三道湾子金矿床流体包裹体及稳定同位素地球化学特征

三道湾子金矿位于大兴安岭燕山期成矿带东南部,为典型的石英脉型金矿.通过对矿床地质特征、成矿期次及硫、氢、氧同位素组成和流体包裹体测温研究,讨论了成矿流体的来源及矿床形成的温度.黄铁矿δ34S值为-1.1‰～1.7‰,显示硫具地幔来源的特点;石英δ18O水值为-15.3‰～-9.9‰,δDV-SMOW值为-110‰～-85‰,说明成矿流体主要为大气降水;流体包裹体均一温度为181～267℃;表明三道湾子金矿为与火山热液有关的中-低温浅成热液矿床.     

黑龙江三道湾子金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

三道湾子金矿位于大兴安岭燕山期成矿带东南部,为石英脉型金矿床。通过对矿床地质特征、矿物特征、成矿期次、稳定同位素组成和流体包裹体研究表明,金以碲化物为主;黄铁矿δ34S值为-1.1‰～1.7‰,显示硫具地幔来源的特点;石英δ18O水值为-15.3‰～-9.9‰,δDV-SMOW值为-110‰～-85‰,说明成矿流体主要为大气降水;流体包裹体均一温度均值为181～267℃;盐度为15.6%～16.9%,成矿压力平均为4Mpa,估算成矿深度为0.4km,表明三道湾子金矿为浅成中-低温热液型矿床。     

鲁西平邑归来庄金矿床成矿流体研究

对鲁西平邑地区归来庄金矿成矿晚阶段蚀变矿物方解石的流体包裹体和稳定同位素进行了详细的研究后发现：保存于方解石脉中的包裹体均为气液两相盐水溶液，均一温度在110℃～250℃之间，冰点变化于-2．8℃～-9．3℃之间，对应的盐度在4．65％～13．18％之间。同位素研究结果显示：矿床的δ^34S值介于-0．71‰～2．990‰之间，δ^13CPDB值为-3．3‰～0．0‰，δDSMOW为-48‰～-61‰，δ^18O水值在-1．13‰～5．07‰之间。硫同位素研究表明成矿流体来源于地幔，碳、氢、氧同位素则显示有较多的大气降水混入。锆石SHRIMP测年结果暗示归来庄金矿形成于中侏罗世，其成因与角砾岩体的隐爆、流体的减压沸腾和深循环的古大气水混入有关。     

新疆-甘肃北山金矿南带的成矿流体演化和成矿机制

北山金矿南带是西北5省区规模最大的金矿带。选择北山南带的新金厂、老金厂和小西弓金矿床，在矿床地质和岩相学研究的基础上，对脉石英的流体包裹体进行了显微温度计和激光拉曼探针气体成分测定；对石英和矿石黄铁矿的包裹体H2O，CO2和CH4进行了H和C同位素组成测定，对石英和黄铁矿分别做了O和S同位素组成测定。3个金矿床的脉石英含有富CO2＋CH4、H2O溶液以及H2O-CO2＋CH4包裹体。小西弓金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于270℃-450℃，一部分H2O溶液包裹体圈闭了高盐度流体（16．43—18．63wt．％NaCl equiv．），大部分H2O溶液包裹体和全部富CO2＋CH。包裹体代表了中-低盐度（2．8％-13．6％）流体。新金厂金矿床流体包裹体的均一化温度主要介于210℃-346℃；一部分流体包裹体圈闭了高盐度（10．98％～14％NaCl equiv．）流体，一部分H2O溶液包裹体和绝大多数富CO2＋CH4包裹体圈闭了中-低盐度（2．9％-8．81％NaCl equiv．）流体。老金厂金矿床H2O溶液包裹体的均一化温度主要分布于141℃-400℃，含盐度介于1．4％-8．28％，属于中-低盐度流体。进行了大气降水-围岩^18O／^16O、D／H交换反应模拟。小西弓矿床早期硫化物-石英脉金矿成矿流体对应较高的水／岩比（=0．01—0．05），其^18O／^16O和D／H组成更受钾长花岗岩者控制，硫化物的δ^34S值也接近钾长花岗岩的黄铁矿者，指示热液流体围绕着钾长花岗岩的对流淋滤。成矿晚期，围绕着花岗岩侵入体的热液对流崩溃，矿区围岩内发育更大尺度的彼此分离的弥漫性流体渗透淋滤；相应地，小西弓矿床晚期蚀变岩金矿成矿流体的8D值对应低水／岩比（0．005-≈0．01），其δ^18O值变化范围较宽，受当地中元古界变质岩控制，蚀变岩型金矿黄铁矿的δ^34S值也接近中元古界长英质片岩的黄铁矿者。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿成矿流体的δD值和δ^18O值对应的水／岩值分别介于0．004—0．01和0．007～0．02，与岩浆流体或者下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩和英安岩围岩具有更密切的关系。新金厂金矿和老金厂金矿黄铁矿样品的δ^34S值介于-2．58‰和-6．32‰，指示S来源于下二叠统哲斯群辉绿岩、英安岩和碳质板岩围岩。3个金矿的石英包裹体CO2（δ^13C=-2．20‰--9．14‰），以及石英和黄铁矿包裹体CH4（δ^13C=013．10‰--27．40‰）不平衡；前者来源于幔源岩浆去气，后者来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或者中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳。3个金矿黄铁矿包裹体的CO（δ^13C=-10．79‰--23．62‰）主要来源于哲斯群碳质板岩或中元古界长英质片岩中的还原碳，但是，也混合了较少的岩浆CO2。包裹体CO2和CH4δ^13C值的系统变化，也反映了从岩浆侵位和去气、流体对流，到围岩中流体大面积弥漫性渗透淋滤的演化过程。CH4介入成矿流体，导致流体不混溶和金的沉淀。北山金矿南带的形成既不同于典型的造山带型金矿床，也不同于与侵入岩有关的金矿床。我们提出北山金矿南带的成矿模式为：岩浆去气和流体对流、岩石挤压破碎、流体弥漫性渗透淋滤。     

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床年代学、氦氩碳氧同位素特征及其地质意义

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿位于西南天山西端，受NNE向脆韧性剪切带控制。对绢云母化蚀变岩进行了^40Ar／^39Ar法年龄测定，表明金主成矿时代为三叠纪。根据黄铁矿流体包裹体氦、氩同位素、石英流体包裹体的碳、氧同位素组成，讨论了萨瓦亚尔顿金矿成矿流体的来源。结果表明石英流体包裹体中δ^18OSMOW变化于14．5100-24．2‰，CO2的δ^CPDB变化范围较大，为-8．69‰～＋4．98‰，暗示成矿流体中的碳来源于地幔和海相碳酸盐岩。黄铁矿流体包裹体的^3He／^4He变化较大，为0．04～1．11R／Ra，^40Ar／^36Ar变化较小，介于301～348。综合分析认为萨瓦亚尔顿金矿的成矿流体为地幔流体和地壳流体混合的产物，以地壳流体为主。     

豫西南石板沟金矿床成矿流体特征

豫西南的石板沟金矿床是一个与剪切带有关的脉状金矿。该矿床流体包裹体的系统分析结果表明：镜下石英中流体包裹体类型丰富多样。据室温状态下流体包裹体的相态、加热状态下流体包裹体的性状及产出特征。鉴别出原生富气包裹体、原生富液包裹体、原生舍子矿物多相包裹体、次生富液包裹体和次生纯液包裹体等五种类型。流体包裹体显微测温数据的统计结果显示均一温度(Th)在380～110℃之间，成矿流体最低捕获压力估计在13～74MPa之间：盐度估计在2．3％～43．0％NaCI之间；密度估计在0．84～1．15g／cm^3之间。流体组份属K^ -Na^ -Ca^2 -Mg^2 -HCO3^--CI^--SO4^2-体系。流体包裹体氢、氧和碳等稳定同住素测试结果显示δ^18OH2O为-2．49‰～-1．99‰，δDH2O为-24．0‰～33‰，δ^13Cco2为-11．12‰～-14．59‰。综合研究认为该矿床不同矿化类型的成矿流体性质不同，具有多来源特征，成矿与剪切带和中低温热液作用有关,可能是岩浆作用与动力变形变质作用紧密配合的结果。     

藏南马扎拉金锑矿床成矿流体地球化学和成矿机制

马扎拉是藏南金锑成矿带内最具有代表性的金-锑矿床.为了更直接地了解该矿床的流体物理化学特征,探讨成矿流体来源、成矿机制及其矿床类型,本文对该矿床中主要载金矿物辉锑矿及石英中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温研究.流体包裹体岩相学观察表明,辉锑矿及石英具有近乎相同的4类流体包裹体类型:富液两相水溶液包裹体、三相CO2-H2O包裹体、纯CO2包裹体和纯H2O包裹体.红外显微测温结果显示,辉锑矿中流体包裹体均一温度(Th)峰值为180 ～ 210℃,盐度峰值介于2.5％～3.4％ NaCleqv,密度峰值在0.895～0.915g/cm3之间.石英中流体包裹体Th、盐度及密度均具有三个明显峰值,Th为270～300℃、225～255℃和180～ 210℃,盐度为4.3％～4.9％ NaCleqv,3.4％ ～4.0％NaCleqv和2.8％ ～ 3.4％NaCleqv,密度为0.895 ～0.915g/cm3、0.835～0.855g/cm3和0.775～0.795g/cm3.对比辉锑矿和石英中流体包裹体测温结果可见,辉锑矿中流体包裹体Th和盐度比石英偏低,而密度较石英偏高,表明含金石英可能先于辉锑矿从成矿流体中沉淀,且辉锑矿大量沉淀成矿时可能不断有较低温、低盐度和较高密度流体混入.辉锑矿及石英中流体包裹体水的δDH2o为-68.1‰～-108‰,δ18OH2o为-2.2‰ ～ 12.2‰,在δD-δ18O投影图上主要位于变质水附近,个别样品靠近大气降水,表明成矿流体为变质水与大气降水的混合.石英中流体包裹体的δ13C为-2.9‰～-3.5‰,平均值为-3.1‰,落入幔源碳同位素组成范围(δ13C=-5‰～-2‰)之内,说明CO2可能主要为幔源,而辉锑矿中流体包裹体的δ13C为-12.6‰,明显小于幔源碳同位素组成,说明在辉锑矿成矿过程中可能有少量地层有机碳加入.马扎拉金锑矿床成矿流体具有富含CO2、低盐度、低密度和中低温度的特征,与造山型金矿成矿流体相似.地质和地球化学特征显示马扎拉金锑矿床为喜马拉雅期陆陆碰撞造山型金锑矿.     

东川蓑衣坡硅质岩型铜矿床的地质地球化学特征及成因

蓑衣坡硅质岩型铜矿床产于元古宙裂谷带。矿化主岩为块状硅质岩和条纹(带)状硅质岩;块状硅质岩的SiO2含量为85．66％～96．74％。条纹(带)状硅质岩的SiO2含量为74．83％～87．52％;在TiO2～Al2O3和(K2O Na2O)-Al2O3关系图上和(Co Ni)-(As Cu Mo Pb V Zn)关系图上。其成分投影点均落入与海底热水系统有关或热水沉积岩区的硅质岩区;蓑衣坡矿区矿石的稀土元素总量变化大,且显示轻稀土元素富集。叠加的成矿作用引起轻稀土元素含量升高;并具铈负异常、铕异常不明显的特点。矿石内矿物流体包裹体的均一温度为121～257℃,盐度w(NaClep)为6．2％～8．3％,成矿流体属K^ Ca^2 -SO4^2-型和K^ -Mg^2 -SO4^2-型。矿石的δ^34S值为-14．8～ 17．2‰。δ^18O值为4．9‰,矿石中石英的δ^18O值为12．4‰～16．3‰,位于热泉型石英的δ^18O值变化区间(12．2‰～23．6‰)。矿石中黄铁矿内流体包裹体的δD值为-116．2‰。其δ^O H2O值为-5．7‰,接近美国黄石公园酸性热泉的δD值和δ^18O值。含矿硅质岩的^206Pb／^204Pb比值为17．947～18．951,^207Pb／^204Pb比值为15．606～15．711,^208Pb／^204Pb比值为36．466～38．496。根据矿床地质地球化学特征,笔者认为。蓑衣坡硅质岩型铜矿床的成因类型属裂谷处于拉张裂陷阶段发生的喷流沉积作用形成的硅质岩型铜矿床。     

豫西公峪金矿床地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

文章较为详细地总结了公峪蚀变岩型金矿的地质特征，将成矿作用分为3个阶段，即石英-黄铁矿阶段，石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段，并测定了矿石样品的稳定同位素组成。结果表明：硫化物的δ^34S值变化于-1．7‰～2．2‰之间，与陨石硫的δ^34S值接近，反映为深源；成矿Ⅰ阶段流体的δD值为-68‰--86‰，δ^18OH2O为-0.6‰～ 4．9‰，成矿Ⅱ阶段流体的δD值为-67‰～-84‰，δ^18OH2O为-0．6‰～-8．9‰，反映成矿流体主要有两个来源，Ⅰ阶段以深源水为主，Ⅱ阶段有大量大气降水混入。公峪金矿与祁雨沟金矿应属于同一成矿系统的产物，均与燕山晚期岩浆热液活动有关，可能为同源、同期、不同构造空间的演化产物。     

新疆西南天山萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床地质特征及成矿作用

根据大量的实际工作,并结合前人的研究成果,详细介绍了萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床的成矿地质背景和矿床地质特征,通过流体包裹体和同位素研究,对萨瓦亚尔顿金矿的成矿作用进行了深入讨论。研究结果表明,流体包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体,其次为富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、含NaCl子晶多相包裹体和含液相CO2的三相包裹体。成矿流体为中低温(78～355℃)、中低盐度[w(NaCleq)2．57％～22．10％]的H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4体系。硫化物的δ^34S值变化于-3．0‰～ 2．61‰,平均值为0．07‰,暗示硫来自地幔或与地幔相关的岩浆。白云石和菱铁矿的δ^13CPDB值为-5．4‰～-0．6‰,表明成矿物质来自地幔及海相碳酸盐岩。氢和氧同位素显示成矿流体主要来源于大气降水,并混合少量岩浆水。萨瓦亚尔顿金矿与乌兹别克斯坦穆龙套金矿和吉尔吉斯斯坦库姆托尔金矿具有相似性,但它在浅成中-低温条件下成矿,且金、锑共生。物理化学条件和流体成分的改变、水-岩交换作用及流体的不混溶作用在成矿过程中起了重要作用。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。