-induced structure evolution of a natural Fe-free zoisite have been investigated by in situ single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction. Neither discontinuities in volume expansion nor changes in symmetry have been observed up to 1,023 K. Zoisite shows a negative thermal expansion along [100] at T > 700 K, while a continuous positive expansion occurs on the (100) plane. Two different regimes in the anisotropic thermal behaviour of zoisite can be distinguished (i.e. at T < 700 K and T > 700 K), corresponding to an increase in the volumetric thermal expansion at T > 700 K. The structure evolution with temperature has been described by a series of X-ray and neutron refinements at different temperatures. In particular, the M(3) polyhedra show a significant octahedral flattening and expansion in the equatorial plane with T. All [SiO₄] tetrahedra show a regularization with increasing T. The neutron refinements show no change in the configuration of the hydrogen bonding at least up to 873 K. The effects of the T-induced main deformation mechanisms on the anisotropic elastic behaviour of zoisite are discussed. A comparison with the thermal behaviour of epidote has been carried out.     

Monitoring in situ stress/strain behaviour during plastic yielding in polymineralic rocks using neutron diffraction

Attempts to use rock deformation experiments to examine the elastic and plastic behaviour of polymineralic rocks are hampered by the fact that usually only whole sample properties can be monitored as opposed to the separate contribution of each phase. To circumvent this difficulty, room-temperature, uniaxial compression experiments were performed in a neutron beam-line on a suite of calcite + halite samples with different phase volume proportions. By collecting diffraction data during loading, the elastic strain and hence stress in each phase was determined as a function of load to bulk strains of 1–2%. In all cases, the calcite behaved elastically while the halite underwent plastic yielding. During the fully elastic part of the deformation, the composite elastic properties and the within-phase stresses are well-described both by recent shear lag models and by analyses based on Eshelby's solution for the elastic field around an ellipsoidal inclusion in a homogeneous medium. After the onset of yielding, the halite in situ stress/total strain curve may be reconstructed using the rule of mixtures. At calcite contents of greater than 30%, the in situ halite response may be significantly weaker or stronger than that obtained at lesser calcite contents. The results highlight the potential that such techniques offer for developing an explicitly experimental approach for determining the influence of microstructural variables on the mechanical properties of polymineralic rocks.     

Porphyroblast-matrix microstructural relationships in deformed metamorphic rocks

Most porphyroblast-matrix microstructural criteria used for inferring relative time relationships between metamorphism and deformation are equivocal. Therefore, all reasonable alternative explanations should be considered, and as many criteria as possible should be applied to a particular microstructure before an interpretation is made. Such microstructures should not be interpreted without adequate consideration of metamorphic implications, with emphasis on assemblages, rather than individual minerals.

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Zusammenfassung Die meisten Gefügekriterien der Beziehung von Porphyroblasten und Matrix, die zur relativen Zeitbestimmung von Metamorphose und Deformation herangezogen werden, sind nicht eindeutig. Es sollten daher alle zusätzlichen Informationen berücksichtigt und alternative Abfolgen geprüft werden, ehe man aus einer Gefügeanalyse eine Altersabfolge aufstellt. Eine Deutung der Gefüge sollte nicht ohne Kenntnis der Metamorphosebedingungen gegeben werden, wobei weniger die Einzelminerale als mehr die Mineralvergesellschaftung die entscheidenden Kriterien liefern können.

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Résumé La plupart des critères microstructuraux matrice-porphyroblastes employés pour établir l'âge relatif entre le métamorphisme et la déformation sont ambigus. C'est pourquoi il faut considérer toutes les explications possibles, et appliquer autant de critères que possible sur une microstructure particulière avant de l'interpréter. L'interprétation de ces microstructures doit tenir compte des événements métamorphiques, et, plus particulièrement, des assemblages plutôt que des minéraux individuels.

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海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩热解动力学研究:全岩和干酪根的对比

我国海相碳酸盐岩地层分布广泛,厚度巨大,经历的地质历史较长,特点是有机质丰度低,多处于高过成熟阶段.碳酸盐岩烃源岩评价对我国的油气资源评价与勘探至关重要.用生烃动力学方法来研究碳酸盐岩生油气过程是一个值得探索的研究方向.本文通过生烃动力学热模拟实验,求取了碳酸盐岩全岩和其干酪根不同烃类组分(甲烷、 C2～ C5气态烃)的生成动力学参数并进行对比.结果表明,在生烃动力学热解实验中,全岩和其干酪根具有相似的动力学参数,采用烃源岩应该比干酪根更符合实际,但是干酪根样品可以测得更为详细的实验数据,因此可以根据样品的情况,选择合理且易行的实验条件.在此基础上,以本文得到的参数作为参照指标,用动力学方法外推到地质实际中,可准确地提出适合我国的碳酸盐岩生烃定量模型,能为碳酸盐岩的资源评估等方面给出定量数值,从而为有效烃源岩的定量评价提供一种新的方法和途径.     

碳酸盐岩地区古风化壳岩溶储层

世界整装大油气田均以海相盆地为主,储集类型首推碳酸盐岩岩溶孔洞+裂缝。岩溶发育的程度除相控外,层序不整合界面与区域性地层不整合面的复合面,在表生成岩作用环境下可形成碳酸盐岩古风化壳型岩溶。塔里木盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系古喀斯特油气藏的重大突破,佐证了碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的特殊意义。我国海相盆地碳酸盐岩风化壳岩溶的形成和演化,均与加里东构造旋回中的幕次古隆起和海平面下降共耦,埋藏期和热水溶蚀的叠加可改善岩溶的储集性能。在大面积覆盖的油气田区预测古风化壳型的岩溶储层,可通过地震剖面追踪区域性地层不整合面和层序界面,圈出古岩溶的时空展布、推测古岩溶地貌以及与不同层位岩性相的关系。孔洞充填方解石与碳酸盐围岩的氧碳同位素有别,前者的Z值小于120,是反馈淡水岩溶环境的重要标志之一。     

Natural indicators of solid-body rotation in deformed rocks

Mechanically passive features with structural polarity such as faint graded beds or cross beds are apt to be the best natural gauges of two-dimensional paleo-rotation. If the primary dip direction of cross bedding is known, then the planes of bedding and cross bedding collectively record the magnitude of three-dimensional rotation. Rigid spherical inclusions fail to roll as a result of oblique superposition of pure finite strains or due to bulk rotation of lithologic units. In progressive simple shear, the rigid-body rotation of spherical or circular inclusions is generally greater than the solid-body rotation of the weak matrix, which cannot exceed 90 degrees.     

Recognizing soft-sediment structures in deformed rocks of orogens

Soft-sediment deformation structures are common on passive continental margins, in trenches at subduction zones, and in strike-slip environments. Rocks from all these tectonic environments are incorporated into orogens, where soft-sediment deformation structures should be common. However, recognizing soft-sediment structures is difficult where superimposed tectonic structures are present. In seeking characteristic features of soft-sediment deformation, it is important to separate questions that relate to physical state (lithified or unlithified) from those that address the overall kinematic style (rooted or gravity driven). One recognizable physical state is liquefaction, which produces sand that has much lower strength than interbedded mud. Hence structures which indicate that mud was stronger than adjacent sand at the time of deformation can be used as indicators of soft-sediment deformation. These include angular fragments of mud surrounded by sand, dykes of sand cutting mud, and most usefully, folded sandstone layers displaying class 3 geometry interbedded with mud layers that show class 1 geometry. All these geometries have the potential to survive overprinting by later superimposed tectonic deformation; when preserved in deformed sedimentary rocks at low metamorphic grade they are indicators of liquefaction of unlithified sediment during deformation.     

Thermal conductivity of carbonate rocks

The thermal conductivities of several well-defined carbonate rocks were determined near 40°C. Values range from 1.2 W m^?1C^?1 for a highly porous chalk to 5.1 W m^?1C^?1 for a dolomite. The thermal conductivity of magnesite (5.0) is at the high end of the range, and that for Iceland Spar Calcite (3.2) is near the middle. The values for limestones decrease linearly with increasing porosity. Dolomites of comparable porosity have greater thermal conductivities than limestones.Water-sorbed samples have expected greater thermal conductivities than air-saturated (dry) samples of the same rock. An anomalously large increase in the thermal conductivity of a water-sorbed clayey dolomite over that of the same sample when dry is attributed to the clay fraction, which swells during water inhibition, causing more solid-to-solid contacts within the dolomite framework.Measurements were made with a Colora Thermoconductometer. Chemical and mineralogical analyses were made and tabulated. Porosity of the rocks was determined by mercury porosimetry and also from density measurements. The Iceland Spar Calcite and magnesite were included for reference.     

变形岩石的显微构造与岩石圈流变学

岩石圈的流变学分析和岩石构造、显微构造证据揭示出大陆岩石圈具有显著的横向和纵向上的异向性,并具有明显的非板块表现.全面开展不同温度和压力条件下变形岩石的构造与显微构造分析,正确认识岩石圈不同层次上岩石的流变学规律、流动机理及其制约因素等,将成为后板块构造研究与新的岩石圈演化理论建立的基础和主要动力.岩石流动的宏观-微观尺度问题(岩石圈结构与流变性、边界弱化效应和岩石流变学与显微构造响应等)、岩石流动的时间问题(不同时间尺度岩石的流动性、实验室模拟与天然岩石流动的协调性、浅层岩石流动变形的有效定年等)、岩石流动的制约因素(内在的成分与结构、外在的物理与化学环境)将成为岩石圈流动与岩石变形显微构造研究的重要方面.现代化实验室建设和最新实验技术、手段的利用将成为解决上述科学问题的必要条件.     

Strain analysis of deformed granitic rocks (Helikian), Muskoka District,Ontario

Three-dimensional analysis of irrotational, longitudinal, finite strain was carried out on samples from a crescentic sheet which intruded and was deformed with a host gneiss unit of probable Helikian age. Analytical methods were compared using deformed feldspar grains representing four ideal degrees of strain intensity observed in the porphyritic sheet. The polar plot and R_f/φ, R_s methods proved most reliable and sensitive.Data derived from fabric and strain analysis at 38 sites in the units suggest a two-stage deformational sequence. The first stage produced recumbent, isoclinal, similar (class 2) folds with northwest-trending hinge surface traces. This fold form was modified during the second stage to produce an overall type 2 fold interference pattern. The second stage produced upright, open buckle folds as well as the resultant strain fabric currently observed. Strain analysis confirms the general fold geometries of the model, and also documents competency contrasts between the matrix and feldspar grains with increased strain intensity and magnitude. Deformation of feldspar grains in the sheet involved modification of a fabric of low strain magnitude (?_s = 0.3) and a k value near unity to magnitudes of ?_s = 2.6 and k = 0.6. Matrix strain intensities and magnitudes are consistently higher than those of the feldspar markers in the sheet. This variation is related to competency differences between the matrix and the feldspar grains. Fabric anisotropy accounts for the strain gradient observed between the sheet and gneiss.