北京城区不透水地表盖度变化及对地表温度的影响

基于QuickBird高分辨率影像、LandsatTM影像及夜间灯光数据,设计了集成CART（Classification and Regression Tree,）算法和多源遥感数据估算亚像元级不透水地表盖度的技术方案,采取适用于典型温带半干旱地区的ISP（Impervious Surface Percentage ）提取方法,提取2001年和2011年北京城区不透水地表盖度,并将不透水地表盖度分为3类,ISP为10%~60%的区域为低密度区,60%~80%的区域为中密度区,大于80%的区域为高密度区。同时采用单窗算法反演2001年和2011年地表温度,对2001-2011年北京六环以内城区不同环路区域ISP发展趋势,以及其与地表温度的相关性进行分析。结果表明：（1）北京城区的不透水地表盖度变化主要集中在低密度区域,与之相比,中密度区域和高密度区域不透水地表盖度变化不大。2001-2011年来北京五环以内区域由于城建区较多,整体不透水地表变化并不明显,主要变化区域集中在五环至六环以内区域,其中低密度区增长明显,中密度区和高密度区主要增长集中在东部,可以看出,近年来五环至六环以内区域发展迅速,城建区范围不断扩大。（2）相较于2001年,2011年北京市中心地表温度明显上升,高温区聚集程度更为明显。其中四环以内地表温度与周边区域地表温度相比,温差明显增大。（3）通过对比2001年和2011年各密度区平均地表温度发现,相较于2001年,2011年北京市六环以内城区各密度区之间的地表温度差异更大,城市热岛效应更为明显。（4）2001年和2011年北京城区各环路区域内不透水地表盖度与地表温度均呈正相关。四环至六环区域,地表温度随不透水地表盖度变化的趋势相近。ISP在10%~20%的区域,地表温度随不透水地表盖度增高而上升的速率明显高于其他区域,ISP大于20%的区域地表温度上升速率下降,且趋于一致。     

Foliar Particulate Matter Distribution in Urban Road System of Beijing,China

Particulate matter(PM), one of the most important pollutants of traffic emission, threatens the health of urban ecosystems and citizens. Roadside trees play an important role in trapping PM, and the foliar PM load is a useful indicator for air PM pollution in road systems. To detect the relationships of foliar PM load with road structures, urbanization, and meteorology in road systems, we studied a widely-planted tree Sophora japonica L. in 100 roads and 10 yards of Beijing, China, and found that the foliar PM loads increased with the distances from the urban centre(DUC) linearly, while decreased with the road density. All-subsets regression analysis indicated that DUC, average monthly relative humidity, average monthly wind speed, and mean annual wind speed were the most important factors in predicting foliar PM load, rather than general situation of buildings and road cleanliness. The monthly relative humidity and monthly wind speed had a negative correlation to foliar PM, while the annual relative humidity and annual wind speed had a positive correlation to foliar PM. Suburban areas and these effective factors should be highlighted in PM control in Beijing.     

吉林松原地区地震前热红外亮温异常研究

使用小波变换和功率谱估计法,利用中国静止气象卫星亮温数据研究2017年以来松原地区3次M_S＞4.5地震前的热红外异常。结果表明, 2017-07-23 M_S4.9和2018-05-28 M_S5.7地震前的异常都是沿依兰-伊通断裂和密山-敦化断裂走向逐渐扩展的,即异常存在于松辽盆地的东部边缘,地震震中不在异常区内;2019-05-18 M_S5.1地震前异常不明显,可能是由于盆地内二氧化碳和甲烷等温室气体在前2次地震前后已得到最大量的释放。     

气温插值中不同空间插值方法的适用性分析——以江苏省为例

气温是最重要的气象因子之一,空间插值为台站气象数据降尺度提供了有效方法.本文利用江苏省67个气象台站2003年的逐日气温资料计算逐月平均气温和年平均气温,结合空间分辨率为30mX 30m的DEM数据,分别利用反距离权重法、张力样条插值法、普通克里格插值法和协同克里格插值法,对月和年平均气温进行插值,并利用交叉验证法对插...     

中小尺度下植被冠层对屋顶表面温度的调控效应分析

随着城市化进程的加快,城市热岛问题日益严重,对人类健康和城市可持续发展产生了巨大威胁。植被可有效遮蔽阳光直射,并通过蒸腾作用降低气温,是改善局部热环境的重要途径之一。开展植被对建筑物温度的调控效应的研究,对于理解城市热岛成因、缓解城市热环境恶化等方面都有重要意义。然而,当前研究往往是在遥感影像的基础上进行的,缺乏植被结构信息,同时,受制于有限的空间分辨率,研究大多在城市尺度下开展。在中小尺度上定量地研究植被冠层密度对建筑物温度的影响仍然具有一定挑战性。鉴于此,本文使用激光雷达（Light Detection and Ranging, LiDAR）获取的高分辨率冠层密度数据,在楼间尺度和街区尺度下开展圣罗莎市三维植被结构与单体建筑物表面温度之间定量关系的研究,分析不同尺度下植被冠层的降温特征及其在局部环境中的降温贡献。结果表明：植被对建筑物的降温作用与其周围的冠层密度有密切关系：冠层密度需达到17%才能起到有效的降温作用,其中在中小尺度上冠层密度分别高于30%和40%时,能最大限度发挥植被的温度调控功能;当冠层密度相同时,2个尺度下的温度变化显著不同：随着冠层密度的增加,街区尺度下的屋顶温度比楼间尺度下的屋顶温度平均下降了0.89 ℃;中小尺度下的屋顶温度变化不仅受到其周围植被结构的影响,还与整体热环境状况有关。本文的研究思路与结果有助于在有限的城区土地资源上合理规划绿地建设,构建可持续的人类宜居环境。     

Spatio-temporal patterns of intra-urban land use change in Beijing, China between 1984 and 2008

Urban internal structure is essential information for urban geography researchers and urban planners or managers. This research aims to examine the spatial structure changes of internal urban land use based on the interpreted datasets of 1984 and 2008. Spatio-temporal patterns of internal land use conversion and urban expansion are analyzed, and then dominant driving factors (e.g., social economy, population growth and urban planning) were identified. The results indicate that Beijing′s intra-urban layout has experienced tremendous adjustment from compact to disperse configure, otherwise its function objects have shifted from the major economic and industrial development before the 1990s to the combination with cultural, high-technological and inhabitable city at present. The dominant urban land use transformations include the relocation of industrial lands from core districts to suburban or other provinces, and the accelerating expansion of residential areas and green spaces for supplying the demand of housing and ecological protection. Although Beijing′s urban planning has experienced three major adjustments and improvement since the 1980s, its optimization of urban internal patterns still remains a challenge.     

城乡不透水面增长格局及地表温度的响应特征研究

为探究中国北方中温带,特别是东北寒区快速城市化地区城乡不透水增长格局及地表温度的响应特征,本文以哈尔滨市为例,基于国家资源环境遥感时空信息平台土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）数据集解译的2001年与2015年城乡建设用地和Landsat 7/8数字遥感影像,结合植被-不透水面-土壤（V-I-S）端元选取和完全约束最小二乘混合像元线性分解模型进行了不透水面提取（分辨率15 m×15 m）,并运用单窗算法进行了夏季地表温度遥感反演。结果表明：2001-2015年建设用地扩张259.05 km²,不透水面上升163.96 km²,城市与乡村不透水面占各自建设用地的比例由2001年的43.92%、21.35%变化为2015年的49.14%、34.27%,城乡比例差由22.57%缩减至14.87%,单位建设用地内乡村不透水面增量较高;2001-2015年城区以低温区、中温区、高温区为主,对不透水面扩张的响应剧烈,而乡村以低温区和中温区为主,低温区和高温区响应剧烈;地表温度与不透水面具有显著正相关,在低、中、高不透水密度区分别升温1.16o、1.45和1.79 ℃,相同不透水面盖度下城市升温高于乡村。总体而言,研究区不透水面大幅扩张,温度分区变化剧烈,地表温度随不透水面增加升温效果明显。     

Comparison on soil carbon stocks between urban and suburban topsoil in Beijing,China

The urban population and urbanized land in China have both increased markedly since the 1980s. Urban and suburban developments have grown at unprecedented rates with unknown consequences for ecosystem functions. In particular, the effect of rapid urbanization on the storage of soil carbon has not been studied extensively. In this study, we compared the soil carbon stocks of different land use types in Beijing Municipality. We collected 490 top-soil samples （top 20 cm） from urban and suburban sites within the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing, which cover approximately 2400 km2, and the densities of soil organic carbon （SOC）, soil inorganic carbon （SIC）, and total carbon （TC） were analyzed to determine the spatial distribution of urban and suburban soil carbon characteristics across seven land use types. The results revealed significant differences in soil carbon densities among land use types. Additionally, urban soil had significantly higher SOC and SIC densities than suburban soil did, and suburban shelterbelts and productive plantations had lower SIC densities than the other land use types. The comparison of coefficients of variance （CVs） showed that carbon content of urban topsoil had a lower variability than that of suburban topsoil. Further findings revealed that soil carbon storage increased with built-up age. Ur- ban soil built up for more than 20 years had higher densities of SOC, SIC and TC than both urban soil with less than 10 years and sub- urban soil. Correlation analyses indicated the existence of a significantly negative correlation between the SOC, SIC, and TC densities of urban soil and the distance to the urban core, and the distance variable alone explained 23.3% of the variation of SIC density and 13.8% of the variation of TC density. These results indicate that SOC and SIC accumulate in the urban topsoil under green space as a result of the conversion of agricultural land to urban land due to the urbanization in Beijing.