Study of petrographic composition and depositional environment of the coals from Queen seam of Yellendu area,Godavari valley coalfield,Andhra Pradesh

The study of coal succession from bore hole No. Q-448 of Yellendu area of the Godavari valley coalfield, Andhra Pradesh reveals that the coals of Queen seam are high volatile bituminous C in rank and have vitrinite reflectance (R_o max %) varying between of 0.52 and 0.62%. The petrographic constitution however, suggests that the depositional site appears to be a slowly sinking and tectonically controlled basin, having received continuous supply of vegetal matter rich resource at regular intervals. The formation of inertinite rich coal suggests, oxidising enviornment of deposition. The dominence of vitrinite and liptinite constituents in these coals postulates the existence of alternating cold and humid spells. The present study indicates that these coals originated under an alternate oxic and anoxic moor condition.     

Petrographic characteristics of coal from Mailaram coalfield,Godavari valley,Andhra Pradesh

The quantitative maceral study of the Queen seam from Mailaram coalfield of Godavari valley has displayed alternate coal bands rich in vitrinite/liptinite or inertinite. The random vitrinite reflectance (R_o max. %) of these coals, from top part ranges from 0.50 to 0.64%. However, the bottom part of the seam has indicated lower reflectance, between 0.49 and 0.52%. Thus, the Queen seam, in general, has attained high volatile bituminous C rank. The study indicates that the depositional site has been a slowly sinking basin that witnessed alternate dry (oxidizing) and wet (reducing) spells. This subsequently caused fluctuation in water table of the basin and the formation of oxic and anaoxic moor condition, where accumulated vegetal resource transformed into mixed and fusic coal types in due course of time. Being high in liptinite and vitrinite contents and low mineral matter, the Queen seam of Mailaram coalfield has high economic potential.     

煤层流变及其与煤矿瓦斯突出的关系—以淮北海孜煤矿为例

复杂地质条件下煤层受层间滑动作用容易发生流变。本文以淮北海孜煤矿为例，详细分析了煤层流变所引起的煤层形变宏观、微观及构造煤特征，总结了煤层流变构造发育的规律。煤层流变引起煤层形态、煤厚及煤体结构的变化，并形成各种构造煤。利用煤镜质组光率体各向异性进行了应力、有限应变分析，探讨了煤层流变机制是以剪切为主，伴有挤压的后期构造作用。海孜煤矿构造活动具有多期性，但煤层受力的主要方向始终为NW－SE向，这与煤层发生流变形成总体NE－SW向增厚变薄带的展布方向是一致的。已采区的煤层流变有：韧性流变、脆性流变及韧脆性流变。煤层流变引起的厚度变化和煤体结构的破坏是造成煤矿瓦斯突出的主要因素。     

The Lower Permian coal seams from Singrauli coalfield (M.P.), India: petrochemical nature, rank, age and sedimentation

Biopetrographic and chemical investigations carried out on the Lower Permian (Barakar Formation) coal seams encountered in two bore-holes (NCSM-3 and CMSA-111) from the Singrauli coalfield, Son Valley, reveal that they are, in general, rich in inertinite and mineral matter towards the eastern part. Whereas, towards the western part they are rich in vitrinite with subordinate amounts of inertinite and mineral matter. The Turra and Purewa Top seams, in the eastern part, consist chiefly of mixed and fusic coal types and the Turra and Purewa Merged seams, in the western part of the basin, are characterized dominantly by vitric and mixed coal types. The basin of deposition was shallower in its major part but deepened towards west. Consequently frequent oxic fluctuations are most common in the coal seams of the eastern part.The rank of these coal seams ranges between subbituminous-A to high-volatile bituminous-C stages. They show normal increase in rank with depth. The coal seams in the western part of the area are higher in rank than their counterparts in the east. The Purewa Bottom seam (NCSM-3) is petro-palynologically correlatable with the Turra seam (CMSA-111) of the western part.It has been presumed that Glossopteridophyta (a complex group of gymnospermous plants), arthrophytes and ferns were the vegetal source for the formation of Barakar coal seams. These plants during the Early Permian grew as thick forests along river valleys and as upland and subaquatic vegetation, and experienced a warm, humid and windy temperate climate. The coal seams were presumably deposited in backwater and lacustrine swamps in fluvial environment from hypoauchthonous source material.An attempt has been made to explain reasons for the high incidence of mineral matter and its apparent relationship with inertinite content in the coal seams while also discussing the depositional history.     

The geology, petrology and geochemistry of coal seams from the St. Rose and Chimney Corner coalfields, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada

Seams from the St. Rose and Chimmey Corner coalfields, Nova Scotia, Canada, were sampled and examined for petrographic and geochemical composition. Rank determinations indicate a rank of high volatile C-B bituminous. Seams show regular alternations of dull and bright microbanded lithotypes, with dull lithotypes predominant in the central portion of the main seam (No. 5 seam). Brighter lithotypes are dominated by vitrinite (>80%), with minor inertinite (avg. 12%) and minor liptinite. Duller lithotypes contain greater amounts of inertinite (up to 40%) and liptinite (primarily sporinite). Mineral matter consists of epigenetic pyrite, with lesser amounts of clay and quartz. Cabonates are common in the Chimney Corner seams. Elemental composition of the seams is similar to other Canadian coals and fall within world coal ranges, with the exception of high concentrations of Cl, Zn, Ni, Mo, Pb, Cu and As.Depositional environment of the seams as indicated by maceral composition, lithotypes and geology suggest a predominance of wet forest to reed moor conditions, in a fluvial-lacustrine setting. Periodic episodes of flooding and drying are indicated by lithotype, maceral and mineral variations.     

Application of reflectance micro-Fourier transform infrared analysis to the study of coal macerals: an example from the late jurassic to early cretaceous coals of the Mist Mountain Formation, British Columbia, Canada

The applicability of the reflectance micro-Fourier Transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) technique for analyzing the distribution of functional groups in coal macerals is discussed. High quality of spectra, comparable to those obtained using other FTIR techniques (KBr pellet and transmission micro-FTIR), indicate this technique can be applied to characterizing functional groups under most conditions. The ease of sample preparation, the potential to analyze large intact samples, and ability to characterize organic matter in areas as small as 20 μm are the main advantages of reflectance micro-FTIR. The quantitative aspects of reflectance micro-FTIR require further study.The exaples from the coal seams of the Mist Mountain Formation, British Columbia show that at high volatile bituminous rank, reflectance micro-FTIR provides valuable information on the character of aliphatic chains of vitrinite and liptinite macerals. Because the character of aliphatic chains influences bond disassociation energies, such information is useful from a hydrocarbon generation viewpoint. In medium volatile bituminous coal liptinite macerals are usually not detectable but this technique can be used to study the degree of oxidation and reactivity of vitrinite and semifusinite.     

河北南部石炭一二叠纪煤层气烃源岩特征

河北南部地区石炭一二叠系煤层煤种丰富,峰峰、邯郸矿区煤层的宏观煤岩类型以半亮煤和半暗煤为主;显微煤岩类型为微镜煤、微镜惰煤及微暗煤;煤的结构以细、中宽条带状结构为主,在半亮煤和半暗煤中最多;有机显微组分以镜质组最高,一般可占50％～91％,惰质组占10％～35％,壳质组含量一般不超过5％,对煤层气来说,这是比较有利的烃源条件：区内大淑村矿2煤的矿物质含量最低,其煤的吸附能力较其它矿区高;主煤层镜质组最大反射率具有北高南低的分布规律,揭示了煤的生烃强度具有由南向北逐渐增高的趋势。该区煤层气源岩不仅影响煤的生烃能力,还影响着煤层对甲烷的吸附能力和煤层气的开采能力。     

Isometamorphic variations in the reflectance and fluorescence of vitrinite—a key to depositional environment

Petrographic investigations of serial ply samples from five high- to medium-volatile bituminous coal seams from Australia (4) and Canada (1) reveal substantial in-seam variations in the reflectance and monochromatic microfluorescence intensities of the maceral subgroup telovitrinite. The variations consist of one case of reflectance enhancement and fluorescence suppression, and four cases of reflectance suppression and fluorescence enhancement. The single case of reflectance enhancement and fluorescence suppression is due to the oxidation of the vitrinite nuclei at the sequence boundary between the Bayswater and Upper Wynn seams in New South Wales. The four cases of reflectance suppression and fluorescence enhancement result from the syn- and epigenetic absorption by the vitrinite nuclei of hydrogen donated by, presumably, anaerobic bacteria-generated lipids. Two of the coals are marine-influenced: the Liskeard Seam from the Bowen Basin by combined syngenetic and epigenetic effects, and the Greta Seam from the Sydney Basin mainly by epigenetic contact with sea water. For both coals, the results are strong vitrinite reflectance suppression and fluorescence enhancement. The remaining two coals, the Bulli Seam from the Sydney Basin and a coal seam from the Gates Formation in British Columbia, show moderate epigenetic effects on the optical properties of telovitrinite by fresh-water. In the Bulli Seam which was studied in two adjacent localities, the reflectance suppression and fluorescence enhancement of telovitrinite are stronger under sandstone roof than under shale roof. In some cases, the epigenetic effects are superimposed on syngenetic telovitrinite reflectance and fluorescence variations resulting from the cogeneration and mixing of different telovitrinite precursors, for example, autochthonous roots and hypautochthonous or allochthonous shoots. A measure of the degree of dispersal and mixing is the coefficient of variation of telovitrinite reflectance and/or fluorescence. This coefficient correlates well with detrital minerals and dispersed macerals, e.g., inertodetrinite and, to a lesser extent, sporinite. Some comments are made on slitted so-called pseudovitrinite which is regarded as a telovitrinite that was subjected to very weak post-coalification desiccation and possibly oxidation without losing much of its thermoplastic properties.     

The Late Triassic Callide Coal Measures, Queensland, Australia: Coal petrology and depositional environment

The Late Triassic (Carnian-Rhaetian) Callide Coal Measures are preserved in a partly fault-bounded basin remnant in east-central Queensland, Australia. The sequence comprises up to 150 m of interbedded clastic sedimentary rocks and at least four major coal seams, including one coal body up to 23 m thick. The sequence was deposited initially in high-gradient alluvial fan systems which gave way through time to sandy, low-sinuosity rivers. The restricted, intermontane and entirely alluvial nature of sediment accumulation is here considered to have influence the petrographic characteristics of Callide coals, and their external geometry.The main coal seam from the Callide Measures shows variation in the predominance of some macerals, indicating successions of environmental changes. The application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to the study of the Callide coal has enabled a better understanding of the nature and origin of some of the less understood macerals such as micrinite and vitrinite B. Two forms of vitrinite have been observed, each with a distinct reflectance range. The wood-sourced vitrinite A displays an average reflectance of 0.56%, implying a higher rank than the 0.49% Ro total vitrinite reflectance recorded in previous publications. Vitrinite B and A together represent the most commonly occurring macerals in the Callide coal samples of the present study. The lower-reflecting vitrinite B which forms bands, often several hundred μm in thickness, in TEM shows sub-micron electron transparent laminae of lipid-rich material alternating with a more conventional vitrinite material. The vitrinite B is interpreted to represent accumulations of leaves.The Callide coal has entered the oil window, and oil has been generated from some exinite, cutinite, and resinite, as evident from change in fluorescence and the presence of exsudatinite in cell cavities and cleats. Vitrinite B is seen under the microscope to also be generating oil. Micrinite, the origin of which has been much debated, occurs in selected horizons only, as lenticular bodies suggesting cell filling or filling of spaces between laminations in vitrinite B. TEM shows micrinite to consist predominantly of sub-micron pyrite and possibly other mineral particles adsorbed on humic acids.     

Petrographic characteristics and depositional conditions of Permian coals of Pench, Kanhan, and Tawa Valley Coalfields of Satpura Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India

This paper attempts to characterize the coals of Satpura Gondwana basin using a large number of pillar coal samples drawn from the working coal mines of Pench, Kanhan, and Tawa (Pathakhera) Valley Coalfields of this basin. This westernmost Gondwana basin of Peninsular India is graben/half-graben type and occupies an area of 12 000 km² with sedimentary fills (>5000 m) ranging in age from Permian to Cretaceous. The Barakar Formation (Permian) is exclusively coal-bearing with a total coal reserve of nearly 2000 Mt. The results show that the coals of this basin are equally rich in inertinite (22.8–58.7%, 24.5–62.0% mmf basis) and vitrinite (24.4–52.4%, 24.4–56.0% mmf basis). The concentration of liptinite ranges from 8.8% to 23.2% (9.0–26.0% mmf basis). The dominant microlithotypes of these coals are inertite and vitrite with comparatively low concentrations of vitrinertite and clarite. The vitrinite reflectance (Rom% values) suggests that the Pench Valley (0.30–0.58%) coals are subbituminous C to high volatile C bituminous in rank, while the Kanhan and Tawa Valley coals (0.52–0.92%) are subbituminous A to high volatile A bituminous in rank. The localized enhancement of rank in the latter two basins has been attributed to the extraneous heat flow from deep-seated igneous intrusions in the basin. The microlithotype composition of these coals is suggestive of their evolution in limno-telmatic zones, under fluvio-lacustrine control with the development of upper deltaic and lower deltaic conditions near the fresh water lacustrines. The floral input is characteristic of forest swamps with intermittent floods, leading to the development of reed moor and open moor facies, particularly in the Pench Valley basin. The Gelification Index (GI) and Tissue Preservation Index (TPI) are suggestive of terrestrial origin with high tree density. Further, moderately high GI and exceedingly high telovitrinite based TPI along with high ash content, particularly for the coals of Kanhan and Tawa Valley Coalfields, are indicative of the recurrence of drier conditions in the forested swamps. Furthermore, lateral variation in TPI values is indicative of increase in the rate of subsidence vis-à-vis depth of the basin from east to west (Pench to Tawa Valley Coalfield). The Ground Water Index (GWI) suggests that these coals have evolved in mires under ombotrophic to mesotrophic hydrological conditions. The Vegetation Index (VI) values are indicative of the dominance of herbaceous plants in the formation of Pench Valley coals and comparatively better forest input in the formation of Kanhan and Tawa Valley coals.     

Petrography and depositional conditions of the 64/65 coal seam in the Intrasudetic Basin,SW Poland

Variation in petrological composition of the coal of the 64/65 seam has been studied. Two types of vertical lithotype succession were distinguished. The first type is represented by bright lithotypes interlayered with clastic partings, while the second one shows a succession of lithotypes from bright to dull between clastic partings. The occurrence of these two types is believed to be the result of a different rate of subsidence. A trend of upward-decreasing vitrinite content has been observed in the seam with the second type of the vertical succession. This pattern was frequently interrupted by clastic partings. This tendency was not developed in the seam of the first succession type.On the basis of microlithotype and maceral composition it is found that the 64/65 seam represents a wide range of peat-forming environments from telmatic forest moor to open moor. Almost all bright-banded and banded coals were deposited in telmatic forest moor facies, while dull-banded coal, depending upon its petrographic composition, represents telmatic forest moor, telmatic reed moor, limno-telmatic forest moor and limno-telmatic reed moor. Dull coal represents only an open moor environment.Facial analysis of clastic sediments surrounding the seam revealed that there was a relationship between coal and clastic sedimentation. The features of the seam are strongly related to sub-peat topography, distance from active distributaries, and stability of the area.Sulfur and ash contents as well as character of clastic partings and petrology of the seam suggest conditions typical for groundwater and surface dominated swamps with pH a little higher than 4.     

Changes in hydrocarbon maturity indices with coal rank and type,Buller Coalfield,New Zealand

The Buller Coalfield (South Island, New Zealand) is an inverted late Paleogene Basin that contains middle Eocene bituminous coals which exhibit considerable variation in both coal rank (across-basin), and coal type (in-seam). Twenty-two fractionated bitumen extracts of Brunner Coal Measures coal samples from 12 drillholes were analyzed by GC and GC–MS to characterize the effect of coal rank and type on conventional hydrocarbon maturity indices at the beginning and end of the oil window (0.56–1.26% Ro_max).The Carbon Preference Index, pristane/phytane and isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios evolve throughout the high volatile bituminous B rank stage, while other biomarker ratios [18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane/17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Ts/Tm), 18α(H),21β(H)-30-norneohopane (C₂₉ Ts)/17α(H),21β(H)-30-norhopane and C₃₀ diahopane/hopane] do not show appreciable change in value until medium volatile bituminous rank. Various aromatic based ratios appear to be more effective in delineating rank throughout the entire oil window; in particular the Methylphenanthrene Index and vitrinite reflectance are positively correlated over the entire bituminous rank range. However, subtle changes in depositional conditions (variable coal type) complicate these rank estimates. Within a given coal seam, variation in CPI, isoprenoid/n-alkane and hopane/sterane ratios appear to be related to the hydrogen content of the coal, while the homohopane index and the oleanane/hopane ratio covary with sulfur content. As with depressed vitrinite reflectance values, MPI is similarly lowered in the perhydrous samples. The mechanisms that control these hydrocarbon parameters during deposition and diagenesis are complex and convoluted, however, changes in bacterial activity and community (with marine incursion) appear to play an important role. Due to these anomalies, none of the hydrocarbon maturity indices calculated can be singularly used to constrain coal rank.     

Evaluation of coal bed methane potential of coal seams of Sawang Colliery,Jharkhand, India

The coal seams of Sawang Colliery, East Bokaro Coalfields are bituminous to sub-bituminous in nature and categorized as high gaseous seams (degree II to degree III level). These seams have the potential for coal bed methane (CBM) and their maturity increases with increasing depth, as a result of enhanced pressure-temperature conditions in the underground. The vitrinite maceral group composition of the investigated coal seams ranges from 62.50–83.15%, whereas the inertinite content varies from 14.93–36.81%. The liptinite content varies from 0.66% to 3.09%. The maximum micro-pores are confined within the vitrinite group of macerals. The coal seams exhibit vitrinite reflectance values (Ro% calculated) from 0.94% (sample CG-97) to 1.21% (sample CG-119). Proximate analyses of the investigated coal samples reveal that the moisture content (M%) ranges from 1.28% to 2.98%, whereas, volatile matter (VM%) content is placed in the range of 27.01% to 33.86%. The ash content (A%) ranges from 10.92% to 30.01%. Fixed carbon (FC%) content varies from 41.53% to 55.93%. Fuel ratio variation shows a restricted range from 1.53 to 1.97. All the coal samples were found to be strongly caking and forming coke buttons. The present study is based on the adsorption isotherm experiments carried out under controlled P-T conditions for determination of actual gas adsorption capacity of the coal seams. This analysis shows that the maximum methane gas adsorbed in the coal sample CG-81 is 17 m³/t (Std. daf), at maximum pressure of 5.92 MPa and experimental temperature of 30°C. The calculated Langmuir regression parameters P_L and V_L range from 2.49 to 3.75 MPa and 22.94 to 26.88 m³/t (Std. daf), respectively.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Effects of igneous intrusions on coalbed methane potential, Gunnedah Basin, Australia

The Gunnedah Basin, NSW, Australia, contains more than 500 Gt of coal, and has been the subject of recent coalbed methane exploration. Large areas of the basin contain igneous intrusions and large areas of coal have been heat-affected as a consequence. A detailed study has been undertaken of coal seams intersected in a cored coalbed methane exploration drillhole in which two sill-form igneous intrusions are present. Comparisons are made between coals that are unaltered and coals that have been heat-affected, using petrographic and chemical data, coal seam gas desorption data, and gas chemical analysis data.Results demonstrate that the two igneous intrusions have had a very positive effect on coalbed methane development. The gas content in a number of heat-affected coal seams within thermal aureoles above and below the sills is substantially higher than in adjacent unaffected coal seams. In addition, the intrusions have had little effect on gas quality. The coals in the heat-affected zone were found to contain gas with approximately 95% methane. The coals in the thermal aureoles were found, under the microscope, to contain characteristic micropores and slits, which collectively may serve to enhance gas adsorption capacity, permeability, and gas desorption. Gas contents below each of the sills is substantially higher than above the sill, confirming earlier results that the sills appear to have acted as a reservoir seal, during and for some time after intrusion. The background coal rank in ACM Yannergee DDH 1 is in the high-volatile bituminous range. The igneous intrusions have resulted in an increase in rank such that large areas of coal have moved into the optimal thermogenic gas generation window. This rank increase has affected a major part of the coal-bearing sequence.     

神木煤田延安组1~(-1)、1~(-2)及2~(-2)煤层的煤岩学特征及煤相划分

根据鄂尔多斯盆地神木煤田延安组1~(-1)、1~(-2)及2~(-2)煤层的平均光泽和结构特征,划分出了12种宏观煤岩类型。显微研究表明,该区煤中均质镜质体的含量较高,且多为草本植物和灌木类所组成,因此认为根皮镜质体的大量存在是该区煤的主要煤岩特征之一。此外,一些过渡型显微组分,如半镜质体和半丝质体的含量也相对高。依据因子分析和聚类分析结果并结合凝胶化指数和结构保存指数,划分出4种沼泽相:开阔水域水生植物淤泥相、深覆水草甸沼泽相、浅覆水草本灌木混生沼泽相和陆地森林沼泽相。     

Scientific classification of bituminous coals

Proposals for the new international classification systems of bituminous coals, at present being prepared by the respective U.N. ECE group of experts, presuppose applying the micropetrographic parametes — vitrinite reflectance, as a measure of rank, and inertinite content. These parameters, the utilizability of which is indisputable from the scientific point of view, are not sufficient for a complete characterization of the coal mass properties in thermo-chemical transformations, particularly in the coking process. These proposals, therefore, assume the use of further parameters, specially the swelling index and volatile matter, to eliminate the limitation of the micropetrographic parameters.On the basis of an extensive sampling base of bituminous coals produced in the Ostrava-Karviná coal district (OKR coals), an evaluation was carried out of different parameters characterizing the most important properties of the coal mass and respective classifications were proposed. Selected classification parameters were: vitrinite reflectance, as a measure of rank, associated with the properties of the ordered part of vitrinite macromolecules, the H/O_at ratio, reflecting the properties of their disordered part, inertinite content and coking property, expressed by the swelling index (SI). The scientific character of this classification consists in the fact that it reflects significant physical and chemical properties which can be measured by means of the instrumental techniques available at present and, moreover, that it is associated with coal mass genesis.In order to evaluate coal reserves in seams, this classification has been modified to a less complicated variant, using three parameters, which is applicable to evaluating coal blends for coke production on the basis of expressing the coal-blend composition according to rank.     

五凤井田煤岩层对比

五凤井田龙潭组含煤层数多,厚度变化较大,根据井田钻孔地质资料,采用标志层法、古生物法,结合物性特征及煤质特征等对井田主要可采煤层进行对比。该井田6号煤位于龙潭组顶部,上距龙潭组顶部灰岩标志层6m,±常分叉为6上、6中、6下三层,6中煤层平均厚度〉2m,为全区最厚,且唯一可采煤层,对比可靠;26号煤位于龙潭组中段底部,结构简单,无夹石,其直接顶板为高伽马异常,与上下相邻煤层区别明显;33号煤位于龙潭组下段,是井田内唯一一层大可部分可采的高硫煤,易于对比。     

塔里木盆地深部煤层失稳机理及防塌钻井液技术

针对塔里木盆地深部煤层钻井过程中钻井液漏失和井壁垮塌等井下复杂问题,采用镜质体反射率分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等方法测试了煤的微观结构和理化性能。明确了煤层的失稳机理:煤中固定碳质量分数平均超过60%,镜质体反射率大于1.0%,煤化程度高、性脆、易破碎;黏土矿物总的体积分数低于25%,黏土中不含强水敏性矿物蒙脱石;煤层割理呈网状分布,其宽度主要集中在1~10 μm,易漏失。综合判定煤层失稳类型为力学失稳。以煤层微观结构为目标,结合钻井液材料粒度分布,优选沥青类封堵剂,设计出适用于煤层的沥青质聚磺防塌钻井液体系,其性能测试结果表明:沥青质聚磺防塌钻井液滤失量低、泥饼薄,能有效封堵煤的绝大部分割理,减少钻井液侵入量,防止煤层垮塌。研究成果一定程度上为塔里木盆地深部煤层的安全高效钻井提供技术保障。      

The lateral and vertical reflectance and petrological variation of a heat-affected bituminous coal seam from southeastern British Columbia, Canada

Thermally altered pods of coal of very high rank have been observed in a high-volatile-bituminous coal seam in the eastern side of Eagle Mountain, Elk Valley Coalfield, British Columbia. Rank changes have been measured over a strike distance of 7.5 m from 1.24% to 7.1% R_{o max}, corresponding to a rank gradient of 0.78% R_om⁻¹.Petrologically, unaltered to extremely altered vitrinite showing nongranular (basic) anisotropy, mosaic-textured liptinite and pyrolytic carbon are the most abundant components. The limited presence of mosaic on vitrinite is an indication that the coal seam may have been weathered prior to being heat-affected.Evidence points to localized temperatures as high as 1,000°C, which could have been caused by a lightning strike. The eastern side of Eagle Mountain has experienced higher temperatures than the western side, and it appears that the heat ‘front’ and zone of alteration have an irregular pattern, pointing to saturation of parts of the coal seam by water.Four types of pyrolytic carbon having distinct morphology, anisotrophy and optical path with increasing temperature were observed. Reflectance of pyrolytic carbon falls within the zone of heat-affected coals, whereas the optical path of heat-affected Seam 15 samples is different from that of fresh coal with increasing rank.Finally, the reflectance of vitrinite in heat-affected coal is higher than the reflectance of vitrinite in carbonaceous shale in the Seam 15 section.