静水压力对岩体边坡稳定性的影响分析

静水压力对岩体边坡抗滑移稳定性的影响无处不在,在河道和水库两岸常会发现因河道或水库水位的交替消长而发生岸边岩体的滑移与坍塌,通过长期的观察和总结,发现这种情况的发生与岩体边坡外邻水水位的消长以及岩体节理裂缝内水位的变化密切相关。本文通过对水位在不同变化情况下边坡稳定性的定量分析,结合不同实际场景,讨论了边坡外邻水和节理裂缝内充水这两种情况对岩体边坡稳定性影响大小的对比,得出了以下结论:岩体边坡外邻水水位的上涨会增大岩体边坡的抗滑移稳定性;而岩体节理裂缝内水位的上涨会减小岩体边坡的抗滑移稳定性,并定量对比了二者之间的大小关系。     

水对岩质边坡稳定性的影响

自然界中由水引起的岩体失稳主要是由于水边界条件的改变。据岩体中裂隙的发育程度,将岩体边坡期分为两种类型:非连续介质边坡和等效连续介质边坡,结合具体实例,本文从理论和室内模拟两方面分别论述了这两种类型的边坡在水边界条件改变时稳定性的变化规律。     

苗尾水电站赵子坪岸坡变形失稳的地下水动力作用分析

库水位变动是诱发库岸边坡变形失稳的主要因素。为探究库水位变动下倾倒变形岩体破坏后形成的堆积体斜坡的地下水动力作用,以云南澜沧江的苗尾水电站赵子坪滑坡为研究对象,通过现场地质调查和勘探确定了滑坡形态和坡体结构特征;再结合监测数据深入分析了滑坡在地下水动力作用下的变形失稳机制,并基于非饱和土力学理论和有限元法对其失稳机制进行进一步验证。结果显示:赵子坪岸坡为原始倾倒岩体变形破坏后上部强倾倒岩体沿着折断面发生滑动而形成的堆积体斜坡,内部呈层状堆积的片石表明其还保留了部分倾倒岩体的结构特征。水库蓄水后,由于松散的倾倒堆积体为库水渗入坡体创造了良好的条件,地下水位随库水位升高而快速升高,导致孔隙水压力增大而滑坡阻滑段有效应力减小,从而造成稳定性降低,滑坡易沿着由倾倒折断面演化而成的基覆界面发生滑动破坏。     

水-岩相互作用对库岸边坡稳定的影响研究

在三峡水库运营后,将按计划进行周期蓄、排水。对于构成库岸边坡的岩体来说,将受到库水“饱水-风干”水-岩循环作用造成的岩性劣化,进而对坡体稳定性构成严重危害。以砂岩为代表岩体,通过试验模拟了库岸边坡岩体在库水涨落情况下水-岩作用的过程,得出了砂岩受库水“饱水-风干”水-岩循环作用后抗剪强度的劣化规律。结合试验结果,运用FLAC进行了水-岩循环作用下岸坡稳定性的数值模拟,为库岸边坡的稳定性分析提供了有益的依据。     

西气东输管道工程FA014+2～FA014+3号桩跨越场地的边坡稳定性评价

通过野外地质调查确定研究区的区域地震活动、工程地质条件和受力边界条件, 采集样品进行测试获取岩体的基本物理力学指标, 在此基础上进行不同条件下 (天然、饱水、饱水 +震动力 )的边坡三维模拟定量分析, 评价边坡的稳定性, 提出工程建议。     

岭澳核电三期强风化角岩边坡岩体直剪试验研究

采用堆载法进行天然状态与饱和状态下强风化角岩边坡岩体的现场直接剪切试验,获得不同正应力水平下剪切应力-剪切变形关系曲线和剪切强度参数,对其剪切应力-剪切变形关系曲线特征和不同正应力作用下剪应力随正应力的变化规律以及水-力耦合作用对剪切强度与变形特性影响进行了分析。试验结果表明：岩体峰值剪切强度和屈服剪切强度均随正应力的增大而增大;天然状态和饱水状态下剪应力随不同正应力的变化趋势基本相同;岩体剪切强度随含水率的增大而减小,在低法向应力下尤其敏感;水对岩体强度参数中黏聚力c的弱化作用更加明显,同时加大了岩体变形量,延长了岩体变形过程;通过现场直剪试验测得的法向变形可以估算岩体的压缩模量,为边坡稳定性分析提供参数。     

高压压水试验在深钻孔中的应用

常规压水试验一般按三级压力、五个阶段进行。三级压力一般分别为0.3,0.6,1 MPa。但对于水库大坝、深埋地下工程等水头很高的工程而言,常规压水试验结果不能反映实际水头压力作用下岩体的渗透特性。试验在某花岗岩地区500 m深孔中进行,因此选定压力阶段为2,4,6 MPa。试验段长度取为6.5 m,钻孔中共取21个典型区段进行高压压水试验,试验结果表明,高压压水试验能很好地反映岩体透水性的变化规律。该地区属低渗透岩体,因此在该地下工程灌浆处理裂隙岩体时最小灌浆压力值应不小于5 MPa。     

饱水岩体边坡抗滑稳定系数计算

对典型岩体边坡在地下水作用下的抗滑稳定系数进行了推导,绘制了张裂隙充满水的岩体边坡抗滑稳定系数与斜坡要素之间的关系图表以及滑动临界曲线,由此可根据边坡几何要素直接查出抗滑稳定系数和判断是否会发生滑动破坏。     

水-岩和循环加卸载次序作用下砂岩动力特性损伤演化规律

库岸边坡消落带岩体处于长期水-岩作用和频发中低强度水库地震作用之下,岩体的力学特性劣化直接影响库岸边坡的动力响应及抗震能力。基于此,模拟库岸边坡消落带的环境条件,设计进行了模拟库水位周期性升降变化过程的水-岩作用试验,在试验过程中采用循环加卸载方式模拟地震作用的影响,并重点考虑了水-岩和循环加卸载的次序作用。研究结果表明:(1)在水-岩作用下,岩样的动力参数总体呈先陡后缓的指数形式变化,考虑水-岩和循环加卸载次序作用后,岩样动力参数的劣化速度和劣化趋势明显增大,说明频发中低强度水库地震对长期处于水-岩作用环境的岸坡岩体损伤发育有明显的促进作用。(2)在水-岩作用和循环加卸载作用下,岩样的微细观结构由密实状态逐渐趋于松散,对应的完整性劣化系数和次生孔隙率亦呈现先陡后缓的变化趋势,其中,周期性水-岩和循环加卸载次序作用下岩样的微细观结构变化最显著,含初始循环加卸载损伤的岩样次之,单独水-岩作用下岩样的变化趋势最小,不同方案下岩样微细观结构的变化及差别也决定了其动力特性的劣化规律。(3)在长期水-岩作用和频发中低强度水库地震作用下,库岸边坡岩体内部的损伤会逐渐累积发展,直接影响库岸边坡的动力响应特性及抗震能力,因此,在库岸边坡长期抗震性能分析评价中,应该比较系统地考虑岸坡岩体动力特性的劣化规律。     

饱水条件下千枚岩软化效应试验分析

水岩作用是造成水库岸边坡岩体强度劣化的主要因素,尤其对于千枚岩这类特殊性岩体,遇水时强度劣化现象尤为明显。本文以某边坡千枚岩为研究对象,设计了在不同饱水条件下的岩石常规三轴压缩试验,并综合分析试验结果随饱水时间变化规律。研究结果表明:千枚岩与水作用反应强烈,前60d岩石力学参数随饱水时间增加呈近线性降低,至70d逐渐趋于稳定,岩石变形逐渐由弹性变形为主演变为塑性变形为主;各参数劣化规律具有明显的时效性与非均匀性,随饱水时间增长,总体衰减幅度呈先增加后减小,最终趋于平稳的趋势;根据破裂面的剪切破坏模式,得出岩石饱水是一种从微观到宏观的累计损伤过程。该研究成果对于研究水库岸边坡岩体力学性质变化规律具有一定的参考价值。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.