安徽大别山地区沙坪沟超大型斑岩钼矿床成矿系统特征

东秦岭—大别钼成矿带斑岩钼矿床的成矿地球动力学、地球化学背景和成岩成矿机制等备受研究学者的重视,但仍有许多成矿学问题需要加强研究,特别是超大型钼矿床成矿系统的组成特征、形成与演化等还需要加以系统总结。本文以翟裕生院士的成矿系统理论为指导,选取具有代表性的沙坪沟斑岩钼矿床作为研究对象,在总结前人研究成果和作者前期工作的基础上,归纳沙坪沟钼矿床地质特征,分析成矿系统的构成,通过综合对比研究,提取系统成矿特色。沙坪沟钼矿床形成于陆内伸展环境,是中国东部中生代大规模岩浆-成矿事件的产物,其含矿斑岩起源于古老下地壳+大别杂岩+岩石圈地幔,钼主要源自古老下地壳+大别杂岩,岩浆演化与热液活动持续了约24 Ma,形成了一个直径约为3 km左右的球状巨型斑岩钼成矿系统。成矿流体经历了由早期的高温、中盐度、较高氧逸度、低碱度、低pH值、低密度,中期的中高温-中温、低盐度与高盐度共存、低密度与高密度共存、低氧逸度、富CO₂,向晚期的低温、低盐度、贫CO₂、较高氧逸度、较高碱度、较高pH值、较高密度进行演化的过程,含Cl络合物由于温度、氧逸度下降和流体沸腾产生的相分离导致Mo的沉淀,形成了巨量钼金属的聚集。与国内外主要的斑岩钼成矿系统相比,沙坪沟钼矿床的成矿系统具有单矿体、巨系统、先天富、长孕育、多来源、高演化、多期次、超富集等鲜明的成矿特色。应用成矿系统理论,不断深入研究这一世界级超大型高品位斑岩型钼矿床的成矿作用和成矿过程,对于全面揭示斑岩型钼矿床的成因以及同类矿床的找寻都具有十分重要的意义。     

内蒙古东不拉格钼铅锌矿床的成矿年代及成矿流体特征

通过野外调研、辉钼矿Re-Os定年和流体包裹体研究,对内蒙古西乌旗东不拉格钼铅锌矿床的成矿时代、成矿背景和成矿流体特征及流体演化进行了探讨。研究结果表明,矿区发育斑岩型钼矿化和热液脉状铅锌矿化,二者为同一构造岩浆事件的产物。钼、铅锌成矿均与区内石英二长斑岩有关,辉钼矿Re-Os定年结果表明,成矿时代为中侏罗世(165.2±2.8 Ma),是中国东部燕山期大规模成矿事件的产物。流体包裹体测试结果表明,成矿流体主要来自岩浆水,早期成矿流体具有高温、高氧逸度、富Fe和含CO_2的特征。从成矿早阶段至晚阶段成矿流体从高温(312~534℃)、高盐度(高达63.9%NaCleq)向低温(158~166℃)低盐度(低至0.35%NaCleq)演化。隐爆造成的岩浆减压沸腾是岩浆流体出溶的主要机制,早期岩浆流体由于减压和降温过程造成热液发生CO_2与水的不混溶及流体沸腾,这是早期钼沉淀的主要机制,而岩浆流体与还原性地层的水岩反应引起的氧逸度降低及大气水的加入则是铅锌沉淀的主要机制。     

斑岩型钼矿床研究进展

文章总结了北美西部及中国斑岩型钼矿床的研究成果,介绍了斑岩型钼矿床的分类、共生岩浆岩、矿化方式及蚀变特点,重点探讨了斑岩型钼矿床的成矿流体特点,钼在岩浆-热液系统中的富集沉淀机制以及斑岩型钼矿床的成矿物质来源。     

东秦岭鱼池岭斑岩型钼矿床成矿作用过程 ——来自成矿流体的约束

鱼池岭斑岩型钼矿床钼成矿期可分为石英-钾长石、辉钼矿-石英、绢英岩化和石英-碳酸盐化4个阶段。流体包裹体显微测温及流体成分研究显示,成矿流体由早阶段高温、高盐度、高氧化性、富CO2、富金属元素的CO2-NaCl-H2O体系岩浆热液,向晚阶段低温、低盐度、还原性、贫CO2、贫金属元素的NaCl- H2O体系大气降水热液演化,成矿深度也由石英-钾长石阶段的5.85km,变为辉钼矿-石英阶段的4.11km。流体H、O、S同位素组成表明,鱼池岭钼矿早期以岩浆水为主,晚期有较多的大气水混合,而S则可能来自于深部,具幔源S的特征。氧逸度、pH值、Eh值从早阶段到晚阶段均具有依次降低的趋势,Eh值显示钼矿床的形成总体属于弱还原环境。鱼池岭钼矿主成矿阶段前,钼成矿物质可能以钼酸、离子对为主,少量以钼-氧-氯络合物形式存在;主成矿阶段钼成矿物质主要以钼-氧-氯络合物形式进行迁移。     

河南省石门沟钼矿床地质特征及成因探讨

石门沟钼矿辉钼矿（化）特征为燕山晚期由基性岩浆底侵作用而形成的二长花岗岩体和地表出露的的厚大石英脉体全岩含矿。分析了河南西峡县石门沟钼矿成因机理与成矿模式。认为石门沟辉钼矿化二长花岗岩是下地壳物质部分熔融作用形成的富含Mo元素的花岗质岩浆,由基性向酸性正向演化,后经岩浆结晶分异、同化混染作用,钼（钨）等金属矿物以熔离状态分布在岩浆矿房中;岩浆热液沿构造薄弱带上升到地壳浅部后,富水热流体分离,进入气成热液阶段,形成高中温纵横交错含钼脉体或含钼花岗岩体。石门沟钼矿成因类型为岩浆型、热液充填石英脉型辉钼矿床,与斑岩型有明显区别。     

中甸普朗还原性斑岩型铜矿床：矿物组合与流体组成约束

成矿流体高氧逸度是斑岩铜矿床模式的一个基本原则。虽然亚洲单个矿体储量最大的普朗铜矿床的成矿母岩——普朗复式岩体具氧化性岩浆特点,但其矿物组合及流体成分却与还原性斑岩型铜金矿床一致:矿石中以发育大量磁黄铁矿为特征,构成黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿为主的矿物组合,不发育表征高氧逸度的原生磁铁矿和硫酸盐(硬石膏等)矿物;成矿流体中含较多CO₂、CO和CH₄等还原性组分,氧逸度低于铁橄榄石-磁铁矿-石英缓冲剂。成矿流体中还原性组分可能来源于普朗复式岩体周围的含碳质千枚岩或深部铁镁质岩浆。还原性流体中铜元素的溶解度比氧化性流体中的低,但金元素的溶解度不受氧化还原条件的影响;而CH₄可使SO₂还原形成S^2-,为辉钼矿的形成提供物质基础;可能是导致普朗铜矿床Cu品位偏低而伴生大量Au、Mo矿化的主要原因之一。普朗铜矿床还原性特征的厘定有益于深入研究其矿床成因、乃至区域斑岩型铜矿床成矿机制。     

云南普朗斑岩型铜矿床成矿流体特征及矿床成因

普朗铜矿床为滇西北地区一超大型斑岩型铜多金属矿床,它产于印支晚期石英闪长玢岩-石英二长斑岩-花岗闪长斑岩复式侵入体内,已有研究表明其形成于印支期。本次流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温及碳、氢、氧同位素综合研究表明:黄铜矿±黄铁矿-石英脉石英中主要发育含NaCl子矿物三相、气液两相及富气相3种类型的包裹体,成矿流体属中高温、高盐度(w(NaCl))NaCl-H₂O热液体系,来源于印支晚期岩浆活动;辉钼矿±黄铜矿-石英脉石英中发育含NaCl子矿物三相、气液两相及含CO₂ 3种类型的包裹体,成矿流体属中高温、高盐度NaCl-CO₂-H₂O热液体系,推测来源于后期岩浆活动;晚期黄铜矿±辉钼矿-方解石脉中主要发育气液两相包裹体,成矿流体为中低温、低盐度NaCl-H₂O热液体系,系NaCl-CO₂-H₂O型成矿流体演化产物。据此,结合区域广泛叠加发育燕山期斑岩钼矿化成矿背景,提出普朗超大型斑岩矿床可能存在燕山期Mo、Cu成矿作用叠加的认识。     

陕西金堆城斑岩钼矿床地质特征及成因探讨

金堆城花岗斑岩在燕山期侵位于元古代熊耳群变细碧岩中,按其岩石化学特征应属高硅富钾的钙碱性系列岩石。钼矿化发育于斑岩体及其外接触带内,矿体由含钼石英细网脉组成,最大矿化深度约达1000m。围岩蚀变自斑岩体向外为:钾化、绢(云)英岩化→硅化→青磐岩化,其中以硅化最为强烈且与钼矿化关系最密切。气液包裹体与含子矿物多相包裹体常常共存,主要成矿温度为300—400℃。硫、氧和碳同位素特征表明,主要成矿阶段的成矿流体是以岩浆水为主的混合液,硫、钼主要来源于花岗岩浆。低f_(o2)、高f_(s2)的弱酸性还原条件以及成矿流体沸腾是辉钼矿沉淀的主要因素。矿床成因类型属斑岩型中高温热液钼矿床。     

斑岩-浅成低温热液型Cu-Au矿H2O-Cl-S流体性质和演化方式对成矿的制约

斑岩—浅成低温热液型Cu—Au成矿流体最具代表性的是H2O—Cl—S流体。流体的性质强烈控制着Cu、Au的成矿行为,包括溶解性、迁移形式和气—液分配。流体的氧逸度和流体中Cl、S物种相对含量决定金属在流体中的溶解形式,高氧逸度的高温高盐度流体中Cu、Au主要和Cl络合,S-3也可能是促进Au溶解的重要S物种形式。而过量的S有利于Cu、Au等元素以含S离子络合物进入液相流体,与含S中性络合物配分进入气相流体并迁移Au至浅成低温热液环境形成矿床。岩浆需要经历充分的分异,出溶成分和性质有利于金属迁移的流体,形成高品位的斑岩型Cu、Au矿体;上覆叠加浅成低温热液型Au矿体可能需要初始的成矿流体状态进入NaCl—H2O的超临界区、有效的演化方式、良好的流体缓冲环境和有利的Au沉淀场所。相分离和流体—流体反应是沉淀斑岩—浅成低温热液型Cu—Au矿体最重要的流体演化方式。气相流体具有独特的流体性质和演化方式,可能成为十分重要的成矿流体。     

吉林大黑山钼矿床成矿流体地球化学特征及其地质意义

大黑山钼矿床为一产于燕山早期花岗闪长岩-花岗闪长斑岩复式侵入体内的超大型斑岩型矿床,按矿物组合不同,其成矿作用可划分为Ⅰ浸染状黄铁矿±辉钼矿-石英;Ⅱ辉钼矿-石英;Ⅲ黄铁矿±黄铜矿-石英及Ⅳ贫硫化物-石英4个阶段。流体包裹体研究表明,Ⅰ、Ⅱ矿化阶段石英中主要发育含NaCl子矿物三相、富气相及气液两相三种类型的流体包裹体,成矿流体为中高温、高盐度NaCl-H₂O体系热液,来源于含矿的花岗闪长斑岩体;Ⅲ、Ⅳ矿化阶段石英中主要发育气液两相包裹体,成矿流体为中低温、低盐度NaCl-H₂O体系热液,来源于花岗闪长斑岩岩浆流体与大气降水混合物。大黑山钼矿床成矿流体地球化学特征与陆内环境下斑岩钼矿床NaCl-CO₂-H₂O体系型成矿热液有明显区别,暗示其形成于非陆内环境,而是中生代太平洋板块俯冲体制下活动大陆边缘或岛弧环境岩浆活动产物。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861