Race,Gender, and Spatial Segmentation in the Twin Cities*

This study analyzes commuting trends in a relatively vibrant setting during the 1980s to determine (a) how labor market segmentation correlates with differences in the spatial dimensions of local labor markets, and (b) whether this link represents a direct spatial effect, independent of earnings, travel mode, and part-time work. I use 1980 and 1990 PUMS data to analyze changes in racial and gender divisions in the workforce, and I develop an estimate of work trip distance to adjust for different travel modes. For all groups except white men, employment in a job “typical” of one's gender and racial group is associated with more localized commutes, but this effect is strongly mediated by variations in earnings and part-time work. Using a covariance structure model to control for these effects, I find no independent link between segmentation and longer commutes among African Americans. Earnings and commute distances remained unchanged over the decade for African Americans, providing no evidence of a purely spatial mismatch manifest in lengthening work trips without corresponding wage gains. The spatial dimensions of an employment mismatch for inner-city minorities are concealed through the replacement of production jobs by poorly paid service work in the expanding downtown economy of a vibrant regional center.     

Employer Recruitment and Hispanic Labor Migration: North Carolina Urban Areas at the End of the Millennium

The North Carolina Hispanic population has grown at a rapid pace in recent years. Before 1980, the majority of Hispanics in North Carolina were engaged primarily in migrant agricultural work. Hispanics who are part of the new influx are arriving in urban areas and are working at nonagricultural pursuits. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggest that Hispanic newcomers come from other U.S. jurisdictions and from abroad. Labor migration occurs in response to demand for labor, and labor demand is meditated by employers’ preferences and hiring practices. However, focusing solely on employer demand for labor ignores the role of past U.S. immigration policy and the large growth in services employment in the Sunbelt that have fueled the Hispanic in–migration. This research project explored the attitudes and recruiting behavior of employers in the Triangle region of North Carolina. A newspaper content analysis was undertaken, and interviews were conducted with selected intermediaries and a group of employers. Qualitative analysis of the data collected revealed that these employers utilize the social networks of their immigrant Hispanic employees to recruit new workers. They also use a variety of other recruiting methods to recruit Hispanics both locally and from abroad. If this practice is widespread, it may be fueling the influx of Hispanic immigrants to North Carolina. Employers interviewed extolled the work ethic of Hispanic workers and often bypassed native–born workers, whom they felt were inferior employees. These findings have ramifications for future immigration policy and for the success of welfare–to–work programs. Employer demand for labor is one factor that must be considered when formulating new immigration policy.     

中国三大城市化区域劳动力市场结构分割研究

本文考察了长三角、珠三角和京津唐三大城市化区域的中国劳动力市场空间与结构类型。基于劳动力市场分异和分割理论．本研究利用全国综合社会调查数据显示了研究区域内劳动力市场分异分割存在的大量证据。劳动力市场以性别、户口性质、企业所有制等为分异轴线的特征十分明显。文章还进一步指出了中国劳动力市场不仅是由劳动力的供求市场关系来塑造。同时也受制于各种制度性因素的作用。人力资本因素如教育等虽然是中国劳动市场分异的重要因素,但户口等制度性要素仍然严重地塑造着劳动力市场的分割。     

Structural Determinants of Occupational Shifts for Males and Females in the U.S. Labor Market

This paper examines the effects of structural transformation on occupational shifts for socio-demographic groups. Although services add more jobs than manufacturing, shifts in manufacturing industries continue to be a source of growth in high-order white and blue collar work for males. However, for females, these industries are significant only in determining pink collar and low-order blue collar work. Similar trends are noted for advanced producer services such as finance, insurance, and real estate. Other nonmanufacturing sectors with relatively stable product markets and strong internal labor market conditions, such as construction and transportation, continue to be significant in creating a range of jobs for males. Although males are faced with reduced opportunities following the loss of manufacturing jobs, male-female differentials prevail in the labor market; males continue to fill high-order jobs in services, and females cluster in low-order occupations and in sectors with volatile product markets.     

Structural Determinants of Occupational Shifts for Males and Females in the U.S. Labor Market

This paper examines the effects of structural transformation on occupational shifts for socio-demographic groups. Although services add more jobs than manufacturing, shifts in manufacturing industries continue to be a source of growth in high-order white and blue collar work for males. However, for females, these industries are significant only in determining pink collar and low-order blue collar work. Similar trends are noted for advanced producer services such as finance, insurance, and real estate. Other nonmanufacturing sectors with relatively stable product markets and strong internal labor market conditions, such as construction and transportation, continue to be significant in creating a range of jobs for males. Although males are faced with reduced opportunities following the loss of manufacturing jobs, male-female differentials prevail in the labor market; males continue to fill high-order jobs in services, and females cluster in low-order occupations and in sectors with volatile product markets.     

CONTAINMENT AND MISMATCH: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUTING IN METROPOLITAN LABOR MARKETS

The spatial containment of women relative to men remains a prominent theme in research on women's employment in American cities. Drawing on a dataset for all metropolitan areas in the United States in 1990, this research analyzes the contextual variability of containment effects and the link between localized commutes and the incidence of occupational sex segregation. Women's more localized commutes persist across most of the urban system, with particularly wide differentials in suburban labor markets in proximity to national service and finance centers. Treatment effects models confirm that differences in the extent of local labor markets among women reinforce occupational sex segregation, but the effect varies by mode of travel. Working close to home slightly increases the likelihood of segregation for women with access to private automobiles, suggestive of spatial containment. Among women reliant on bus transportation, spatial mismatch is so severe that even poorly paid secondary jobs require long commutes.     

Local Labor Market Restructuring and the Employment of Welfare Recipients in Los Angeles County

Although welfare rolls have dropped considerably in recent years, most welfare recipients who find work are employed in low-wage, insecure jobs. The problem of "working poverty" is especially acute in large city-regions such as Los Angeles, where local labor market restructuring has created an expanding, low-wage economy, increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. This paper analyzes the employment outcomes of 6,931 women who completed the county's welfare-to-work program in 1996. I evaluate their earnings, labor market segmentation, and job stability. The results show that women were highly concentrated in low-wage service jobs and experienced high levels of turnover and unemployment. Many were unable to obtain employment in the formal labor market. I argue that the struggles of the working poor in a growing regional economy are explained not solely by human capital limitations, but by processes of local labor market restructuring that have contributed to widespread economic insecurity in Los Angeles County.     

PALESTINIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE ISRAELI LABOR MARKET: Q-ANALYSES

The proposition that geopolitical adjustments in Israel following the 1967 war recreated and fostered the Palestinian national identity is examined and quantified with Q-analysis of the street labor markets for Palestinian workers in Israel. These street labor markets played an important role in creating an interaction and communication network among Palestinians from distant districts, and thus in recreating their national identity. Our Q-analyses show that at least two years before the intifada, a global communication system existed among Palestinian workers through the street labor markets in Israel. Such a global system was a precondition for the outbreak of the intifada.     

长江中游退田还湖地区农业劳动力转移特征与途径

本文在对洞庭湖退田还湖地区实地调查的基础上,分析了退田还湖地区农业剩余劳动力的转移特征与制约因素。结果发现,该地区总体劳动力转移的比重很低,以青壮年为主,受教育程度普遍较低,不能满足城市劳务市场的需要,另外,农民外出打工就业信息不畅、成本较高也是重要的制约因素。最后针对该地区农村经济发展与劳动力的就业状况,结合国内外相关研究资料,认为农业劳动力转移途径有:调整农业内部结构与布局,挖掘农业内部就业潜力,加强农业产业化发展,对乡镇企业进行战略性调整,与小城镇建设相结合,促进农村城镇化进程,发展湿地生态旅游业,采取积极的措施,促进农业劳动力的异地转移     

农村劳动力转移就业的时空路径——以安徽省4个样本村为例

借鉴时间地理学理论与方法,提出农村劳动力转移就业时空路径概念。以安徽省4个样本村为例,使用ArcGIS、SPSS等软件进行数据分析,得出农村劳动力转移就业时空路径的基本类型与特征:① 农村劳动力依据时空路径特征可分为稳定型、逐步稳定型、漂泊不定型、回流型、逐步开拓型、断续型六种类型;② 4个样本村劳动力打工时空路径演化有明显的地域差异;③ 21世纪初期是农村劳动力全面接受打工就业方式的时期,就业行业主要集中在建筑业、制造业、服务业,“老家亲戚、朋友”是最重要的打工媒介;④ 农村劳动力在打工地和家乡间的流动节律有“春节型”、“节假日型”、“休息日型”、“每日型”四种类型;⑤ 农村劳动力转移就业具有明显的空间指向和粘性特征,家乡是重要的结点空间,社会经济地理位置是地域差异形成的重要原因。     

A Review of “Spatial and Environmental Injustice in an American Metropolis: A Study of Tampa Bay,Florida”

The North Carolina Hispanic population has grown at a rapid pace in recent years. Before 1980, the majority of Hispanics in North Carolina were engaged primarily in migrant agricultural work. Hispanics who are part of the new influx are arriving in urban areas and are working at nonagricultural pursuits. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggest that Hispanic newcomers come from other U.S. jurisdictions and from abroad. Labor migration occurs in response to demand for labor, and labor demand is meditated by employers’ preferences and hiring practices. However, focusing solely on employer demand for labor ignores the role of past U.S. immigration policy and the large growth in services employment in the Sunbelt that have fueled the Hispanic in–migration. This research project explored the attitudes and recruiting behavior of employers in the Triangle region of North Carolina. A newspaper content analysis was undertaken, and interviews were conducted with selected intermediaries and a group of employers. Qualitative analysis of the data collected revealed that these employers utilize the social networks of their immigrant Hispanic employees to recruit new workers. They also use a variety of other recruiting methods to recruit Hispanics both locally and from abroad. If this practice is widespread, it may be fueling the influx of Hispanic immigrants to North Carolina. Employers interviewed extolled the work ethic of Hispanic workers and often bypassed native–born workers, whom they felt were inferior employees. These findings have ramifications for future immigration policy and for the success of welfare–to–work programs. Employer demand for labor is one factor that must be considered when formulating new immigration policy.     

Dynamics of coupled human-landscape systems

A preliminary dynamical analysis of landscapes and humans as hierarchical complex systems suggests that strong coupling between the two that spreads to become regionally or globally pervasive should be focused at multi-year to decadal time scales. At these scales, landscape dynamics is dominated by water, sediment and biological routing mediated by fluvial, oceanic, atmospheric processes and human dynamics is dominated by simplifying, profit-maximizing market forces and political action based on projection of economic effect. Also at these scales, landscapes impact humans through patterns of natural disasters and trends such as sea level rise; humans impact landscapes by the effect of economic activity and changes meant to mitigate natural disasters and longer term trends. Based on this analysis, human-landscape coupled systems can be modeled using heterogeneous agents employing prediction models to determine actions to represent the nonlinear behavior of economic and political systems and rule-based routing algorithms to represent landscape processes. A cellular model for the development of New Orleans illustrates this approach, with routing algorithms for river and hurricane-storm surge determining flood extent, five markets (home, labor, hotel, tourism and port services) connecting seven types of economic agents (home buyers/laborers, home developers, hotel owners/ employers, hotel developers, tourists, port services developer and port services owners/employers), building of levees or a river spillway by political agents and damage to homes, hotels or port services within cells determined by the passage or depth of flood waters. The model reproduces historical aspects of New Orleans economic development and levee construction and the filtering of frequent small-scale floods at the expense of large disasters.     

Skill Shortages,Demographic Aging,and Training Implications for Skill-Based Economies

This article draws on a study of the supply of technician training in engineering and science and technology sectors in Oxfordshire in southeast England. The study conducted between January and May 2004 set out to identify the challenges facing training providers and employers in the context of an increasing age profile of technicians, while the skills demanded of technicians are changing. Some forty interviews were conducted with local providers of training, employers, and industry organizations. The study shows that a key part of the Oxfordshire labor market is undergoing radical changes in structure and function. So far these changes have not been matched by a coherent training response.     

劳动市场中介对上海外来女性劳动力就业的影响

在中国的城市化进程中,女性如男性一样大量地流向经济发达城市寻求就业。在劳动力资源配置的市场化改革中,劳动中介已广泛地存在于城市的劳动力市场上,影响着劳动者的就业和劳动力市场的运行状况。因此,考察和明确城市劳动中介机构对外来女性劳动者就业的影响,无论对提高其劳动市场产出还是对政府制定有针对性的就业服务政策都是十分必要的。本文在描述上海劳动市场中介机构现状的基础上,利用2006年对外来人口的调查数据,分析了上海外来女性劳动者的劳动中介使用特征以及中介使用对其工资水平、工作条件等就业质量的影响。结果显示,外来女性对本地中介机构的使用频率比较低,而且本地中介机构的使用会降低她们的劳动市场产出;原因可能在于正规就业服务的不足和大量不良劳动中介机构的存在。     

Koreatown and Korean Small Firms in Los Angeles: Locating in the Ethnic Neighborhoods*

The locations of Korean firms in Los Angeles reflect spatial segmentation in markets and the provision of labor, in that the ethnic neighborhoods facilitate positive business environments for ethnic small firms. While Korean small businesses serve both community needs and broader local markets, firm locations are closely associated with the residential patterns of some ethnic populations. To address the specificity of firm locations, this paper examines Koreatown using historical sources and recent property development, identifies changes in the locational patterns of Korean firms between 1975 and 1986, and analyzes relationships between business density and density of ethnic populations for zip code areas. The findings of this study indicate that both the development of Koreatown and the presence of ethnic neighborhoods are important influences on the location of Korean businesses.     

分工深化、知识创造与产业集群成长——河南鄢陵县花木产业的案例研究

产业集群的成长是在分工深化与知识创造的动态交互作用下实现的。通过河南省鄢陵县花木产业集群的案例分析,试图以演化经济地理学为理论基础,来挖掘决定分工深化、知识创造的因素,分工深化与知识创造的关系及其影响集群成长的机制。研究发现,产业集群是解决"分工好处和交易费用增加的两难冲突"的一种高效产业组织模式,也是同时实现劳动分工协调与知识协调的一种高效协调机制;市场需求扩大、分工深化、知识创造与扩散之间互动引致的收益递增和集群租金,构成了集群成长的关键机制。而在分工深化与知识创造中,政府的强力推动、地方创业家的兴起、知识传播通道的建构发挥着关键作用。     

Home‐working in Rural Bali: The Organization of Production and Labor Relations*

This article aims to explore the role of home‐based production networks within the industrialization process of rural areas in developing countries and its impact on the labor involved. Based on the structures of the Balinese clothing industry, the article explores the organization of production, provision of production and working capital, and composition and origin of labor. This article shows that home‐based batik and embroidery clothing production in Bali is one of very few sources of income beyond agricultural work for immobile, rural labor. However, these production networks within the Balinese clothing industry are defined by weak labor relations vis‐à‐vis the clothing firm's exceptionally strong position.     

Research on the changes of China's fruit planting distribution and its influence effect: Based on the perspective of price changes of rural labor北大核心

在推导中国水果产业布局演变的影响模型基础上,以1985—2019年中国22个水果主产省为研究对象,探讨农业劳动价格、非农劳动价格和工资收入占比对我国水果产业布局演变的影响效应。结果表明:农业劳动价格、非农劳动价格和工资收入占比的提高对东部水果种植产生替代效应,造成东部各省区水果种植面积减少或增幅不明显,比重下降;农业劳动价格、非农劳动价格和工资收入占比对中部水果种植的影响具有省际异质性,产生的替代效应和收入效应相互抵消,导致中部整体水果种植比重无显著变化;西北、西南地区较低的农业劳动工价和非农劳动价格使其具有劳动成本比较优势,工资收入占比提高产生收入效应,使西北、西南地区水果种植面积大幅增加,比重上升,促成我国水果种植布局“西移内扩”。因此,优化水果产业布局要解决水果适宜区农村劳动力价格过高和非适宜区农村劳动力价格过低等问题。     

农村劳动力流失对农地利用的影响浅析——基于对重庆市九龙坡区的调查

研究目的：探讨农村地区劳动力流失引起的劳动力短缺对农地利用变化的影响。研究方法：访谈法和文献资料法。研究结果：由于农业比较利益低于其它行业,当前农村中有能力的人以及中青年人大量离开农村,进入城镇,从事非农行业;在家务农的基本上都是年老的、文化水平低的农民,这导致农村土地粗放经营甚至撂荒,利用率极低。研究结论：应加快土地流转,使土地向种田能手或农业个体户（组织）集中;加大对农业的投入,改善农业生产环境,提高综合生产能力;提高农业经营的比较效益,吸引更多有能力、有水平的人加入到农业中来,发展现代化、专业化、规模化农业。     

劳动力视角下 跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展战略耦合机制——以富士康郑州投资为例

全球生产网络（GPNs）非常重视跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合模式及影响机制,然而以往研究相对聚焦于资本密集型或技术密集型企业,着重探讨产业联系、技术外溢、社会网络等要素的影响,而对以富士康为代表的劳动密集型跨国企业并未给予足够关注。本研究以郑州富士康为案例,融合劳工地理学和新经济地理学的理论视角,基于2017—2021年对郑州富士康的追踪调研,研究发现：① 在全球网络动力与本土地域动力相互联动的作用下,地方区位优势和企业空间粘性虽然发生了显著变化,并初步呈现出互惠式耦合特征,但郑州富士康地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合模式仍以依附式为主。② 劳动力视角下跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合形成机制主要受制于公司属性特征与员工雇佣方式（包括企业性质、用工模式、工资福利等）、区域人口红利与劳动力供应格局、政府中介政策与劳动力行为选择等因素。③ 促进劳动密集型跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合,维持劳动力市场弹性和激励跨国公司扩大投资并促进生产网络区域化应作为国家和地方政府战略制定和政策实施的两个基本维度。研究成果不仅可以有效弥补跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展战略耦合对劳动力作用的忽视,而且通过典型案例可以为劳动密集型跨国公司与区域发展的战略耦合关系提供实证经验支持。