构建长江干流地区沿江城市带

建设沿江城市带是为了顺应现代城市的发展潮流,加速沿江地区区域经济一体化的进程。建立沿江区域协调发展体系、走大中小城市协调发展的城市化道路、巩固长江发展轴的核心地位、统筹沿江重大基础设施的建设是城市带发展的总体构想。由于沿江各地区发展条件迥异,城市带的建设采取了分区发展的模式,在沿江地区总的发展框架内,设想在城市带内构建7个城市群、城市组团等,根据各集团的特征,制定不同的发展战略。     

长江中下游河道岸线的整治与开发利用

通过分析长江中下游河道的各段的整治措施，提出长江中下游河道整治的关键是：（1）控制河势，治理河岸崩塌，增强河床与河岸的稳定性；（2）充分重视三峡工程建成后对河道变化产生的影响；（3）科学合理地控制好长江采砂。并分析了长江岸线开发利用现状及存在问题，提出了岸线利用的原则。在长江中下游河道岸线利用过程中，还存在：河势不稳定，布局不合理，深水浅用浪费岸线资源和水污染严重等问题，提出遵照河道演变规律开发岸线，保护河岸工程的安全，根据河岸水质污污染与河床特点合理布置引水口和排污口，提高引水质量。     

Assessment and exploitation of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and water. The Yangtze River, the longest river in China, is not only rich in waterfront resources, but also has favorable development conditions with great potentiality. Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map, the major factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as the stability, the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction, are assessed in this paper respectively on the basis of the overall investigations. The results show that: (1) the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront; (2) there exists an obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze; (3) the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural factors related to the waterfront quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; (4) the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainly used for port, warehouse and industrial purposes; and (5) the waterfronts near important cities are highly used, especially the high-quality waterfronts. In addition, some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfront resources are presented in this paper.     

长江、黄河流域生态系统服务变化及权衡协同关系研究

长江、黄河流域是中国重要的生态屏障,近几十年来强烈的人类活动改变了长江、黄河流域的自然景观,使生态系统功能遭到破坏,了解流域内生态系统服务的变化、相互作用和驱动因素是流域生态系统管理和调控的重要基础.本文利用土地利用、土壤类型和气象等数据,对2000-2016年长江、黄河流域的NPP、土壤保持和产水服务进行时空变化分析...     

长江沿岸28个城市的低碳化发展评价

长江沿岸上、中、下游28个地级以上城市可视为我国东、中、西部城市的缩影,因此,沿江城市的低碳化发展水平客观上反映着中国低碳城市整体发育程度与区域差异。在分析、理解低碳城市内涵的基础上,构建低碳城市评价指标体系,提出低碳指数概念,并从时空路径对长江沿岸28个城市的低碳指数进行聚类分析与评价。认为我国低碳城市建设应该以不影响社会经济快速发展为根本前提,低碳城市发展应该以平均相对量指标作为评价标准;不同城市可根据构成低碳指数的3个分项指标的具体情况,制定相对应的低碳城市发展战略,提高城市综合低碳指数。     

实施流域生态管理的长江中下游湿地保护探讨

长江中下游地区湿地分布广泛且类型多样,是我国淡水湖泊分布最集中和最具有代表性的地区。为了从根本上解决长江中下游湿地利用面临的问题,实现湿地资源的可持续利用,保护湿地环境,解决区内上、下游用水的供需矛盾,实现水资源的优化配置,调动区域湿地保护的积极性和主动性,有必要遵循湿地流域分布规律,应用流域生态学最新理论与实践成果,进行流域生态管理。一方面,要从流域角度处理好几大江湖关系、蓄泄关系、湖垸关系和山湖(河)关系等;另一方面,在流域内建立统一协调机制,对流域湿地进行保护与合理利用、合理布局和统一规划;同时在保护的前提下,科学合理地利用长江中下游湿地资源,开拓新的生产力。     

长江流域国土空间开发适宜性综合评价

国土空间开发适宜性评价是国土开发格局优化与区域协调发展的科学基础,开展长江 流域国土空间综合评价,可以加强和深化对流域国土空间合理开发的科学认知,指导流域治 理与可持续发展实践。根据“3步骤4原则”首次界定长江流域覆盖的县级行政区域范围,从 长江流域实际出发,采用Delphi与AHP方法,构建国土空间开发适宜性综合评价指标体系, 建立以724个县级行政区为基本单元的长江流域综合数据库。在此基础上,结合专业知识与 GIS 空间聚类方法进行单因子分级评价,运用动态加权求和法建立测度模型开展综合评价,构 建耦合差系数模型进行人口-经济空间耦合度分析。研究结果表明：全流域开发约束总体水 平较高,高值区 (V~VIII级) 主要分布在上中游地区。开发强度和开发潜力的空间集中度高, 区域发展差异呈继续扩大态势。综合评价分级高值区土地面积比重为22.95%,表明适宜开发 区域仅占少部分流域国土面积;人口-GDP耦合差系数 (D值) 为8.70,流域人口与经济空间 耦合度较低;上中下游开发适宜性存在显著差异,适宜性高值区主要包括长江三角洲、合肥 与皖江沿线地区、武汉城市圈、荆州-宜昌长江沿线地区、襄阳-南阳地区、长株潭城市 群、南昌-九江-新余地区、成渝城市群、贵阳-安顺地区、昆明市及大部分地级城市。     

长江中下游岸线资源的特征及其评价利用

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and water.The Yangtze River,the longest river in China,is not only rich in waterfront resources,but also has favorable development conditions with great potentiality.Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map,the major factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,such as the stability,the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction,are assessed in this paper rspectively on the basis of the overall investigations.The results show that:(1)the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront;(2)there exists and obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze;(3)the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural factors related to the waterfront auality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River;(4)the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainly used for port,warehouse and industrial pruposes; and (5)the waterfronts near important cities are highly used,especially the high-quality waterfronts.In addition,some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfront resources are presented in this paper.     

Acoustic Doppler current profiler surveys along the Yangtze River

An acoustic Doppler current profiler is used to characterize the river velocity against the morphology of the Yangtze River from Chonqing to the sea. High flow velocities occur in the Three Gorges section and lower velocities in the middle and lower reaches of the river. This is largely due to the change in river pattern from a high gradient deeply-cut valley to a flat fluvial plain. Flow velocities fluctuate in the middle Yangtze due to the presence of meander bends of different length. There are numerous smaller velocity fluctuations in the lower Yangtze channel that reflect multichannel pattern with numerous sand bars and a river morphology affected by bedrock outcrops. Water depths of 40–100 m occur in the Three Gorges valley but decrease to 15–40 m in the middle and lower Yangtze. At the Gezhou Reservoir, 30 km downstream of the Three Gorges damsite velocity drops to low (< 1.0 m s^− 1) 20 km reach. A second low velocity (< 0.5 m s^− 1) zone, about 20 km in length, is located in the lower Yangtze near the coast probably due to the tidal influence. The results from this research will serve as a datum for evaluating changes to the river once the Three Gorges dam is completed in 2009.     

长江中下游阻隔性河段作用机理

阻隔性河段能够阻隔上游河势调整向下游的传递,对稳定河势起到关键性作用。本文以长江中下游34个单一河段为研究对象,在系统总结长江中下游河道演变规律的基础上,归纳出阻隔性河段控制要素包括：单一微弯的河道平面形态、河段中上部无挑流节点;河相系数小于4;河道纵比降大于1.2?;凹岸黏粒含量高于9.5%;床沙中值粒径大于0.158 mm等。从Navier-Stokes方程出发,推导出河湾水流动力轴线弯曲半径的表达式,进而分析了各控制要素对水流动力轴线摆动及阻隔性河段形成的作用。阻隔性河段的判别条件为：不同流量级下水流动力轴线摆动力与河道边界条件约束力的比值始终小于1;阻隔性河段作用机理在于：即便上游河势发生调整,本河段的河道边界始终能约束主流摆动幅度,归顺上游不同河势条件下的主流平面位置,为下游河道提供了相对稳定的入流条件,从而阻隔上游河势调整向下游传递。     

The mechanism of barrier river reaches in the middle and lower Yangtze River

Alluvial channel has always adjusted itself to the equilibrium state of sediment transport after it was artificially or naturally disturbed. How to maintain the equilibrium state of sediment transport and keep the river regime stable has always been the concerns of fluvial geomorphologists. The channel in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by the staggered distribution of the bifurcated river and the single-thread river. The change of river regime is more violently in the bifurcated river than in the single-thread river. Whether the adjustment of the river regime in the bifurcated river can pass through the single-thread river and propagate to the downstream reaches affects the stabilities of the overall river regime. Studies show that the barrier river reach can block the upstream channel adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches; therefore, it plays a key role in stabilizing the river regime. This study investigates 34 single-thread river reaches in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. On the basis of the systematic summarization of the fluvial process of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the control factors of barrier river reach are summarized and extracted: the planar morphology of single-thread and meandering; with no flow deflecting node distributed in the upper or middle part of the river reach; the hydraulic geometric coefficient is less than 4; the longitudinal gradient is greater than 12‰, the clay content of the concave bank is greater than 9.5%, and the median diameter of the bed sediment is greater than 0.158 mm. From the Navier-Stokes equation, the calculation formula of the bending radius of flow dynamic axis is deduced, and then the roles of these control factors on restricting the migration of the flow dynamic axis and the formation of the barrier river reach are analyzed. The barrier river reach is considered as such when the ratio of the migration force of the flow dynamic axis to the constraint force of the channel boundary is less than 1 under different flow levels. The mechanism of the barrier river reach is such that even when the upstream river regime adjusts, the channel boundary of this reach can always constrain the migration amplitude of the flow dynamic axis and centralize the planar position of the main stream line under different upstream river regime conditions, providing a relatively stable incoming flow conditions for the downstream reaches, thereby blocking the upstream river regime adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches.     

An integrated method for waterway health assessment: a case in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River,China

More and more importance has been placed on inland navigation due to the low costs, environmental friendliness, low use of energy per ton kilometer, and high degree of safety of this mode of transportation. A river typically serves multiple functions or provides multiple services in addition to inland navigation. River health assessment for waterways requires that the navigation function be developed in harmony with the other river functions. In the case of the Jingjiang waterway in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, river functions or services were analyzed, and an integrated method for waterway health assessment was proposed. Using this method, a hierarchical assessment indicator system was constructed, the weights for those indicators contributing to their parent indicators were obtained via the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the Waterway Health Index (WHIc), a multimetric index reflecting the effect of the cask short board, was proposed alongside the commonly used linearly weighted summation index (WHI). Waterway health changes in the Jingjiang Reach were assessed in the context of a waterway regulation project. The results highlight potential mutual improvement between the ecosystem health and navigation functions using certain waterway regulation approaches.     

长江中下游岸线资源的特征及其开发利用

运用大比例尺水下地形图，在岸线资源总量勘查的基础上，评价了长江中下游干流岸线的水深条件、岸线稳定性条件和建港自然条件，分析了本区域岸线资源的基本特征，提出了长江岸线资源开发的基本原则和中下游干流岸线利用建议。     

长江中游城市群城市网络空间结构研究

按照"点"→"线"→"面"→"网络"的分析思路,运用分形理论、引力模型、隶属度模型、空间句法模型、时间-空间可达性模型,研究2013年长江中游城市群31个城市的网络空间结构。结果表明:(1)在"点"层次上,长江中游城市群首位城市武汉为超大城市且垄断地位较强,城市体系呈序列型分布,规模结构呈"橄榄状"态势。(2)在"线"层次上,长江中游城市群城市联系整体偏弱,骨干联系由武汉、长沙、南昌组成,武汉城市圈、长株潭城市群和环鄱阳湖城市群内部城市间联系较强,3个省会城市与其腹地城市间呈星形结构特征。(3)在"面"层次上,长江中游城市群形成武汉、长沙、南昌3个辐射中心,在西北—东南方向呈现"中间高、两端低"的特征,武汉—南昌辐射连片趋势较明显。(4)在"网络"层次上,长江中游城市群城市网络的时间、空间可达性格局基本一致,与拓扑可达性存在一定偏差。时间、空间可达性格局中心向南、西北、东北方向沿长江河谷地带出现"波峰",受桐柏山、幕阜山影响在北、东南方向分布"波谷"。在路网的发育方面,武汉城市圈发育最好,长株潭城市群受地形影响最大,环鄱阳湖城市群发育最均衡。     

长江中游荆江河段同流量-水位演化特征及驱动成因

水库运行改变了坝下游水沙输移条件,在河道冲刷的同时,引起水位过程出现适应性调整.本文以长江中游荆江河段为对象,采用多项式拟合法,对比分析1991-2016年间分级流量一水位变化特征,采用基于河流动力学原理的分离变量法,识别河道冲淤、下游控制水位及河床综合糙率等变化对分级流量-水位变化的影响程度.研究表明:1991-20...     

基于生境质量的城市增长边界研究——以长三角地区为例

基于“生态优先”理念,提出一种利用生境质量评估策略的城市增长边界划定方法。结合ArcGIS和InVEST模型,通过综合评估生境自身及其在威胁情境下的质量,模拟各市独立规划、建设用地指标再分配及区域一体化发展的三类建设用地扩张情景,分别划定2024和2034年的长三角地区城市增长边界。结果表明：研究区生境质量总体呈南高北低格局,平均生态系统服务价值密度为10 770.604元/（hm²·a）,高质生境位于西南地区;根据指标再分配及一体化发展情景模拟的2024年研究区建设用地总量分别为10 583.273 km2和10 489.090 km2,2034年达到13 603.535 km2和13 252.370 km2;模拟的建设用地集中在东部沿海地区,并向北部及环杭州湾区域拓展;建设用地指标再分配能从整体上减少建设用地对优质生境的占用,区域一体化发展则能进一步降低城市发展造成的生态压力。     

长江中下游河床沉积物分布特征

对长江中下游武汉至河口段304处河床沉积物样品进行了粒度测量与分析,通过各参数间的模拟、统计及对比,探讨了沉积物粒度、水动力因素及河床地貌三者间的关系。研究结果表明：本区河床沉积物以中、细砂为主,床底搬运十分微弱,河道相对稳定;从上至下沿程有明显的“粗-细-粗-细”粒径变化,主要反映河流动力地貌、动力沉积特征;粒径在河床的沿程分布总体为北粗南细,说明北岸侵蚀,南岸淤积的特点。研究同时也表明,颗粒因河型不同而迥异;颗粒偏态度-峭度在不同河型中表现各异,对区分顺直微弯分汊和鹅头形分汊河道尤为显著。     

长江经济带工业废水排放的时空格局演化及驱动因素

利用探索性空间分析方法（ESDA）和迪氏分解模型（LMDI）研究长江经济带2002~2013年工业废水排放的时空格局演化和主要驱动因素。① 时空格局演化方面,时间上工业废水排放先上升后下降,在2005年达到峰值。空间上,排放量自上游向下游增加;高排放城市减少,中排放城市增多;工业废水排放自下游向中上游转移,并由大城市向中小城市扩散;呈现明显的空间集聚状态。② 驱动因素方面,经济发展效应和技术进步效应分别是工业废水排放增多和降低的主导因素;产业结构效应的影响取决于产业发展政策的调整;人口规模效应影响较小。     

长江流域可持续发展能力评价

阐述了可持续发展能力的概念和特点,提出了可持续发展能力评价的指标体系和方法,并以长江流域７省１市人例,从自然和经济的角度评价了长江流域各省市９０年代以来可持续发展能力的动态变化。评价结果表明：９０年代以来,长江流域各省区人工资本积累能力、人力资源和科学技术资源支持能力总体上为持续上升趋势,但各省区增长的速度略有差异;而自然资源的支持能力为不断下降趋势,同时人口压力还在不断加大;环境资源支持能力各省     

长江中游田家镇深槽的特征及其泄洪影响

长江中游田家镇附近江面最狭处仅650 m, 江底最深处低于黄海基准面以下-90 m, 是长江干流河床突出的最低所在, 距离长江口900 km。通过实地地质地貌调查揭示田家镇深槽形成及其对洪水的渲泄有何影响。 根据地质、水文、地形和直接考察资料, 卡口深槽段长8 km, 系长江自NW-SE斜切过一排强烈褶曲的三叠系厚层石灰岩山地而成, 3个临江石灰岩小山所成矶头导致江流方向变化与流速加速, 以至形成多处涡流, 向江底侵蚀, 而褶皱的石灰岩抗拒侵蚀、溶蚀能力很低, 因而导致远低于海平面深槽的形成, 估计卡口深槽是从中更新世红色风化壳发育的和缓起伏的地面上叠置下来, 已有以10万年年计的长远历史。近数十年多次实测资料比较, 侵蚀淤积有小量变化, 但河床基本稳定。对正常的中、枯水位江流运行没有影响, 但对超过50 000~60 000 m³/s洪水的排泄则有明显的壅阻作用。