Application of numerical model in evaluating the effects of a planned reservoir on reach-scale bankfull discharge of the lower Wei River

Predicting the responses of an alluvial channel to changes in flow and sediment supply is essential for engineering design. Many methods have been developed in the last few decades to describe sectional bankfull characteristics (elevation and discharge); however, studies on long-term reach-scale bankfull discharge are still limited. In this study, a hydraulic model is built to calculate the reach-scale bankfull discharge, and the effects of reservoir building on downstream bankfull discharges are discussed. The studied river reach is located at the lower Wei River (WR), where the planned Dongzhuang Reservoir would be built on its largest tributary, the Jing River. A quasi-two-dimensional numerical model coupled with a bankfull discharge estimating method is put forward to calculate the reach-scale bankfull discharge. The soundness of the model is verified. Results show that the temporal variation of reach-scale bankfull discharge of the lower reach of the WR would be highly influenced by the planned reservoir, especially during the first 20 years of operation. The effect of the planned reservoir on bankfull discharge may reach its maximum when the total trapped sediment load reaches approximately 75% of the reservoir capacity. Our results show that after the first 17 years of operation, the effect of the planned reservoir on bankfull discharge of the river reach may decrease gradually. The soundness and predictive capability of the coupled model have also been calibrated by comparing with existing reservoirs. All analyses indicate that the numerical model can be used to predict the changed reach-scale bankfull discharge of the lower WR.     

Geomorphic effect of debris-flow sediments on the Min River,Wenchuan Earthquake region,western China

Coseismic landslides and subsequent mobilization of sediment greatly aggravated the landscape evolution and river sedimentation after the Wenchuan earthquake. The debris-flow alluvial fan and river morphological index was combined to describe quantitatively the effects of debris-flow sediment on the river characteristics in Longmen Mountains. The section of the Min River from the urban area of the Wenchuan county to the epicenter, the Yingxiu town in this county, was selected as the study area. We identified 27 river-blocking debrisflows(5 partial-, 7 semi-, 7 over semi-, and 5 fullyblocking degrees) in the study area via remote sensing interpretation and field survey. Based on this, the response of river longitudinal profile and curvature to debris-flow sediment was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the channel gradient has decreased due to debris-flow aggradation, while two marked peaks in the river steepness index(ksn, represents the relative steepness degree of the channel) changed from 585 m0.9 to 732 m0.9 in zone 1, from 362 m0.9 to 513 m0.9 in zone 2. Moreover, the main channel has undergone substantial lateral migration with channel width decreased and river curvature increased. The temporal and spatial variation between river morphological characteristics and debris-flow sediments in short-term provides insights into the internal dynamic role of mass wasting processes in river morphology, which could be served as useful information for natural hazards management to prevent the river from being blocked by episodically debris flows after the earthquake.     

Response of the distributary channel of the Huanghe River estuary to water and sediment discharge regulation in 2007

The water and sediment discharge regulation (WSDR) project, which has been performed since 2002 before flood season every year, is of great significance to the river management in China. Until 2007, six experiments have been fulfilled to evaluate the effect of the project on the natural environment. To fill the gap of investigations, a study on flood and suspended sediment transportation and channel changing along the distributary channel of the Huanghe (Yellow) River was conducted during the WSDR project period in 2007. The lower channel was scoured rapidly and the channel became unobstructed gradually several days after the flood peak water was discharged from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Within four days after the flood peak at 3 000 m³/s entered the distributary, the channel in the river mouth area was eroded quickly. Both the mean values of area and depth of the main channel were tripled, and the maximum flood carrying capacity increased to 5 500 m³/s or more. Then, the river channel was silted anew in a very short time after completion of the WSDR. Favored by the WSDR project, the river status in April 2008 became better than that of the year before. The adjustment ranges of main channel parameters were about 30%, 10%, and 10% at sections C2, Q4, and Q7, respectively. The process of rapid erosion-deposition was more active 15 km away in the channel from the river mouth due to the marine influence. It is reasonable for discharging sediment at concentration peak from Xiaolangdi Reservoir at the end of the flood peak. As a result, the sediment peak reached the river mouth about two days later than that of the water current. In addition, the WSDR project has improved the development of the estuarine wetland. Wetland vegetation planted along the river banks restrained the water flow as a strainer and improved the main channel stability. It is suggested to draw water at mean rate of 150 m³/s from the Huanghe River during flood periods, because at the rate the water in the wetland would be stored and replenished in balance. Moreover, we believe that cropland on the river shoal of the lower Huanghe River should be replaced by wetland. These activities should achieve the Huanghe River management strategy of “To concentrate flow to scour sediment, stabilize the main channel, and regulate water and sediment”.     

辽东永宁组(群)沉积特征

通过对永宁组沉积序列、沉积特征、沉积环境等研究认为永宁盆地基本保持了原始面貌,为一东高西低的箕形盆地,物源分别由东西侧注入。永宁组沉积前,辽东古陆可能还存在同辽西杨庄组、雾迷山组相当的层位。永宁组主要为河流－冲积扇沉积体系,其中又包含有泥石流、颗粒流、片流、主河道、分枝河道等相体。永宁组是多个扇体相叠加而成的产物,每个大的砾岩层均可代表一次大的洪水事件     

Experimental Study of the Interaction between Building Clusters and Flash Floods

In recent years, flash flood disasters have occurred frequently in southwest China due to the increased frequency of extreme climate events. To solve this problem, great efforts have been made in studying the process of flash flood. However, little attention was paid on bearing body of hazard, the clusters of buildings. Thus the real disaster mechanism of flash flood remains unclear.Accordingly, based on the experiments of artificial flash floods in a conceptual solid model, this paper focuses on the flood-impacted inundation characteristics of the building clusters at different locations of the gully model, in order to obtain a better understanding of the disaster process and the interaction between the flash floods and building clusters. The results showed that, in a typical smallscale flash flood gully with hot and dry climate, 1)clusters of buildings on an alluvial fan could reduce about 35% of the flooding area by blocking the diffusion of the flood to the depression areas, and could also promote the deposition in lower reaches of the river channel by blocking the overbank flow from going back into the channel, making the width-depth ratio of the channel larger. 2) The flash flood rates of disaster and hazard on the alluvial fan are generally higher than that of the inner gully. For the inner gully,buildings located on the beaches along the lower river and the transitional areas of the straight channel and channel bends can easily be affected because of their lower elevations. For the alluvial fan, buildings nearby the meanders suffer the greatest impacts because of bank collapsing and flooding. 3) The safe vertical distance from a building to the river channel is 13 m for the buildings in the inner gully under extreme floods. Below this threshold, the smaller the vertical distance is, the greater the risk exposure is. For the buildings on the alluvial fan, especially for the buildings near the concave bank of the top rush point,the horizontal distance is more important, and the safe value is 80 m under extreme floods.     

Typhoon-dominated influence on wood debris distribution and transportation in a high gradient headwater catchment

Wood debris is an important component of mountain streams. It causes serious damage and renders difficulty of water resource management in Taiwan. In this study, the quantity of wood debris and variation of migratory wood debris during flood events were examined. The downstream of Gaoshan Creek and Qijiawan Creek, located at Central Taiwan, was selected as the study area. The distribution and dynamic of wood debris in a high gradient headwater catchment were quantified using field surveys. A formula of critical depth for wood debris entrainment was used to evaluate the wood debris migration during three flooding events. In the study area, wood abundance and unit volume increased downstream, and wood density decreased downstream within a channel network. The channel morphology, riparian vegetation, and wood debris characteristics were found to influence the wood storage. As a result, the wood debris has an irregular accumulative distribution in the steep stream, and it migrates easily in the stream because of a high flow discharge. Strong relationships between the channel width and wood debris variables are discovered. Moreover, wood debris has a tendency to accumulate at sites with low stream power and wood debris dams, topographical notches, and unique geological structures. Our findings assist in the understanding of the effects of channel characteristics on distributions of wood debris in steep stream systems.     

日照市海岸带古河道分布特征研究

根据收集到的日照市海岸带浅地层剖面测量调查资料,把多条浅地层剖面中出露的古河道断面推测性地连接起来,重建了以往的古河道体系,综合分析了日照市海岸带古河道的分布特征。日照近海区域存在一个主干河道呈SW-NE走向的梳状河道网,古河道形成于距今约4.4万a的末次冰期。古河道的形成是河流的侵蚀、搬运、沉积及后期的海平面上升、潮汐改造等多种因素共同作用的结果。在末次冰期,研究区内气候湿润,河流流速较大,河流搬运泥沙的能力较强,长期侵蚀作用形成下切古河道,在古河道中容易形成淤积较多河流携带的砂体。古河道断面形态主要呈U形、V形、W形、箱形和倒梯形。主干河道北西侧,分支河道较密,南东侧分支河道较稀疏。主河道长约40km,横截面由南西向北东逐渐变宽,最宽处达4km。分支河道多数以NW向为主,少数为NE向,长度介于8~20km之间,宽度约为1~3km。古河道主要位于16~24m水深的闭合深度以外区域,对其中的砂体经过粒度筛选可作为将来进行人工抛沙的砂源。     

Effects of river flow velocity on the formation of landslide dams

Natural dams are formed when landslides are triggered by heavy rainfall during extreme weather events in the mountainous areas of Taiwan.During landslide debris movement, two processes occur simultaneously: the movement of landslide debris from a slope onto the riverbed and the erosion of the debris under the action of high-velocity river flow. When the rate of landslide deposition in a river channel is higher than the rate of landslide debris erosion by the river flow, the landslide forms a natural dam by blocking the river channel. In this study, the effects of the rates of river flow erosion and landslide deposition(termed the erosive capacity and depositional capacity, respectively) on the formation of natural dams are quantified using a physics-based approach and are tested using a scaled physical model.We define a dimensionless velocity index vde as the ratio between the depositional capacity of landslide debris(vd) and the erosive capacity of water flow(ve).The experimental test results show that a landslidedam forms when landslide debris moves at high velocity into a river channel where the river-flow velocity is low, that is, the dimensionless velocity index vde 54. Landslide debris will not have sufficient depositional capacity to block stream flow when the dimensionless velocity index vde 47. The depositional capacity of a landslide can be determined from the slope angle and the friction of the sliding surface, while the erosive capacity of a dam can be determined using river flow velocity and rainfall conditions. The methodology described in this paper was applied to seven landslide dams that formed in Taiwan on 8 August 2009 during Typhoon Morakot,the Tangjiashan landslide dam case, and the YingxiuWolong highway K24 landslide case. The dimensionless velocity index presented in this paper can be used before a rainstorm event occurs to determine if the formation of a landslide dam is possible.     

鲁西南平原区第四纪全新世地层划分

鲁西南平原区第四纪全新世地层自下而上划分为5个组：下部为黑土湖组,中部为同期异相的巨野组、单县组、鱼台组,上部为黄河组。熏土湖组为全新世早-中期湖沼相沉积的灰-灰黑色粘土类粉砂质粘土,含大量淡水螺蚌介壳;巨野组为全新世黄河早期沉积,由褐黄色粉砂夹棕红色粘土组成;单县组为黄河古决口扇、古河道沉积,岩性主要为细砂、粉砂;鱼台组为黄河古决口扇前缘洼地沉积,岩性为-套棕红色粘土,局部夹粉砂土。黄河组为黄河现代河床及河漫滩沉积,由灰黄色粉砂土、粘质砂土夹粘土层及砂土组成。     

Effects of river width changes on flow characteristics based on flume experiment

The rapid changes in flow pattern due to varying channel widths will make significantly impact on the hydraulic structures and evolutions of open channel. To better understand the impact of varying width, a flume experiment with adjustable width and a depth-averaged two-dimension numerical model were used to analyze the variations of flow parameters. Our experimental results showed that flow velocity gradually increased with decreasing water depth in converging region, and decreased with increasing water depth in diverging zones. It was also found that the turbulence intensity laws in three directions were not agreed with the theoretical relationships proposed by Nezu and Nakagawa in 1993 in straight open channel flows. The flow in the channel with varying width may change from the supercritical flow to the subcritical flow as a function of Froude number. Our numerical simulations with different flow rates showed that most of the hydraulic jumps in diverging region were submerged jump and the degree of submergence increased with increasing flow rate in gradual channel transition. When the flow rate increased, the range of supercritical flow rapidly decreased and the flow changed from the supercritical condition to the subcritical condition in diverging sections.     

渭河干流浅层地下水与地表水中重金属Cd污染特征及风险评价

为了解渭河流域水体重金属污染现状及健康危害风险,沿渭河干流采集浅层地下水和地表水水样,采用单因子指数法和美国环境保护署(USEPA)健康风险评价模型揭示了水体中重金属Cd污染现状和健康风险。结果表明:2018年渭河干流地下水和地表水中Cd浓度分别为426.40~1104.27 ng·L^-1和224.70~1154.12 ng·L^-1;参照《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)得知,地下水和地表水中Cd浓度均在GB/T 14848—2017和GB 3838-2002Ⅰ~Ⅲ类标准限值内;水体中Cd浓度表现出明显的空间分异性,沿河流流向均表现为逐渐增加的趋势;地下水与地表水中Cd浓度高值区相一致,即集中分布于陕西省兴平市和渭南市临渭区;由水体中Cd浓度单因子指数评价结果可知,渭河干流水体中Cd污染属于清洁水平;沿河流流向,渭河中游和下游水体中Cd浓度单因子污染指数远高于上游;水体中重金属Cd对成人和儿童产生的致癌风险分别为(1.48~2.05)×10^-4和(1.84~2.55)×10^-4,说明水体中Cd对人体可能会产生一定的健康风险。     

基于DEM数字河网提取时集水面积阈值与河源密度关系的研究

以研究区3030个流域水文数据为基础,利用数字高程模型（DEM）并运用非线性拟合法分析中小流域集水面积阈值与河源密度的相关关系,分析集水面积阈值与河源密度的幂函数关系可得,幂指数a近似为-1,拟合公式常系数k具有区域分布特征,反映了不同地区的河网发育程度,k值越大,河源密度越大,河网越密集,河网发育程度越高。对河源密度随集水面积阈值的变化趋势进行分析,发现2个具有统计意义的阈值临界点,分别为河源从坡面到沟道及从沟道到河道的集水面积分界点,在研究区内选择不同k值区间的贡曲流域、辰清河流域和藤条江流域作为样本流域,利用样本流域数字正射影像（DOM）手工提取其沟谷河网及主河道河网的图形信息和水文信息,并与分界点处阈值提取的河网作对比,将分析得出的河网密度相对误差率作为检验标准,对临界点的物理意义进行检验。     

Long-term impact of extra sediment on notches and incised meanders in the Hoshe River, Taiwan

The extra sediment load induced by typhoons and rainstorms in the Heshe River,Taiwan,are the principal reason for severe sediment-related disasters.The total sediment load during Typhoon Morakot in 2009 was 31 × 106m3,accounting for 95% of the annual sediment discharge.Large amounts of sediment load entered the Hoshe River,causing the braiding index(BI) to increase.Subsequently,the BI became positively correlated with the channel width in the Hoshe River.The specific typhoon and rainstorm events decreased after Typhoon Morakot,the sediment input decreased,inducing the fluvial morphology of the braided river to develop into a meandering river.The extra sediment load induced the deposition depth to increase and produce a headward deposition in the main channel and its tributaries.In addition,the river bend and the topographical notch restrained the sediment from moving downstream and being stored locally,indirectly increasing the erosion density of the river banks from 2.5 to 10.5 times.     

Determining critical support discharge of a riverhead and river network analysis: Case studies of Lhasa River and Nyangqu River

A riverhead is the demarcation point of continuous water channel and seasonal channel, which is characterized by a critical flow that can support a continuous water body. In this study, the critical support discharge(CSD) is defined as the critical steady flows required to form the origin of a stream. The CSD is used as the criterion to determine the beginning of the riverhead, which can be controlled by hydro-climate factors(e.g., annual precipitation, annual evaporation, or minimum stream flow in arid season). The CSD has a close correlation with the critical support/source area(CSA) that largely affects the density of the river network and the division of sub-watersheds. In general, river density may vary with regional meteorological and hydrological conditions that have to be considered in the analysis. In this paper, a new model referring to the relationship of CSA and CSD is proposed, which is based on the physical mechanism for the origin of riverheads. The feasibility of the model was verified using two watersheds(Duilongqu Basin of the Lhasa River and Beishuiqu Basin of the Nyangqu River) in Tibet Autonomous Region to calculate the CSA and extract river networks. A series of CSAs based on different CSDs in derived equation were tested by comparing the extracted river networks with the reference network obtained from a digitized map of river network at large scales. Comparison results of river networks derived from digital elevation model with real ones indicate that the CSD(equal to criterion of flow quantity(Q_c)) are 0.0028 m~3/s in Duilongqu and 0.0085 m~3/s in Beishuiqu. Results show that the Q_c can vary with hydro-climate conditions. The Q_c is high in humid region and low in arid region, and the optimal Q_c of 0.0085 m~3/s in Beishuiqu Basin(humid region) is higher than 0.0028 m~3/s in Duilongqu Basin(semi-arid region). The suggested method provides a new application approach that can be used to determine the Q_c of a riverhead in complex geographical regions, which can also reflect the effect of hydro-climate change on rivers supply in different regions.     

Evolution of Yellow River Delta Coastline Based on Remote Sensing from 1976 to 2014, China

Coastal regions are threatened by natural processes, such as erosion driven by storm surges and the effect of jetties, as well as by human behavior. The coastline of the Yellow River Delta(YRD) was monitored using the general high-tide line method, which combines Remote sensing(RS) and geographic information system(GIS) technology, using multi-spectral scanner(MSS), thematic mapper(TM), and enhanced thematic mapper plus(ETM+) images of the YRD from 1976 to 2014 as a data source. The results demonstrated that the shape and length of the YRD coastline has changed dramatically since 1976. The course of the Diaokouhe channel has resulted in mainly inland erosion in the north, and is primarily marine erosion; therefore, it was termed an erosion-type estuary. However, the coastline of the Qingshuigou course has moved seaward, demonstrating an accretion stage, and was therefore termed an accretion-type estuary. The coastline advanced forward before 1997 and shrank after 2003 in the southern part of the river mouth, which was due to the shift in the river mouth in 1996. It has continually extended outward in the northern part of the river mouth from 2003 onward. The coastline in the southern part of the river mouth has moved randomly, with the occurrence of both erosion and sedimentation caused by land reclamation and sea wave intrusion. In most cases, the coastline has extended offshore, especially in the northern part of the river mouth. The YRD coastline has changed frequently and rapidly from 1992 to 2014. The river mouth channel, river water and sediments, and precipitation were the major factors affecting the YRD. The YRD coastline was mainly in an accretion stage during flow periods. The erosion rate decreased and tended to be stable during a dry period. The coastline was basically stable when dry periods occurred over a long period. The location of Yellow River ports and sea erosion were the main factors driving coastline changes. The coastline was mainly influenced by the flow path of the Yellow River, with recent human activity also becoming a factor.     

Deposition pattern of stony and muddy debris flow at the confluence area

Debris flow fan affects the river profile and landscape evolution.The propagation of multiple debris flows along a river can cause inundation and breaching risk,which can be exemplified by the Min River after the Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan province,China.In this work,large flume tests were conducted to examine the interactions between debris flows and water current with the fan geometry,momentum,runout distance,deposited width,the relative water level upstream and dominated stress.The results reveal that stony flow commonly travels at a high speed and forms a long rectangle shape fan,while the muddy flow generally travels at a low speed and forms a fan-shaped depositional area.The stony flow can block a river even when the momentum is close to the water current;the muddy flow can block a river when the momentum is lower than that of water current.In case of complete river damming,the relative water level upstream indicates that the inundation risk from the muddy flow damming river would be higher than the inundation risk of stony flow.The diversion ratio of muddy flow decreases as damming ratio.Comparison of dimensionless numbers reveals that stony flow is dominated by grain collision stress combined with turbulent mixing stress,while the muddy flow is dominated by viscous shear stress over friction stress.The fan geometry,damming ratio,diversion ratio,and the dominated stress all together indicate that stony flow strongly interacts with water current while the muddy flow does not.The results can be helpful for understanding the physical interactions between water current and various debris flows,and debris flow dynamics at the channel confluence area.     

Characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure

A new type of drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure has been proposed based on previous engineering experiences and practical requirements for hazard mitigation in earthquakeaffected areas. Experimental studies were performed to determine the characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel of this type with a slope of 15%. The velocity and depth of the viscous debris flow were measured, processed, and subsequently used to characterize the viscous debris flow in the drainage channel. Observations of this experiment showed that the surface of the viscous debris flow in a smooth drainage channel was smoother than that of a similar debris flow passing through the energy dissipation section in a channel of the new type studied here. However, the flow patterns in the two types of channels were similar at other points. These experimental results show that the depth of the viscous debris flow downstream of the energy dissipation structure increased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. In addition, in the smooth channel, the viscous debris-flow velocity downstream of the energy dissipation structure decreased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. Furthermore, the viscous debris-flow depth and velocity were slightly affected by variations in the width of the energy dissipation structure when the channel slope was 15%. Finally, the energy dissipation ratio increased gradually as the length and width of the energy dissipation structure increased; the maximum energy dissipation ratio observed was 62.9% (where B = 0.6 m and L/w = 6.0).     

SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUANGHE RIVER DELTA LOBE

The sedimentary history of a Huanghe(Yellow)River delta lobe can be divided into four stages.In the first stage,the crevasse splays and short-lived distributary channel deposits in the subaerial deltaand sheet silt in the subaqueous delta were well developed.In the second stage,further differentiationof sedimentary environments occurred in the subaerial delta lobe(distributary channel,natural levee,flood plain,central lower delta plain and lateral lower delta plain)and the subaqueous delta lobe(prodelta,delta front and delta lateral).In the third stage,crevasse splay and short-lived distributarychannel deposits mostly occurred in the lower or lower-middle part of the subaerial delta lobe,andsheet silt accumulated off the river mouth.In the fourth stage,the abandoned lobe was reworked.The common vertical sequence of the modern Huanghe River delta showed alternating clayey silt andsilt layers.A complete sequence from prodelta to upper delta plain was commonly composed of twoor more delta lobes.     

济南历城巨野河冲洪积扇雨洪水储存调蓄研究

济南市山前分布着南大沙河、北大沙河、玉符河、巨野河、巴漏河等系列山前冲洪积扇,本文以巨野河冲洪积扇为例,通过物探、钻探、抽水试验、回灌试验所取得的数据,了解济南一系列山前冲洪积扇雨洪水储存调蓄条件,查明了冲洪积扇面积、砂层厚度、储水系数,查明影响储存调蓄能力的影响因素,计算储存调蓄量。结果表明：巨野河冲洪积扇含水砂层颗粒从扇顶的粗砂、卵砾石向扇缘粗砂、中细砂过渡,厚度从扇顶向扇缘逐渐变厚,冲洪积扇具有较大的储存调蓄空间,较强的回灌储水条件,良好的供水条件。研究结果对济南系列山前冲洪积扇在海绵城市建设中用于调节城市弃流的雨洪水资源具有重要的指导意义。     

冰后期长江河口段古河谷地层层序特征

末次盛冰期,由于基面大幅度下降,长江河口段形成了深切古河谷。河流携带的部分粗砂砾在河床上形成滞留沉积。冰后期海平面上升引发的海侵造成了长江古河谷的充填和河床相、河漫滩河口湾相和部分河口湾浅海相的形成。尔后的进积产生了部分河口湾浅海相及三角洲相。根据钻孔资料绘制的古河谷地质剖面图显示,冰后期海侵旋回出现在三角洲顶点到现在河口口门地区,溯河而上受海洋影响的程度逐渐减弱。古河谷的中部,靠近主泓线附近,沉积层序完整。古河谷的边缘地带,往往缺失底部的河床相砂砾层。底部的厚层河床相砂砾层是由河床滞留沉积和溯源加积堆积形成的,在古河谷沉积层序中存在着多种沉积间断。