广东省风能资源分布的数值模拟

以风能资源数值模拟评估系统（WERAS）为基础,对其中的MM5模式模拟方案进行改进（即利用格点分析张弛逼近的方法完成3 h间隔的地面观测资料的四维同化处理,以减小原WERAS系统的模拟误差）,对广东省2009-06-01―2010-05-31的逐时风能资源进行高时空分辨率的数值模拟评估。模拟结果表明：广东省风能资源较丰富的地方主要分布在沿海地区和粤北、粤西海拔较高的山区,70 m高度上年平均风速达到6.0 m/s以上,年平均风功率密度达到300 W/m2以上;冬半年的风能资源优于夏半年;风能主要由出现频率相对较低的大风速过程产生。模拟结果所揭示的广东省风能资源时空分布特征与本地的气候特征和地形地表特征相符合,70 m高度风速模拟误差在10%左右,风功率密度模拟误差在30%左右。     

沱江地区风能资源分析及发电应用研究

本对江华县沱江地区低风速区的喇叭口地形的风能资源进行了计算和分析表明，该地区风能资源较丰富，有一定利用潜力和开发价值，为湖南地区利用风能资源提供了科学依据。     

东北地区风能资源空间分布特征与模拟

利用东北地区104个气象站1991~2010年观测资料和70个测风塔2009年6月~2010年5月测风资料,进行了风能资源空间分布特征分析,并利用中尺度模式WRF进行风能资源空间模拟,以研究观测站点稀少地区的风能资源分布特征。研究结果表明:1东北地区气象站和测风塔揭示的大风区域主要分布在平原和丘陵的高海拔地带。2中尺度模式WRF能够较好地模拟东北区域风速分布的气候特征,模拟结果既反映出平原大面积的大风区域,也可反映出山区因地形起伏造成的风速空间分布差异。3对风能资源参数模拟结果进行海拔高度订正,可以进一步提高模式计算结果的准确性和可靠性。4松嫩平原、辽河平原、三江平原70 m高度年平均风功率密度在300~500 W/m2之间,属于风能资源可利用区或较丰富区;在辽宁省西部、吉林省中部和黑龙江省中部丘陵以及东北地区东南部的呈东北-西南走向的中高山区的70 m年平均风功率密度可达300 W/m2以上,局部地方可达500 W/m2以上,风能资源丰富。     

青海西部黄瓜梁地区风能资源的观测与评估

 塔的观测资料,计算了风速、平均风功率密度等参数,利用风能评估方法分析了风能参数、风向频率的变化规律及其特征。结果表明,观测年度10～100 m年平均风速和年平均风功率密度分别在4.0～5.2 m·s-1、83.5～200.2 W·m-2之间,且随高度的升高而增大。测风塔各高度3～25 m·s-1风速的时数在4 560～5 316 h之间,最多风向为偏西北风、次多风向为偏东北风。风能密度主要集中在W—NNW和NNE—NE扇区,累积频率分别达60%和29%。观测年50 m高度风速距平百分率偏小（-5.15%）,长年代校正的年平均风功率密度值为192.3 W·m-2,达到了1级（＜200 W·m-2）并网型风力发电的风电场等级标准,指示这个区域的风能资源比较丰富。     

环青海湖风能资源的评估——以沙珠玉为例

基于2009-06-2010-05环青海湖沙珠玉测风塔的观测资料,计算了风速、平均风功率密度等参数,利用风能评估方法分析了风能参数、风向频率的变化规律及其特征.结果表明:观测年度10～70 m年平均风速和年平均风功率密度分别在4.4～5.7 m/s 138.4～285.1 W/m2间,且随高度的升高而增大.测风塔各高度3～25m/s风速的时数在5 090～6 045 h间,最多风向为偏东南风,次多风向为偏西北风.风能密度主要集中在NNW-NW扇区,累积频率达53%.观测年50 m高度风速距平百分率偏小(-15.17%),长年代校正的年平均风功率密度值为397.2 W/m2,达到了3级(>300 W/m2)并网型风力发电的风电场等级标准,指示这个区域的风能资源比较丰富.     

基于MM5模拟试验的新疆风能资源统计订正初探

 应用MM5模式以及1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料,对新疆风能资源“代表年”进行了3 km×3 km分辨率的模拟试验,同时将10 m高度的模拟值与气象站10 m高度的实测值进行了对比。结果表明：(1)模式能较真实反映年、月平均风速大小的空间分布特征,但存在一定的系统性偏差,且偏差的大小具有明显的月际变化特征与地域性变化特征。平均来说,夏半年的偏差幅度小于冬半年,大风区的偏差幅度明显小于非大风区,达坂城-小草湖风区、哈密东南部风区、三塘湖-淖毛湖风区的模拟偏差最小。(2)对各风区逐小时平均风速模拟值进行线性回归订正,虽能有效减小有些风区模拟与实测值间的风速偏差,但对有效风速小时数的订正效果极其有限,订正后的偏差仍具有随机性。（3）以月为单位,通过对逐小时平均风速模拟值立方的回归订正可有效减小年平均风功率密度的模拟误差,同时模式中逐小时的空气密度可直接以观测点的月平均空气密度取而代之。该试验不仅对近期新疆已经完成的风能资源详查与综合评价中有关中尺度模式参数化方案的最优组合选择和水平分辨率的调整具有现实意义,而且也为如何提高风电功率短期预报的精准性提供了研究素材。     

达坂城——戈壁滩上的风电之都

新疆达坂城风区具有丰富的风能资源,为风电场的建设提供了极其优越的条件。从1988年到现在,经过20年的建设,达坂城风电场从无到有,不断发展,成为亚洲最大的风电场。达坂城——这座位于茫茫戈壁上的城市,也成为了中国名副其实的风电之都。     

河西走廊风能时空特征

利用河西走廊地区1970-2004年风速气候资料和2004年9月-2005年8月周年风塔精细资料,采用气候订正和即时风速订正,得到接近自然的风速,依此研究了该区域近地面70 m层内风能分布。结果表明:河西走廊区域风速变幅较小、气候变化趋势较稳定;有效风速(≥3 m/s)时数在6 000 h/a,10 m高度风能大多在150 w/m2以上,风能随高度线形增长(在70 m高度层内),平均每升高10 m风能增加28 w/m2;10~70 m层内总风能年储量相当丰富,普遍在1.5×1016kWh/m2(千瓦时/平方米)以上,潜在年产值达千万亿元。河西走廊风能存在明显周日和月季变化,风能和有效风速时数存在空间差异,其时空差异与河西走廊独特的戈壁下垫面关系密切。     

脆弱性视角下辽宁沿海地区人海关系地域系统特征演化及可持续发展模式

从脆弱性视角探究区域的可持续发展,将人海关系地域系统分为资源环境系统、经济系统和社会系统。运用集对分析和脆弱性评估相结合的方法,运用主、客观相结合的组合赋权法确定指标权重,分析1996—2014年辽宁沿海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性的演变趋势,运用三角图法对1996—2014年辽宁沿海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性进行分类,进而探究其可持续发展的模式。结果表明:(1)辽宁沿海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性虽然波动频繁,但整体呈下降态势,稳定性显著增强;(2)研究期内,辽宁沿海地区人海关系地域系统没有出现单一子系统脆弱型,而复合子系统脆弱型和均衡脆弱型是其主要类型;(3)建议通过规避模式、适应模式及循环模式,加强陆海统筹,控制海洋资源的过度开发,充分合理利用资源,发展科学技术,培养人才,加强海洋污染治理和环境保护,降低辽宁沿海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性,从而实现可持续发展的目标。     

柴达木盆地东缘地区风资源变化特征(英文)

基于风资源梯度自动观测系统,对柴达木盆地东缘地区风资源时间变化及空间分布特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)研究区域具有较为丰富的风资源,3-25 m s-1之间风速累计时数平均超过6600h,也即275d,超过全年总时数的75%。从各梯度来看,随高度增加累积时数总体增加,小风时越往低层风速累计时数越大,大风时越往高层风速累计数越大;各分析站点中戈壁(GB)<3 m s-1风速时数相对最高,诺木洪(NMH)相对最低,≥3 m s-1风速时数正好相反;有效风速累计小时数小灶火(XZH)各梯度间差异不大,戈壁(GB)总体相对最小。(2)各梯度优势风速谱域基本处在3-9 m s-1范围,峰值风速出现在4-6 m s-1之间;除10 m梯度外,其余各梯度风速频率分布差异不大。相比较其它各层,10 m高度层小风出现频次较高,其余层6-12 m s-1的风速出现频次较高。(3)从不同方位风速及风功率密度情况来看,除戈壁(GB)外,总体优势风为西北风;除诺木洪外,总体风速差异不大。(4)随高度增加风速和风功率密度逐渐增大;但各站点之间差异较大。从逐月情况来看,小灶火(XZH)5-8月份平均风功率密度较大、诺木洪(NMH)和戈壁(GB)分别在4月和8月呈现出两个峰值、快尔玛(KEM)则在冬春季节风资源较丰富,而在夏季较贫乏;从逐小时情况来看,小灶火(XZH)和诺木洪(NMH)呈现出伴随地面温度升高风功率密度逐渐降低的趋势,戈壁(GB)和快尔玛(KEM)则正好相反。(5)各层风平均湍流强度为0.199,平均切变指数为0.075,自10-70m梯度湍流强度和切变指数总体自低层到高层逐渐降低。时间变化情况为,湍流强度与当地气温变化趋势基本一致,即高温对应高湍流,低温对应低湍流;切变指数变化趋势基本与湍流强度相反;各梯度间湍流强度自低层向高层递降,切变指数在10-30m层间最明显。各站点各层次湍流强度基本在0.1-0.25之间,属中等强度;切变指数各站点各层之间差异较大,总体小灶火(XZH)最小,诺木洪(NMH)最大,而且小灶火(XZH)底层为正切变,高层为负切变。期望通过本研究为该地区风电场布设及近地面层风能资源利用提供技术依据。     

辽宁省沿海港址资源综合评价及其地域组合研究

港址资源是海洋空间资源的一种,是港口开发的物质基础。文中从岸线类型、数量、质量、区域体系、利用状况等方面对辽宁省沿海港址资源进行了综合评价,在系统阐述港址地域组合基本理论的基础上,将辽宁省沿海港址资源划分为黄海北部、辽东半岛南端、辽东湾顶部、辽东湾西部 4个地域组合区,旨在从地域综合的角度为辽宁省沿海港址资源的合理、有序开发及可持续利用提供参考性建议。     

中国暖温带海岸风尘沉积序列的研究现状与展望

中国暖温带海岸的风尘沉积序列是断续分布于渤海-北黄海沿岸的以黄褐色为主的粉砂质或砂质沉积物。通过查阅1960年以来的文献资料,综述了此类沉积的分布规律、地层形态、沉积特征、地质年代、形成机制和古环境演变等方面的成果,认为其主体为陆架沙漠化环境下的衍生沉积,是冬季风搬运近源物质的结果,时代上属中-晚更新世。因此,暖温带海岸风尘沉积序列是渤海-北黄海陆架沙漠化的有力佐证,且较好地记录了中国中更新世以来中纬度沿海地区的气候环境变化：时间上,气候逐渐干冷;空间上,自北向南风化作用增强。基于研究现状,展望了今后的工作重点和方向。     

基于遥感和GIS的江苏省海岸线时空变化

以江苏省海岸1973-2012年的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+遥感影像为数据源,利用遥感和GIS技术,对江苏省海岸线的时空变化进行分析。结果表明：显著侵蚀岸段以废黄河口为中心,北至新淮河口,南至双洋港,长度约79.05 km,占研究区岸线总长度的8%;淤涨岸段以弶港为中心,北至运粮河口,南至新中港,长约715.50 km,占72%;其它部分稳定岸段与淤涨岸段相间存在。最大侵蚀速率为-23.37±11.92 m/a,位于废黄河口南侧;最大淤涨速率为445.37±66.80 m/a,位于射阳河口南侧。围垦是江苏省岸线变化的主要因素。总的来看,1973年以来40年间共围垦1912.4 km²,1980年前后出现了一个围垦高峰,之后围垦强度明显减弱且进入休养期,90年代以后围垦又普遍加强。     

与洪泽湖分离的淮河入海水道可行性分析

现在的洪泽湖和淮河中游河道不断淤高,致使淮河中游洪涝不断。入洪泽湖后淮河水主要流入长江。而苏北北部地区需要水,因入海泥沙数量太少而致海岸侵蚀问题不能根本解决,那里需要淮河的泥沙。为改变这种不合理的格局。在洪泽湖北岸和浅水区开挖与洪泽湖分离的河道,连接完成远期工程的淮河入海水道和拓宽、挖深的淮沭河—北六塘河—新沂河水道,使淮河水沙只经过这两条水道到达黄海,改变淮河水沙不合理的资源分配。新水道路程短,比降大,使洪泽湖和淮河中游河道不再淤高,并将进一步使淮河中游水道刷深,减轻淮河中游洪涝灾害,并为洪泽湖湖底高程降低创造条件。通过分析现在淮河的输沙量、输沙模数,与历史时期和其他流域对比,认为连云港至射阳河口这段海岸将改变为北部稳定,南部缓慢进积,形成新的淮河三角洲,彻底解决苏北海岸侵蚀问题。     

黄河入海悬沙季节输送变化与输送机制的数值研究(英文)

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

Numerical simulation on seasonal transport variations and mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River to the Bohai Sea

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

黄渤海海岸季节性风沙气候环境

分析了黄渤海海岸气候形成因素和影响风沙活动的各种气候要素的季节性变化特征，指出冬、春季研究区受东亚大陆气团的影响，形成了干旱、多风的风沙气候环境，尤其是渤海海岸地区冬、春季气候条件与我国内陆沙漠区和严重沙漠化地区相似，也存在风沙灾害的威胁。     

Sediment variability and transport in the littoral area of the abandoned Yellow River Delta,northern Jiangsu

The delta evolution and erosion process of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AYRD) have been extensively studied. However, the variation of sediment at a large littoral scale along the north coast of Jiangsu is less understood. In this study, the data of surface sediment samples obtained in the littoral area of the Yellow River Delta in 2006 and 2012 is used to study the sediment variability and sediment transport trends by using the geostatistics analysis tool and the grain size trend analysis model. In order to ensure the applicability of the model, the geostatistics method is used to determine the characteristic distance (Dc) with the average range value (Ao) of grain size parameter. Filtering method (removing data that not at a sampling station) is used to improve accuracy of data selection. The results show that sedimentary spatial correlation in Lianyun Port area and southern part of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AS) is better than that in the northern part of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AN). Sediment in the area is found to be anisotropy at the northeast-southeast direction. The grain size trend analysis reveals that the sediment trend is towards bayhead and southerly in the Haizhou Bay, southeasterly along the shoreline in the south Lianyun Port, northwesterly in AN and easterly-southeasterly in AS respectively. The investigation of possible relationships between Dc, Ao, sediment transport and delta evolution shows a close link between Dc and Ao of one sediment combination. It is also found that sediment transport trends could reasonably represent the delta evolution to a certain degree.     

Sediment variability and transport in the littoral area of the abandoned Yellow River Delta,northern Jiangsu

The delta evolution and erosion process of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AYRD) have been extensively studied. However, the variation of sediment at a large littoral scale along the north coast of Jiangsu is less understood. In this study, the data of surface sediment samples obtained in the littoral area of the Yellow River Delta in 2006 and 2012 is used to study the sediment variability and sediment transport trends by using the geostatistics analysis tool and the grain size trend analysis model. In order to ensure the applicability of the model, the geostatistics method is used to determine the characteristic distance (D _c) with the average range value (Ao) of grain size parameter. Filtering method (removing data that not at a sampling station) is used to improve accuracy of data selection. The results show that sedimentary spatial correlation in Lianyun Port area and southern part of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AS) is better than that in the northern part of the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AN). Sediment in the area is found to be anisotropy at the northeast-southeast direction. The grain size trend analysis reveals that the sediment trend is towards bayhead and southerly in the Haizhou Bay, southeasterly along the shoreline in the south Lianyun Port, northwesterly in AN and easterly-southeasterly in AS respectively. The investigation of possible relationships between D _c, Ao, sediment transport and delta evolution shows a close link between D _c and Ao of one sediment combination. It is also found that sediment transport trends could reasonably represent the delta evolution to a certain degree.     

Wind stress forcing of the North Sea 'pole tide'

We conduct numerical simulations of the wind forcing of sea level variations in the North Sea using a barotropic ocean model with realistic geography and bathymetry to examine the forcing of the 14 month 'pole tide', which is known to be anomalously large along the Denmark–Netherlands coast. The simulation input is the monthly mean surface wind stress field from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis for the 40 year period 1958–1997. The ocean model output sea level response is then compared with 10 coastal tide gauge records from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) over the same period of time. Besides the strong seasonal variations, several prominent quasi-periodicities exist near 7 years, 3 years, 14 months, 9 months and 6.5 months. Correlations and spectral analyses show remarkable agreement between the model output and the observations, particularly in the 14 month, or Chandler, period band. The latter indicates that the enhanced pole tide found in the North Sea along the Denmark–Netherlands coast is actually the coastal set-up response to wind stress forcing with a periodicity of around 14 months. We find no need to invoke a geophysical explanation involving resonance enhancement of the pole tide in the North Sea to explain the observations.