基于电化学法的铬盐清洁生产工艺研究

现有铬盐生产技术阻碍了铬盐行业的清洁化发展,研发新型铬盐生产技术实属必要。中国科学院青海盐湖研究所自行研发出一套以电化学法为基础的铬盐清洁生产工艺,涵盖三条大工艺和四种母系铬盐产品。包括氢氧化钠溶液中电化学氧化铬铁制备铬酸钠联产三氧化二铬和三氧化二铁工艺,离子膜电解法从铬酸钠合成重铬酸钠工艺,以及离子膜电解法从重铬酸钠合成铬酸酐工艺。相比现有铬盐生产技术,该技术的优势主要体现在以下五点:温和化、去渣化、高值化、自动化和高效化。目前相关研发工作业已走出实验室,走过产业化中间试验,正向产业化示范线迈进。     

处理水环境中微量铬的菌种筛选研究

从云南各地采集微生物菌种进行筛选、驯化,找到一株对水环境中的微量铬具有良好吸附去除能力的菌种,并研究了碳源、氮源、培养液pH值和培养温度等因素对其去除铬的影响.试验结果表明,去除水环境中微量铬的适宜菌种的培养条件为以可溶性淀粉为碳源、（NH4）2SO4为氮源、培养温度25℃、培养液pH 8,培养液中碳：氮=10：1,利用该条件培养的菌种对水环境中微量铬具有较好的去除能力.     

用泻利盐矿和卤水制备硫酸镁工艺探究

以盐田泻利盐矿和卤水为原料,通过兑卤、热溶、结晶法制备硫酸镁。探究了各工艺因素对产物收率及纯度的影响,找到了较佳的工艺条件;在此基础上进行粗镁精制,得到纯度99%以上的硫酸镁。     

碘酸钾的电化学制法的研究

研究以碘和氢氧化钾为原料,应用电化学方法制备碘酸钾的最佳条件,并与氯酸钾氧化法对照。实验指出,电比学法优于氯酸钾氧化法。无隔膜的条件下,电解液的最佳配方为：碘200g／L,氢氧化钾85g／L,重铬酸钾2g／L。最佳操作条件为：阳极Pb—PbO2,阴极不锈钢电极,电流密度Dk=25A／dm2,温度50—60℃,电解时间6小时,在该条件下碘酸钾的产率89．7％,电流效率98％,产品纯度99．2％。     

制备硅钢级氧化镁前驱体的原料水化研究

以青海盐湖水氯镁石为初级原料,采用喷雾热解法制备原料氧化镁,原料氧化镁通过水化制备硅钢级氧化镁前驱体氢氧化镁。原料氧化镁水化实验中对水化剂、水化温度、水化时间、液固比、搅拌速度及陈化时间对水化率、过滤速度和纯度的影响进行系统研究。采用均匀实验设计和DPS数据处理,(依次)通过建模分析、二次多项式模型回归建立数学模型,再通过各因素方差分析和总方差分析,确定了理论最优实验条件,再用理论最优条件作重复实验进行验证,最终确定了原料氧化镁的最佳水化条件。在水化温度60℃,水化时间105 min,液固比4,陈化时间4 h,水化剂1含量4.0%,水化剂2含量3.15%,洗水量4倍,搅拌速度120 r/min时,原料氧化镁的水化率达99.50%以上,得到的硅钢级氧化镁前驱体氢氧化镁纯度高、过滤性能良好。     

铬胁迫对旱伞草生理生化特性的影响

采用水培实验,以不同质量浓度的铬溶液胁迫旱伞草(Cyperus alternifolius),研究其对旱伞草总叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、游离脯氨酸含量和丙二醛含量的影响,并对旱伞草对铬的去除效果进行了测定。结果表明,铬胁迫使旱伞草的叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a/b含量比上升;过氧化氢酶活性增强,超氧化物歧化酶活性降低;丙二醛含量先降低后升高;游离脯氨酸先降低后稳定;过氧化物酶活性在低浓度铬胁迫时出现降低,在高浓度铬胁迫时出现升高;蛋白质含量的减少后稳定,由此说明旱伞草对铬胁迫具有一定的抗逆性和耐受性。在培养液中,在铬质量浓度分别为2 mg/L、5 mg/L和10 mg/L胁迫下,六价铬的去除率分别达到了96.88%、92.55%和46.5%;总铬的去除率分别达到了76.4%、73.18%和36.83%。这说明旱伞草对低、中浓度的重金属铬具有较好的去除效果。     

化学沉淀法精制氢氧化锶的实验研究

对合成高纯锶盐的原料八水氢氧化锶进行了精制实验研究,对其中所含特定杂质元素Fe2+、Cr3+、Cu2+、Mn2+、pb2+进行了有效去除,实验精制氢氧化锶纯度为99.79％,各离子质量分数均低于2×10-6,满足氟化锶、氯化锶等高纯锶盐合成时对原料纯度及杂质离子质量分数小于5×10-6的要求.适宜的单因素实验条件为:原...     

温和水热法制备MZr2(PO4)3(M=Na,K,Rb)

在温和的水热条件下分别制备出纯净的磷酸锆钠 [NaZr2 (PO4) 3 ]、磷酸锆钾 [KZr2 (PO4) 3 ]和磷酸锆铷 [RbZr2 (PO4) 3 ]。研究了原料配比、矿化剂 (氟离子 )、反应时间和温度等水热晶化条件对产物生成的影响。发现在较宽的温和水热条件下可以制得这三种磷酸锆盐 ;随着碱金属离子的增大 ,产物的生成条件越来越窄 ;最佳制备条件是 :F- ZrO2 =2、P2 O5 ZrO2 =3 (均为摩尔比 )、[ZrOCl2 ]=0 6mol L、反应温度 1 5 0℃、反应时间 2天。用水热法没有制备出同一系列磷酸锆盐中的磷酸锆锂 [LiZr2 (PO4) 3 ]和磷酸锆铯 [CsZr2 (PO4) 3 ]。采用XRD、SEM、IR、Raman和XPS等现代物化仪器对产物的结构与物相纯度进行了测定与表征     

利用盐湖氯化镁-石灰制备硅热法炼镁用煅白的实验研究

以盐湖副产水氯镁石为原料,与一定比例的石灰反应得到氢氧化镁和氢氧化钙的混合沉淀物,该混合物经过滤、洗涤、烘干后在一定温度下煅烧得到符合皮江法炼镁用的合成煅白。实验结果表明,该工艺是可行的,在石灰/氯化镁摩尔比2.05~2.10：1,反应时间1.5,煅烧温度为800℃,煅烧时间为60min时,合成的煅白中钙镁摩尔比： 0.95~1.07：1,煅白的平均水活度达34%,符合硅热法炼镁用中间原料煅白的参数条件。该技术可为利用盐湖氯化镁制备金属镁新工艺开发提供了数据参考。     

纳米氢氧化镁的合成方法

以氯化镁和氨水为原料,进行各种工艺条件的试验,在此基础上通过加入各种分散剂获得过滤、洗涤性能良好的氢氧化镁沉淀,并加一定的CaCl2作为添加剂大大提高了产品的收率。根据试验得到最佳的工艺条件,制备出纯度高、成本低的纳米氢氧化镁。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,