绿洲化过程中绿洲土壤物理性质变化研究

绿洲化是指在一定的经济、技术条件下,为满足社会需求,把原生荒漠改造成人工绿洲的过程。利用空间代替时间的方法研究了约1 000 a来随着绿洲化进程绿洲土壤物理性质的变化过程,旨在为深入认识绿洲化过程提供依据。结果表明:①在约1 000 a的时间尺度上,随绿洲土壤开垦年限的增加,表层（0～20 cm）土壤容重与饱和水力传导度随时间显著降低,与此同时,土壤孔隙度、团聚体稳定性、粉粒含量显著增加。未开垦（0 a）和开垦约1 000 a表层土壤容重分别为1.51 g·cm-3、1.35 g·cm-3,总孔隙度为43.16%、49.27%,毛管孔隙度为38.73%、47.10%,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量为24.60%、49.59%,沙粒含量为85.42%、61.56%,粘粒含量为3.93%、4.80%,土壤比表面积为128 cm2·g-1、231 cm2·g-1,土壤饱和水力传导度为0.74 cm·h-1、0.34 cm·h-1。②绿洲土壤在开垦的最初30 a间土壤饱和水力传导度、>0.25 mm干团聚体、>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体、比表面积变化相对较快,分别为0.01 cm·h-1·a-1、0.58%·a-1、0.50%·a-1、1.48 cm2·g-1·a-1。     

基于PTFs的干旱地区土壤饱和导水率的尺度扩展

土壤饱和导水率的空间分布是流域水文模拟及溶质运移研究的先决条件.基于塔里木河干流108个剖面的土壤质地、有机质及容重等测试数据,运用4种土壤传递函数(PTFs)进行土壤饱和导水率预测与检验,分析土壤饱和导水率的空间变异性并计算合理采样数量,并通过尺度上推的方法预测流域尺度土壤水力参数的空间分布特征.结果表明:Campbell模型为4种PTFs模型中最适合本研究区的土壤传递函数.从空间分布的预测结果来看,不同层土壤饱和导水率的分布特征具有相似性,而深层土壤饱和导水率大于浅层.     

不同土地利用方式对黄土坡地土壤水稳性团聚体和总孔隙度的影响

通过测定土壤水稳性团聚体、总孔隙度、容重等物理性质,对延安梁峁山丘四种不同土地利用方式对土壤水稳性团聚体和总孔隙度的影响作了定量分析。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤水稳性团聚体和总孔隙度的改善作用的大小顺序为草地>有林地>灌木林地>耕地。通过进一步分析四种土地利用方式下,土壤中直径≤1mm有效根根量的分布特征,发现不同土地利用方式下的土壤中,有效根根量的差异是造成这种不同影响的重要原因之一。     

干旱区新垦绿洲人工防护林土壤物理特性及其生态意义

结合灌溉量和树种特征,分析了新垦绿洲克拉玛依农业开发区3个不同树种人工防护林带下土壤容重、总孔隙度、饱和含水量和含水量变化。结果表明,各树种防护林带下土壤物理性质存在垂直变异,其中土壤容重基本呈随着土层深度增加而逐渐增加的趋势,树种种类对土壤容重的影响不大;饱和含水量随着土层深度增加基本呈逐渐降低的趋势,树种种类对土壤饱和含水量影响不大;土壤总孔隙度在不同土层间均存在显著差异。俄罗斯杨和胡杨林带下土壤含水量均呈现出随土层深度增加而增加的趋势。在灌溉量相等且灌溉后经过相同时间的条件下,不同树种林带下在同一土层的土壤含水量存在差异,而在同一树种林带下,灌溉量大小对土壤含水量有影响。从改良土壤结构的角度来说,在选择构建绿洲防护林体系树种时,俄罗斯杨、榆树、胡杨林这3个树种具有同样的优势;从节约用水的角度来说,在防护林树种选择中胡杨比俄罗斯杨的优势大。     

沙漠-黄土南北样带土壤物理性质区域分异特征

采集了沙漠-黄土南北样带从北到南的沙漠区、过渡区、黄土区的土壤样品,测量和分析了不同区域土壤容重(D)、粒度特征。结果表明：①D沙漠区>D过渡区>D黄土区,土壤容重的平均值依次为1.53 g·cm-3、1.51 g·cm-3、1.41 g·cm-3,过渡性明显;②沙漠区以中砂和细砂为主,过渡区以细砂为主,黄土区以细砂和粉砂为主。从沙漠区到黄土区,土壤颗粒逐渐变细,粘粒含量增加,分选性变差,偏度均属正偏,且在增大,峰态从常峰态向窄峰态类型变化,过渡区和黄土区属于双峰态,沙漠区属于单峰态。     

放牧对高寒草甸地表特征和土壤物理性状的影响

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区,选择五种处于不同放牧强度的高寒草甸为研究对象,进行放牧对高寒草甸植被演替规律和土壤对放牧压力的响应过程研究,为合理利用和提高草地生产力提供科学依据。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,高寒草甸地上生物量呈急剧下降趋势,由禾草草甸的646.24 g/m2下降到小嵩草草甸的328.16 g/m2,容重逐渐减小;在小嵩草草甸阶段地表逐渐出现塌陷和裂缝,0~10 cm土层中根土体积比逐渐变大;土壤的质地类型发生变化,由禾草草甸粘壤土转变为壤质粘土;放牧强度对牧草返青开始时间和生长期都没有影响,但在重牧处理时,非生长季地温降低程度很明显。     

雷州半岛土壤渗透性及其与地下水补给关系

对雷州半岛土壤渗透性进行了分析,并结合地形地貌、降雨入渗补给情况,识别地下水潜在补给区。雷州半岛土壤渗透性空间差异较大,饱和渗透系数变化范围为 0.04~8.83 m/d。总体而言,半岛南部、遂溪西北部渗透性较好,中部较差。土壤渗透系数受到土地利用类型、土壤粒径、土壤有机质等的影响。随着土壤中值粒径和有机质含量的增加,土壤渗透系数增加。不同土地利用类型,其土壤平均渗透性优劣表现为：荒地＞桉树林＞甘蔗＞菜地＞菠萝＞其他林地＞香蕉＞苗圃＞坡稻＞水稻田。降雨入渗补给系数南北高、中间低,随着土壤渗透系数增加而提高。半岛南部石茆岭和石板岭一带,地势高,坡度较缓,同时土壤渗透性和降雨入渗补给系数相对较高,为雷州半岛地下水潜在补给区。     

绿洲棉田非饱和土壤导水率的野外试验研究

非饱和土壤导水率是研究土壤水盐运动的重要参数之一,其测定方法很多。根据Libardi等人提出的野外测定非饱和土壤导水率的θ法,通过在阿克苏水平衡试验站棉田的试验,求得了该站绿洲棉田的非饱和土壤导水率,建立了计算非饱和土壤导水率的经验公式,将θ法与毛细管模型确定的非饱和土壤导水率与土壤含水率的关系进行了比较,并分析了θ法的误差来源。研究结果表明:θ法简单实用,是一种野外测定非层状土壤非饱和导水率的行之有效方法。     

黑河上游山地土壤容重分布特征及影响因素

土壤容重不仅可用作计算土壤持水力和导水性,也是估算土壤养分和碳储量的重要变量。野外测定土壤容重一般费时费力,特别是在地形复杂的山区,因此山地土壤容重在国内外大多数清查数据库中缺失。本文以黑河上游山地为例,基于野外调查的124个土壤剖面,研究了山地土壤容重的空间分布特征及影响因素。结果表明:黑河上游山地0~10 cm和0~60 cm土壤容重分别为0.91±0.02 g·cm^-3 和1.04±0.01 g·cm^-3;不同植被类型下,高山寒漠容重最大,山地森林最小。随着土壤深度的增加,容重呈幂函数递增;随着土壤有机质含量的增加,容重呈指数递减。区域上,黑河上游从西北到东南,容重呈递减趋势,从高海拔到低海拔,容重呈先减小后增大趋势。主成分分析(PCA)和一般线性模型(GLM)表明,与土壤容重相关的环境因子中,海拔是影响土壤表层容重的第一主成分,土壤有机质含量是第二主成分,黏粒含量和大于2.0 mm砾石含量分别为第三、四主成分。第一、二、三、四主成分分别解释土壤容重空间变异的24.00%、29.40%、0.01%、6.20%。     

Soil and plant responses to degradation of alpine grassland in source region of the Yellow River

Land degradation has been rapidly taking place in source region of the Yellow River in China. This study was conducted during 2008 in Maduo County to investigate soil and plant changes in relation to land degradation. Several results were derived from this work. First, the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) decreased significantly on the extremely degraded land comparing with the natural grassland. Second, soil bulk density increased as land degradation worsened. Soil bulk density of the extremely degraded land was significantly greater than that of the grassland. Third, pH showed no obvious variation pattern. Finally, aboveground biomass decreased from grassland to the moderately degraded land. But aboveground biomass increased on the extremely degraded land and very extremely degraded land with most aboveground biomass inedible for livestock.     

Frost-heave properties of saturated compacted silty clay under one-side freezing condition

In seasonally frozen regions, the frost-heave properties of soil play a significant role in its upper-structure performance and durability. To investigate the frost-heave behaviors of saturated, compacted silty clay soil widely used as subgrade material, a series of one-side freezing tests was carried out; and the freezing depth and frozen front effected by the compactness, temperature, overburden pressure, and water-supply condition were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the moving speed of the frozen front and growth rate of the frozen depth are positively correlated. The frost heave is maximum in the frost-heave stability condition. The frost ratio of saturated soil is proportional to the water supply and cooling temperature under a one-side freezing condition. The frost ratio of saturated soil is inversely proportional to the initial compactness of the soil specimen and the overburden pressure.     

旱地紫色土团聚体特征的指标比较

土壤团聚体是土壤肥力的基础，团聚体结构对土壤肥力有重要的影响。用团聚体几何平均直径(GMD)、平均重量直径(MWD)、粒径分布分形维(D)和表面分形维(P)分别对紫色土团聚体及水稳性团聚体进行分析：几何平均直径(GMD)、平均重量直径(MWD)、粒径分布分形维(D)和表面分形维(P)从不同角度反映紫色土团聚体特征；几何平均直径(GMD)、平均重量直径(MWD)对团聚体和水稳性团聚体分布均能较好地反映；粒径分布分形维(D)和表面分形维(P)能更好地反映团聚体的水稳性和抗蚀性，是描述土壤团聚体水稳性和抗蚀性的新指标和新方法。     

Density and conductivity properties of Na-CO3-Cl-SO4 brine from Mono Lake, California, USA

Relationships among conductivity, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), and density were determined for hypersaline brine (TDS, 83 g kg^–) from Mono Lake. A theoretical estimate of density based on ionic composition and calculated partial molar volumes compared well with actual measurements (difference, 390 ppm). However, an empirically derived equation of state based on temperature and conductivity provides the most accurate density estimates (residual errors, 190 ppm) and can be used with data collected with CTD profilers.     

干旱半干旱地区砂田结构及水分特征

为研究砂田的剖面结构和水分特征,对可用砂田和废弃砂田的剖面结构、土壤含水量、容重和田间最大持水量进行分析测定;建立模拟砂田,研究不同的砾石覆盖条件对土壤水分的影响。结果表明,具有共性的砂田剖面分为5层,分别命名为覆盖层、混合层、根系密集层、淋溶层和钙积层。砾石覆盖可以显著增加土壤含水量,加深淋溶层的下限,剖面结构完整的砂田比结构不完整的砂田的土壤水分状况好。下层土壤含水量显著受上层土壤含水量的影响。以小粒径砾石覆盖且覆盖厚度9 cm,最适土壤水分积累。砂田在覆砂的第一年土壤水分含量最低,之后逐渐增加,至覆砂后的6~12 a,土壤水分含量达到最高,之后逐渐降低。覆砂后6 a左右,土壤容重最小,田间持水量达最大值,此后随着砂田使用年限的增加,土壤容重逐渐增大,田间持水量逐渐减小。     

耕作方式对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)地土壤团粒的影响

以甘肃干旱区连作5年和轮作1年的苜蓿(Medicago sativa)地土壤为研究对象,对不同耕作方式下土壤团粒结构、容重、含水量指标进行研究。结果表明:在轮作和连作模式下,随着土壤深度的增加,0.25mm土壤团粒质量在干筛和湿筛处理下均降低,0.25mm团粒累积质量越大,分形维数越小。在浸水条件下,粒径为0.5~0.25mm的土壤团聚体含量最高,其它粒径团聚体含量依粒径的增大而降低。轮作土壤含水量呈现先增加后降低、最后再增加的变化过程;0~60cm土层水分含量最高(13.881%),60~80cm土层含水量下降到较低值(10.343%),80~100cm土层水分迅速恢复(13.811%)。连作和轮作土壤容重随土壤深度均呈现依次增大变化,连作最大值为1.425%比最小值高出17.6%,轮作最大值1.432%比最小值高出18.7%。     

Dependence of sand soil compressibility on soil physical properties

A relationship between soil physical properties and its compressibility has been analyzed.The formulae to determine soil density and porosity have been substantiated in compression tests.The regularity of changes in compressibility of thawed sand soils with various degrees of water content has been experimentally identified.     

低山丘陵区土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响—以河北省遵化市为例

通过调查河北省遵化市低山丘陵区油松林、板栗、草地和坡耕地等典型土地利用方式对土壤养分和土壤容重的影响，土地取样取土壤表层0-20cm，结果表明，森林的砍伐以及随后的耕种显著增加了土壤容重并降低了大部分土壤养分。和林地相比，草地、当年开垦的农地、板栗和耕种3年的农地容重分别增加了13.3%，14.2%,27.5%,39.7%。除全磷外，板栗和耕种3年的农地土壤养分有显著下降，和林地相比，板栗有机质减少了60.7%，全氮减少了35.6%，全钾减少了21.3%，速效钾减少了57%；耕种3年的农地土壤有机质、全氮、全钾和速效钾则分别减少了62.9%,52.6%,31%和60%。土壤退化指数的计算结果表明板栗和耕种3年的农地土壤发生了较为严重的退化。     

橡胶-大叶千斤拔复合生态系统中的植物生长与土壤水分养分动态

对橡胶-大叶千斤拔复合生态系统和橡胶纯林进行连续3 a的对比观测研究,结果表明在橡胶林里种植大叶千斤拔能促进橡胶生长,橡胶平均基径、平均胸径和平均树高分别比橡胶纯林高出11.0%、9.62%和3.78%.与橡胶纯林相比.混作后土壤含水量的季节变化较为缓和且旱季含水量较高;且0～10 cm和10～30 cm的土壤容重每年分别约下降0.03 g/cm3和0.01～0.02 g/cm3.随着种植年限的增加,土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量都呈现出先降后升的趋势,而在对照中土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量均呈现不断下降的趋势.表明混作后植物的生长及土壤养分状况比橡胶纯林都有所改善.     

Analyzing Slug Tests in Wells Screened Across the Watertable: A Field Assessment

The slug test is the most widely used technique for the in situ estimation of hydraulic conductivityin confined and unconfined formations. Currently, there are no generally accepted methods in thegroundwater literature for the analysis of response data from slug tests performed in wells screenedacross the watertable. A field study was undertaken in an attempt to develop a set of practicalguidelines for tests conducted in such wells. Three wells, screened within unconsolidated materialexhibiting a range of hydraulic conductivities (.05–30.0 m/day), were installed to depths of up to9 m (30 ft) in Kansas River alluvium that ranges in thickness from 15 m to 21 m (50 ft to 70 ft)near Lawrence, Kansas. Intensive well-development efforts removed any drilling debris that couldinterfere with well-formation hydraulics. Once the wells were developed properly, a series of slugtests was performed at each well. The tests were designed to assess the role of the unsaturatedzone and the appropriateness of assuming a fixed hydraulic head upper boundary. The results ofthis investigation can be summarized as follows: (1) the sufficiency of well development shouldbe based on repeat slug tests and not the clarity of pumped water; (2) the effective screen radiusfor best model analysis should be based on a mass balance and not nominal screen dimensions;(3) the watertable can be represented as a constant head boundary and flow in the unsaturatedzone can be ignored in most situations; (4) conventional techniques for the analysis of slug-testdata seem to be reasonable for slug tests conducted in wells screened across the watertable, whenused with the appropriate effective screen radius and normalized head range; and (5) fluctuationsin the watertable elevation through time can be exploited to obtain some insight into the natureof vertical variation in hydraulic conductivity at a well. The results of this investigation indicatethat multiple slug tests should be performed at wells screened across the watertable in order toreliably assess the sufficiency of well development and the appropriateness of conventional theory.     

电磁技术在苏打盐渍化土壤研究中的应用

分析了盐渍化土壤导电性的决定因子，提出松嫩平原苏打盐渍化土壤的电导率主要由土壤溶液中Na^ 和HCO3^-离子的总电荷数和迁移速率决定；而土壤中粘土矿的含量会因外在环境条件（土壤含水库）的变化而影响土壤的电导率，其是针对不同的土壤物理特征对测量仪器进行校正的理论依据。简述了利用电磁技术进行盐渍化土壤电导率测量的技术原理，探讨了不同深度土壤电导率测量数据的提取方法，在此基础上，对不同类型土壤的测量结果与典型剖面调查结果进行对比分析，认为该技术具有快速、稳定、准确、实用的特点，利用这项技术可以对大面积不同深度土壤盐渍化情况进行快速测量，并对从事田间实验研究有重要的指导意义。